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Psychological
and
Physiological
Trauma
Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________
Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people.
No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences.
Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma.
Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who
react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is
part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being
in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events
and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is
NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is
bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD.
By understanding trauma
symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to
manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about
symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment.
_______________________
PTSD, DID, and EMDR
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
"The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F).
Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase.
The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator).
Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7).
The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
"The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play.
Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations.
Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities."
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an
information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach.
During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of
dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session.
Eight Phases of Treatment
The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations.
During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete.
In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions.
After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough
eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced.
In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.
The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system.
After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures."
www.emdr.com
__________________
Major Depressive Disorder
“Diagnostic Features
The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B).
The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission).
The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission.
If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369
“Course
Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder).
Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state.
Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes.
Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder.
It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
________________
Major Depressive Disorder
“Diagnostic
Features
The essential feature
of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is
characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a
history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and
C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the
direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication,
or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical
Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive
Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better
accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not
superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder,
Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise
Specified (Criterion B).
The
fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive
Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for
first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to
distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning
symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this
manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full
criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for
at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period,
there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence
of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for
a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission).
The fifth
digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder
indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria
for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the
episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic
Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria
for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth
digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial
Remission or In Full Remission.
If Manic,
Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major
Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar
Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a
direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other
medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of
Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition
diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic
features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly,
if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a
general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive
Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood
Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features
(or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369
“Course
Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any
age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s.
Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing
for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive
Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated
episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive
symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still
others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older.
Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally
last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of
prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a
subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of
individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can
be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had
tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and
individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of
having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major
Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a
Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder).
Major
Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of
cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of
cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there
is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of
continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The
longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery
and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have
prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing
Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive
Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these
individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive
Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require
additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of
continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and
longer-lasting euthymic state.
Follow-up
naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis
of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have
symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a
full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some
symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major
Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial
Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the
initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict
persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk
factor for more persistent episodes.
Episodes
of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial
stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies
suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more
significant role in the precipitation of the first or second
episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a
role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general
medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly
Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or
exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder.
It is
difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major
Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve
into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset
of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and
psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal
psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A
family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of
subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373
Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th
ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
________________
DID-PTSD-EMDR
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
"The essential feature of Dissociative identity
Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or
personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control
of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall
important personal information, the extent of which is too great
to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The
disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a
substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In
children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary
playmates or other fantasy play.
Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure
to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and
consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if
it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity,
including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity
that carries the individual's given name and is passive,
dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities
frequently have different names and characteristics that
contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile,
controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may
emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age
and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant
affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control
in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny
knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear
to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful
identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile
identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others
in uncomfortable situations.
Individuals with this disorder experience
frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and
recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more
passive identities tend to have more constricted memories,
whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities
have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control
may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing
auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving
instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports
from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the
individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding
items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember
having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for
recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of
biographical memory for some extended period of childhood,
adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities
are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required
to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of
seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may
be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid
blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or
disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of
identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of
reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer
identities."
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders.
2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric
Association.
PTSD, DID, and EMDR
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
"The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following
exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct
personal experience of an event that involves actual or
threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's
physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death,
injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person;
or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or
threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or
other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to
the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or
in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated
behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting
from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent
reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the
disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning (Criterion F).
Traumatic events that are experienced directly
include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent
personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery,
mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist
attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a
concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe
automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening
illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include
developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without
threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events
include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or
unnatural death of another person due to violent assault,
accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead
body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are
learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal
assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a
family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden,
unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or
learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The
disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the
stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the
likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the
intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase.
The traumatic event can be reexperienced in
various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive
recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent
distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or
otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the
person experiences dissociative states that last from a few
seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components
of the event are relived and the person behaves as though
experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These
episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief
but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened
arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or
physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the
person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or
symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries
of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards
for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid
weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any
elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator).
Stimuli associated with the trauma are
persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate
efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the
traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities,
situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion
C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an
important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3).
Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as
"psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon
after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of
having markedly diminished interest or participation in
previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling
detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of
having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially
those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality)
(Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a
foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career,
marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7).
The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety
or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma.
these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep
that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic
event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4),
and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some
individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion
D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion
D3)."
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
(EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective
psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to
maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic,
cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and
body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an
information
processing therapy
and uses an eight phase approach.
During EMDR1 the client attends to
past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while
simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client
is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next
set of
dual attention.
This sequence of dual attention and personal association is
repeated many times in the session.
Eight Phases of Treatment
The first phase is a history taking session
during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for
EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist
identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include
recent distressing events, current situations that elicit
emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the
development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed
by the client in future situations.
During the second phase of treatment, the
therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of
handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the
client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization
is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses
on providing these. The client is then able to use stress
reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between
sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once
therapy is complete.
In phase three through six, a target is
identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve
the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to
the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related
emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a
preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief
is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions.
After this, the client is instructed to focus on
the image, negative thought, and body sensations while
simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the
therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision
for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the
client. Athough
eye movements
are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often
use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile
stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each
set is customized to the need of the client. The client is
instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the
clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and
to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation
comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician
will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a
client-directed association process is encouraged. This is
repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client
becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the
therapist follows established procedures to help the client
resume processing. When the client reports no distress related
to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of
the preferred positive belief that was identified at the
beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and
to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the
eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report
increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist
checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are
negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are
positive sensations, they are further enhanced.
In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the
client to keep a journal during the week to document any related
material that may arise and reminds the client of the
self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.
The next session begins with phase eight,
re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the
previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all
related historical events, current incidents that elicit
distress, and future scenarios that will require different
responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive
and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time,
while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a
balanced system.
After EMDR processing, clients generally report
that the emotional distress related to the memory has been
eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained
important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and
cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and
personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR
procedures."
www.emdr.com
1Shapiro,
F. (2001).
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles,
Protocols and Procedures (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
2Shapiro,
F. (2002).
EMDR as an Integrative Psychotherapy Approach: Experts of
Diverse Orientations Explore the Paradigm Prism. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association Books.
|
|
Psychological Trauma
Secondary Trauma
Record: 1
|
Title: |
Predictors of secondary trauma in sexual assault trauma
counselors. |
|
Author(s): |
Ghahramanlou, Marjan, Fairleigh Dickinson U, Dept of
Psychology, Teaneck, NJ, US
Brodbeck, Carolyn |
|
Source: |
International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol
2(4), Fal 2000. pp. 229-240. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Chevron Publishing
Publisher URL:
http://www.chevronpublishing.com |
|
ISSN: |
1522-4821 (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
personal trauma history & career exposure to trauma
clients & primary client contact type & counseling
satisfaction level & demographics, secondary trauma
symptoms, sexual assault trauma counselors |
|
Abstract: |
This
study evaluated psychological distress, secondary trauma
intensity, and specific components of secondary trauma
in 89 20-63 yr old sexual assault trauma counselors
(SATC). Results indicate that some SATC were
experiencing secondary trauma based on measures of
psychological distress and posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)-like symptoms. The study also examined whether
personal trauma history, greater counseling experience,
emergency room work as primary client contact type,
counseling satisfaction levels, and demographic
variables significantly predicted self-reported
psychological distress in PTSD-like symptoms. Results
support the hypothesis that personal trauma history and
younger age significantly predict higher levels of
secondary trauma intensity. Contrary to prediction,
exposure to trauma survivors, emergency room work as
primary client contact type, and education did not
significantly predict psychological distress or
secondary trauma intensity. Findings were robust even
when SATC currently in psychotherapy or taking
medication were conservatively excluded in follow-up
analyses. Research and training implications are
discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Counseling; *Demographic Characteristics; *Emotional
Trauma; *Patient History; *Symptoms; Clients;
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Satisfaction; Stress
Reactions |
|
Classification: |
Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310)
Professional Personnel
Attitudes & Characteristics (3430) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
(320)
Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340)
Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal; Print
Format(s) Available: Print |
|
Release
Date: |
20010228 |
|
Accession Number: |
2001-14489-003 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2001-14489-003&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2001-14489-003&site=ehost-live">Predictors
of secondary trauma in sexual assault trauma
counselors.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 2
|
Title: |
Secondary trauma from working with Vietnam veterans. |
|
Author(s): |
Pierce, Roger Clarke, Antioch U/New England Graduate
School, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 61(2-B), Aug 2000. pp.
1093. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAI9962562 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
narratives about encounters with vicarious
traumatization from working with Vietnam veterans,
therapists |
|
Abstract: |
This
paper presents a study exploring how therapists describe
their experience of coping with the impact of providing
treatment to individuals who have experienced severe
trauma. Research suggests that those who work with
severe trauma are vulnerable to becoming traumatized
themselves (Kluft, 1989; Talbot, 1990, Genest, Levine,
Ramsden & Swanson, 1990, McCann & Pearlman, 1990,
Pearlman & Saakvitne, 1995, Figley, 1995, Briere, 1997).
Therapists who continue to work effectively with
traumatized populations must find ways to reduce the
impact of the traumatic material on themselves. This
study explored therapists' narratives about their
encounters with vicarious traumatization from working
with Vietnam veterans and how these therapist can
continue to provide treatment for this population.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Narratives; *Psychotherapeutic
Processes; *Therapists; *Vicarious Experiences; Military
Veterans |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract; Print
Format(s) Available: Print |
|
Release
Date: |
20010328 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-95016-065 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95016-065&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95016-065&site=ehost-live">Secondary
trauma from working with Vietnam veterans.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 3
|
Title: |
The
impact of counseling battered women on the mental health
of counselors. |
|
Author(s): |
Bell,
Holly, U Texas At Austin, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:
Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 60(9-A), Apr 2000.
pp. 3525. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4209 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAI9947172 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
mental
health, counselors of battered females |
|
Abstract: |
Research to date has suggested that counselors who work
with trauma survivors are susceptible to secondary
trauma, a form of work-induced PTSD. This qualitative
study focuses more broadly on how a specific group of
trauma counselors experienced their work, both
positively and negatively. Thirty counselors of battered
women, with a variety of educational backgrounds, were
asked about their experiences in a semi-structured
format in two interviews, approximately one year apart.
Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using
the constant comparative method of grounded theory,
whereby thematic material is compared across subjects
until theory emerges which best describes the aggregate
data. Only a few counselors seemed to be distressed at
any given time. Five of the thirty counselors seemed
very stressed at the time of the second interview. Six
counselors seemed to be unfazed by stressful
experiences. The majority of counselors, nineteen in
all, could name stressors, but felt they had adequate
personal and interpersonal resources for dealing with
them. They identified both positive and negative
reactions to their work. Factors in counselors' personal
lives appeared to be at least as important as work
stressors in determining overall counselor stress.
Further, counselors' perceived stress was not static,
but changed over time. Four counselors seemed less
stressed at the time of the first interview compared
with the second; two seemed more. Factors that seemed to
make a difference in how stressed counselors described
themselves to be included their motivation for their
work, how they appraised stressors, how competent they
felt coping with stress, how their worldview/philosophy
of life/spirituality functioned to buffer them from
stress, and how supported they felt. Several historical
factors such as personal experience and resolution of
trauma and early role models of coping also emerged.
Finally, several demographic differences, such as
ethnicity, marital status, and childrearing status,
emerged that correlated with stress level. Particular
configurations of these factors at a given period of
time contributed to counselor distress. These factors
suggest additional areas of research into how counselors
experience their work and ways to improve screening,
training, and supervising counselors of battered women.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Battered Females; *Counseling; *Counselors; *Mental
Health |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract; Print
Format(s) Available: Print |
|
Release
Date: |
20010110 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-95005-054 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95005-054&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95005-054&site=ehost-live">The
impact of counseling battered women on the mental health
of counselors.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 4
|
Title: |
Systemic effects of trauma in clinic couples: An
exploratory study of secondary trauma resulting from
childhood abuse. |
|
Author(s): |
Nelson, Briana S., Kansas State U, School of Family
Studies & Human Services, Manhattan, KS, US
Wampler, Karen S. |
|
Source: |
Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, Vol 26(2), Apr
2000. pp. 171-184. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
American Assn for Marriage & Family Therapy
Publisher URL:
http://www.aamft.org |
|
ISSN: |
0194-472X (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
childhood physical & sexual abuse & current individual
stress symptoms & relationship satisfaction & family
adjustment & intrapersonal & interpersonal distress &
secondary trauma, couples |
|
Abstract: |
Clinical literature suggests that those close to a
trauma survivor may experience intrapersonal and
interpersonal distress because of indirect or secondary
effects of the trauma. The focus of this study is on the
association between reported childhood physical and
sexual abuse and current individual stress symptoms,
relationship satisfaction, and family adjustment. The
participants included 96 clinic couples (male mean age
33.36 yrs old and females 31.45 yrs old) who reported a
history of childhood physical or sexual abuse in 1 or
both partners and 65 clinic couples in which neither
partner reported such abuse. Couples in which one or
both partners reported childhood abuse reported
significantly lower marital satisfaction, higher
individual stress symptoms, and lower family cohesion
than couples with no abuse history. No significant
differences were found between individuals who reported
a history of abuse and their partners who reported no
history of childhood abuse, suggesting support for
secondary trauma theory. Clinical and future research
implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Couples Therapy; *Emotional Trauma; *Injuries; *Sexual
Abuse; *Stress Reactions; Adjustment; Distress; Family
Relations; Satisfaction; Symptoms |
|
Classification: |
Group
& Family Therapy (3313) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300)
Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
20000601 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-03239-004 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-03239-004&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-03239-004&site=ehost-live">Systemic
effects of trauma in clinic couples: An exploratory
study of secondary trauma resulting from childhood
abuse.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 5
|
Title: |
The
development of the trauma therapist: A qualitative study
of the therapist's perspectives and experiences.
(secondary trauma, stress, traumatized children). |
|
Author(s): |
Lonergan, Beth Ann, U Northern Colorado, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 60(7-B), Feb 2000. pp.
3570. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AEH9939766 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
perspectives related to meaning of their work &
development of views, therapists working with
traumatized children |
|
Abstract: |
Problem. Although there is increasing literature on
secondary traumatic stress, little is known about the
therapists' experiences in working with traumatized
children from the therapists' points of view.
Additionally, there is insufficient attention paid to
treating trauma victims, and its effects in training
programs (Pope & Feldman-Summers, 1992), as well as
little focus on a model for providing a trauma specific
supervision. This qualitative study explores therapists'
perspectives related to the meaning they make of their
work, and the development of their views. Procedure. In
order to understand the therapists' "lived experience"
in working with traumatized children, this qualitative
study utilized in-depth, semi-structured interviews with
eight experienced trauma therapists. An interpretevist
paradigm was utilized to guide the analysis and
interpretation, which was achieved with the assistance
of the NUD*IST computer software program. Care was taken
to ensure trustworthiness (Guba & Lincoln, 1994).
Analysis was completed through the use of a matrix which
provided organization and development of the
relationship between the themes. Finally, an overall
summary looked at across interview themes, including
both similarities and differences. Results. Similarities
across the interviews suggested that experienced
therapists perceive common issues related to treatment,
impact on the therapist of therapeutic work, and the
importance of making personal meaning of their work.
Additionally, there appeared to be a developmental
process for therapists in terms of understanding their
work related to the aforementioned issues that is
somewhat unique to trauma therapists. Implications.
There are implications in terms of understanding the
development of the trauma therapist for training and
supervision. Understanding the development of
therapists' trauma work could aid in the timely
introduction of such material into training programs. In
addition to trauma-specific training, there are
implications for increased attention to the area of
therapist self-care. Although there has been some
increase in attention to the area of therapist self-care
(Kramen-Kahn & Downing-Hansen, 1998), it is an area that
is generally not broached to a significant extent in
training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Meaning; *Therapist Attitudes;
*Therapists |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
20000906 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-95002-317 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95002-317&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95002-317&site=ehost-live">The
development of the trauma therapist: A qualitative study
of the therapist's perspectives and experiences.
(secondary trauma, stress, traumatized children).</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 6
|
Title: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Predictors in psychologists. |
|
Author(s): |
Lind,
Ellen Walker, Seattle Pacific U., US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 61(6-B), Jan 2000. pp.
3283. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAI9977109 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
PTSD;
secondary traumatic stress disorder; psychologists;
extraversion; social support; symptoms |
|
Abstract: |
The
purposes of the study were to determine the prevalence
of current symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress
Disorder (STSD) in psychologists, to explore the
predictors of STSD, and to examine the interactions
between extraversion, social support and number of
reported symptoms of STSD in psychologists. Based on
psychological literature, it was hypothesized that (a)
there is a positive correlation between number of hours
per week spent with patients for whom Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the primary diagnosis and
reported symptoms of STSD, and; (b) psychologists
scoring higher on extraversion and social support report
fewer symptoms of STS that those with lower extraversion
scores and limited social support. Participants were 145
psychologists, members of the Washington State
Psychological Association. Participants completed a
demographics questionnaire, a measure of current STSD
symptoms, the Impact of Events Scale - Revised, a
measure of social support, the Social Support
Questionnaire 6, and the 16 Personality Factor Test,
Fifth Edition. Results indicated that prevalence of STSD
in respondents is lower than that found in other studies
using the same measure. Number of trauma patients in
caseload is predictive of symptoms of STSD only in male
psychologists. Social support and personality is
predictive of symptoms of STSD, but results differ by
gender. In males, increased satisfaction with social
supports is predictive of fewer symptoms of STSD. In
females, increased level of attribute "liveliness,"
increased satisfaction with social supports, and fewer
social supports is predictive of fewer symptoms of STSD.
Results of this study highlight the importance of
satisfactory social supports in conjunction with
particular personality variables in prevention of
stress-related responses such as secondary trauma.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Extraversion; *Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder; *Psychologists; *Social Support; Symptoms |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract; Print
Format(s) Available: Print |
|
Release
Date: |
20010613 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-95024-192 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95024-192&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-95024-192&site=ehost-live">Secondary
traumatic stress: Predictors in psychologists.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 7
|
Title: |
Cognitive-behavioral strategies in crisis intervention
(2nd ed.). |
|
Author(s): |
Dattilio, Frank M., (Ed), U Pennsylvania, School of
Medicine, Ctr for Cognitive Therapy, Philadelphia, PA,
US
Freeman, Arthur, (Ed) |
|
Source: |
New
York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 2000. xxii, 470 pp.
|
|
ISBN: |
1-57230-579-7 (hardcover) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
cognitive-behavioral interventions for crisis situations |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the jacket) Describes interventions for a broad range of
crisis situations for use by professionals working with
a variety of clinical populations. From panic disorder,
Cluster B personality disorders, and suicidal
depression, to substance abuse, rape trauma, child
sexual abuse, family crises, natural disasters, medical
problems, and problems of older adults, this book
presents short-term approaches to helping patients
weather the immediate crisis and build needed coping and
problem-solving skills. Throughout, chapters incorporate
new research and innovative therapeutic methods.
Chapters cover topics such as neurological problems and
head injury, youth crisis in the schools,
divorce-related crises, critical incident debriefing,
and secondary trauma experienced by the therapist.
Chapters have been uniformly structured to provide
readers with a review of the literature in each area, as
well as case vignettes illustrating the use of specific
techniques. Also included is a discussion of ethical and
legal issues in crisis intervention. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Cognitive Therapy; *Crises; *Crisis Intervention |
|
Classification: |
Cognitive Therapy (3311) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Release
Date: |
20000920 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-05636-000 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-05636-000&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-05636-000&site=ehost-live">Cognitive-behavioral
strategies in crisis intervention (2nd ed.).</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 8
|
Title: |
Initial evaluation of the Secondary Trauma
Questionnaire. |
|
Author(s): |
Motta,
Robert W., Hofstra U, Hempstead, NY, US
Kefer, Joshua M.
Hertz, Michelle D.
Hafeez, Sanam |
|
Source: |
Psychological Reports, Vol 85(3, Pt 1), Dec 1999. pp.
997-1002. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Psychological Reports
Publisher URL:
http://www.ammonsscientific.com/ |
|
ISSN: |
0033-2941 (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
internal consistency of Secondary Trauma Questionnaire,
assessment of secondary traumatic stress disorder,
mental health professionals (mean age 49.1 yrs) &
college students (mean age 18.5 yrs) |
|
Abstract: |
Many
measures exist to evaluate posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), but there are few ways of assessing secondary
traumatic stress disorder and these are limited to
specific populations. Secondary traumatic stress
disorder involves the transfer of trauma symptoms from
those who have been traumatized to those who have close
and extended contact with trauma victims. Thus, family
members of those who have been traumatized and
therapists who treat trauma survivors are vulnerable to
developing secondary traumatic stress disorder. In this
initial evaluation of the newly developed Secondary
Trauma Questionnaire, 261 mental health professionals
(mean age 49.1 yrs) and 157 college students (mean age
18.5 yrs) were evaluated. Analysis indicated that the
questionnaire showed good internal consistency and was
significantly correlated with known measures of trauma.
The Secondary Trauma Questionnaire is presented as a
promising way to measure secondary trauma symptoms and
further research using this questionnaire appears to be
warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Mental Health Personnel; *Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder; *Questionnaires; *Test Reliability |
|
Classification: |
Clinical Psychological Testing (2224)
Affective Disorders (3211) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
(320)
Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
20000601 |
|
Accession Number: |
2000-08203-043 |
|
Number
of Citations in Source: |
18 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-08203-043&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-08203-043&site=ehost-live">Initial
evaluation of the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 9
|
Title: |
Sekundäre Traumatisierungen im Kinderschutz. |
|
Translated Title: |
Secondary traumas in child protection. |
|
Author(s): |
Schmitt, Alain |
|
Source: |
Praxis
der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie, Vol 48(6),
Jul-Aug 1999. pp. 411-424. |
|
Publisher: |
Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
Publisher URL:
http://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht.de/ |
|
ISSN: |
0032-7034 (Print) |
|
Language: |
German |
|
Keywords: |
frequency of secondary traumas experienced in care of
helping system, maltreated children |
|
Abstract: |
Assesses the frequency of secondary traumas maltreated
children (MC) experience when they are in care of the
helping system. Examples and statistics from the "Vienna
Child Protection Center" are used. The client's risk of
experiencing a secondary trauma is about 1:3. In about
10% of all cases, the traumas are important and
enduring; they range from psychotic episode to massive
suicidality and long-lasting feelings of guilt and
anxiety. Psychotherapy leads to important and positive
changes in about one third of all clients; similar
effectiveness is attributed to those helping MC. Causes
of secondary traumas are helpers act too quickly in the
heat of affect; they lack specialized knowledge; they
seldom consult with neutral experts; they have few
insight in the effects of their ideological and ethical
background; and they deal with clients in a distrust
enhancing way. On the structural level, the author
discusses sensationalism and scandalism of mass media;
bureaucratic procedures and their slowness,
inaccessibility, inconsistency and indifference to the
single case; policy of damage control when errors of the
helping system become public; parallelism of decreasing
financial/personal support and increasing numbers of
customers; and badly organized practice in criminal
justice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Child
Abuse; *Emotional Trauma; *Mental Health Services |
|
Classification: |
Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior (3230) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
20000101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1999-01672-002 |
|
Number
of Citations in Source: |
36 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-01672-002&site=ehost-live |
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|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-01672-002&site=ehost-live">Sekundäre
Traumatisierungen im Kinderschutz.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 10
|
Title: |
Ask
not why the wounded fall, but how the valiant continue
to march: New theory on work-related stress management
in the fire service. |
|
Author(s): |
Woodall, Steven Joseph, The Fielding Inst, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:
Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 59(9-A), Mar 1999.
pp. 3665. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4209 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9907671 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
stress
& critical incident stress debriefing & PTSD & secondary
trauma victimization, experiences in personal &
professional lives, fire service employees |
|
Abstract: |
Research generated in the last decade from within the
fire service has focused on issues of stress, critical
incident stress debriefing, posttraumatic stress
disorder, and secondary trauma victimization. This
research has sought to explore the impact and/or
potential impact of these factors on the personal and
professional lives of those who deliver emergency
services, particularly those involved in fire
protection, rescue and emergency medical services. The
focus of this study was the development of new theory
directed at an organizationally based critical incident
stress mitigation and management program. This theory
was drawn from previous research that examined the
personal dynamics of firefighters, the organizations
that they work in, and the emotionally challenging work
that they perform. The theory was grounded in the
scientific literature and in two research studies
conducted by the author. The findings from the two
studies were combined with the comprehensive literature
review of pertinent studies found in the psychological,
sociological, and organizational literature and finally,
merged into a new theory designed to direct the
scientific and fire service communities toward an
organizationally focused method of assisting emergency
responders in understanding and dealing with the
emotions that the work they perform often elicits. The
clearest conclusion from both research and practice
regarding critical incident reactions is simple and
straightforward: The best preventative is a well-managed
incident conducted by a well-managed agency; this
requires well-trained, well-conditioned,
well-supervised, and well-grounded personnel working
together to achieve a set of defined outcomes through
well-prepared and well-rehearsed operations and
procedures. The most pressing and fundamental
distinction between the approaches to occupational
stress that initiated this study and the concepts this
research program has generated may lie in the contrast
between a program intended to bring uniformity to the
definition, experience, and resolution of career events
and one designed to promote the greatest possible
diversity in defining experience and incorporating those
moments to yield the greatest meaning and reward for
each individual practitioner. The theoretical model that
emerged offers a clear definition and delineation of the
responsibilities, capacities, capabilities, and
accountabilites that will be required from the agency,
the mid-level supervisor and the employee as the
organization moves toward a more systemic and holistic
stress mitigation, management, and prevention program.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Experiences (Events); *Fire
Fighters; *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; *Stress |
|
Classification: |
Industrial & Organizational Psychology (3600)
Health Psychology & Medicine
(3360) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
20000301 |
|
Accession Number: |
1999-95005-172 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-95005-172&site=ehost-live |
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|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-95005-172&site=ehost-live">Ask
not why the wounded fall, but how the valiant continue
to march: New theory on work-related stress management
in the fire service.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 11
|
Title: |
Primary and secondary trauma in a non-clinical
population. |
|
Author(s): |
Dorsett, Evelyn Marie, U Georgia, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 56(10-B), Apr 1996. pp.
5762. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9604035 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
direct
& vicarious trauma, psychological distress,
undergraduate students (mean age 20.1 yrs), comparison
with PTSD |
|
Abstract: |
This
study compared the effects of direct and vicarious
trauma in a non-clinical lay population and the extent
to which these effects resembled PTSD. The subjects were
252 undergraduate students (83 males and 169 females),
mean age 20.1, 84.9% Caucasian. Most subjects in this
sample reported at least one potentially traumatic event
(70%). Events such as sexual assault and relationship
violence, which involve interpersonal violence, were
most clearly related to psychological distress. A small
number of subjects reported scores on measures
equivalent with a clinical sample. Multiple events,
particularly events that happen to significant others,
were predictive of the variance in measures of distress.
The results support a relationship between measures of
PTSD and traumatic events, and an association between
coping strategies and distress is also suggested.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Distress; *Emotional Trauma; *Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder; *Vicarious Experiences |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Social Psychology (3000) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
(320) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
19960101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-95007-168 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-95007-168&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-95007-168&site=ehost-live">Primary
and secondary trauma in a non-clinical population.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 12
|
Title: |
The
risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary
trauma in psychotherapists. |
|
Author(s): |
Kassam-Adams, Nancy, U Virginia, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 55(10-B), Apr 1995. pp.
4606. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9506922 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
exposure to sexually traumatized clients & own symptoms
of work stress & PTSD, psychotherapists in outpatient
mental health agencies |
|
Abstract: |
This
study was designed to provide an empirical test of the
widely discussed notion of secondary, or vicarious,
traumatization in psychotherapists who treat traumatized
clients. The concept of secondary traumatization implies
a specific effect of trauma therapy on the therapist,
akin to the intrusion and avoidance phenomena of
post-traumatic responses in direct trauma survivors, but
distinct from "burnout" or other forms of occupational
stress. The study examined the relationship between
psychotherapists' exposure to sexually traumatized
clients and the therapists' own symptoms of work stress
and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 100
psychotherapists in outpatient mental health agencies in
Virginia and Maryland completed self-report measures.
Therapists' level of PTSD symptoms related to their work
with clients was found to be significantly related to
their level of exposure to sexually abused or assaulted
clients (measured as the percentage of a therapist's
caseload that presented these issues in therapy). The
therapist's gender and personal history of trauma
(particularly trauma that occurred in childhood) were
also significant predictors of trauma symptoms. PTSD
symptoms were not found to be related to exposure to
other difficult client problems or diagnoses, such as
depression, schizophrenia, or personality disorders.
Generic work stress symptoms were not significantly
related to doing therapy with sexually traumatized
clients. These results provide empirical support for the
notion of secondary traumatization in psychotherapists
who treat sexually traumatized clients, and also point
to the role of other factors, such as the therapist's
gender and personal history of trauma that may affect
this phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA,
all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Occupational Stress; *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;
*Psychotherapeutic Processes; *Psychotherapists;
*Therapist Characteristics; Emotional Trauma |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
19950101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1995-95007-145 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-95007-145&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-95007-145&site=ehost-live">The
risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary
trauma in psychotherapists.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 13
|
Title: |
Working with people in crisis: Research implications. |
|
Series
Title: |
Brunner/Mazel psychological stress series; No. 23 |
|
Author(s): |
Beaton, Randal D., U Washington, School of Nursing,
Seattle, WA, US
Murphy, Shirley A. |
|
Source: |
Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic
stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized.
Figley, Charles R. (Ed); pp. 51-81.
Philadelphia, PA, US:
Brunner/Mazel, Inc, 1995. xxii, 268 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ |
|
ISBN: |
0-87630-759-4 (hardcover) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
individual & occupational & social & community
contextual factors, secondary traumatic stress &
compassion fatigue, crisis workers physically present at
vs removed from trauma incident scene |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the introduction) assert that crisis workers, by the
nature of their duties and responsibilities, are at risk
of experiencing secondary trauma stress (i.e., stress
reactions that arise from being exposed to a
traumatizing event or from assisting or wanting to
assist a traumatized person) / "crisis workers"
[include] the front-line, first responders such as
firefighters, law enforcement personnel, and rescue
workers, for whom exposure to occupational trauma is
frequent and repetitive / crisis workers also include
persons with jobs in which they they may be physically
removed from the trauma incident scene, such as 911
dispatchers and emergency room nurses, but who are
nonetheless exposed to traumatic stress and "absorb" it
/ reviews the unintended and deleterious effects on
crisis workers that arise as a result of their providing
help / these include negative consequences, relationship
problems, and substance abuse
[discuss] hypothetical and
empirical differences between posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and compassion fatigue / [consider]
contributions of individual, occupational, social, and
community contextual variables to secondary
traumatization (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA,
all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Crisis Intervention; *Occupational Stress; *Personnel;
Emotional Trauma; Empathy; Psychosocial Factors |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430)
Community & Social Services
(3373) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19951101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1995-97891-003 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-97891-003&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-97891-003&site=ehost-live">Working
with people in crisis: Research implications.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 14
|
Title: |
Preventing compassion fatigue: A team treatment model. |
|
Series
Title: |
Brunner/Mazel psychological stress series; No. 23 |
|
Author(s): |
Munroe, James F., US Dept of Veterans Affairs Medical
Ctr, National Ctr for PTSD, Boston, MA, US
Shay, Jonathan
Fisher, Lisa
Makary, Christine
Rapperport, Kathryn
Zimering, Rose |
|
Source: |
Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic
stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized.
Figley, Charles R. (Ed); pp. 209-231.
Philadelphia, PA, US:
Brunner/Mazel, Inc, 1995. xxii, 268 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/ |
|
ISBN: |
0-87630-759-4 (hardcover) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
team
model for treatment of clients with PTSD & prevention of
therapist's secondary traumatization & compassion
fatigue, Vietnam combat veterans & mental health
professionals |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the introduction) suggests that isomorphic
characteristics of compassion fatigue and posttraumatic
stress disorder (PTSD), and the intensity and duration
of exposure by clients, is predictive of [the
therapist's] responses / assert that no therapist is
immune to these effects / deals with [several] ethical
questions in traumatology: the duty to inform, educate,
and act in connection with compassion fatigue among
colleague therapists / suggests that therapists working
alone may be unable to identify their own responses / a
team approach is described that prevents secondary
trauma and enhances client treatment by actively
modeling appropriate coping strategies / [argue that]
recognizing the effects of secondary trauma . . . gives
therapists not only a means of prevention for
themselves, but also a window for understanding and an
opportunity to intervene actively with their clients /
offer several examples of client patterns and team
responses, and outline several specific practices for
therapists
(from the chapter)
[describes the Veterans' Improvement Program that]
provides treatment for combat veterans diagnosed with
PTSD / the team consists of 6 primary members [including
clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and a counselor]
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Mental Health Personnel; *Occupational Stress;
*Prevention; Combat Experience; Empathy;
Interdisciplinary Treatment Approach; Military Veterans;
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Teams |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430)
Military Psychology (3800) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19951101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1995-97891-010 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-97891-010&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-97891-010&site=ehost-live">Preventing
compassion fatigue: A team treatment model.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 15
|
Title: |
Homicide bereavement: Diagnostic assessment and
psychoanalytic psychotherapy. |
|
Author(s): |
Pasternack, Stefan A., Georgetown University Hosp, Dept
of Psychiatry, Washington, DC, US |
|
Source: |
Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, Vol 12(2), 1995. pp.
163-182. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
International Universities Press
Publisher URL:
http://www.iup.com |
|
ISSN: |
0736-508X (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
psychoanalytic psychotherapy, 22 & 44 yr old females
with homicide bereavement, case report |
|
Abstract: |
Reviews homicide bereavement, a clinical syndrome
combining features of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and pathological grief, and discusses the
psychoanalytic psychotherapy of 2 women, (aged 22 and 44
yrs). The beginning phase of therapy focuses on
retelling traumatic events along with accompanying
emotional and cognitive reactions. Distrust of authority
figures and fear of further disclosures may foster
distrust of the therapist when there is a secondary
trauma caused by police or media; therefore, early
interpretation of negative transference reactions is
essential. Therapists should promptly recognize and
manage countertransference due to concomitant emotional
reactions. Pretrauma issues and conflicts may influence
the nature of the homicide bereavement experience.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Grief; *Homicide; *Psychoanalysis |
|
Classification: |
Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study; Nonclinical Case Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19960101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-00719-007 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-00719-007&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-00719-007&site=ehost-live">Homicide
bereavement: Diagnostic assessment and psychoanalytic
psychotherapy.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 16
|
Title: |
Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the
costs of caring. |
|
Author(s): |
Figley, Charles R., Florida State U, Psychosocial Stress
Research & Treatment Program, Tallahassee, FL, US |
|
Source: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. Stamm, B.
Hudnall (Ed); pp. 3-28.
Baltimore, MD, US: The
Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
compassion fatigue & stress, professionals treating
traumatized patients |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) discusses the emergence of information that
forms the basis of our understanding of Compassion
Fatigue and Compassion Stress / recognize that something
specific must be done to counteract the challenges of
Compassion Stress and Fatigue / we now know . . . that
something can be done to help caring [health]
professionals / we can help professionals to recognize
their shortcomings--their special vulnerability to
Compassion Stress and Fatigue--and help them cope more
effectively with the cost of caring / there is no doubt
that traumatic events will continue to occur and affect
hundreds of thousands of people each year / these
traumatized people require the services of professionals
who are well prepared to help and, in turn, to help
themselves / therefore, we need to keep these caring
professionals at work and satisfied
why are there so few reports
of secondary trauma / why STSD [secondary traumatic
stress disorder] / definition of secondary traumatic
stress [STS] and stress disorder / contrasts between STS
and other concepts / countertransference and secondary
stress / burnout and secondary stress / why Compassion
Stress and Compassion Fatigue / implications for
training and educating the next generation of
professionals (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA,
all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Occupational Stress; *Health Personnel; Emotional
Trauma; Empathy; Fatigue |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-001&site=ehost-live |
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|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-001&site=ehost-live">Compassion
fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of
caring.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 17
|
Title: |
The
risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary
trauma in psychotherapists. |
|
Author(s): |
Kassam-Adams, Nancy, Philadelphia Child Guidance Ctr,
Philadelphia, PA, US |
|
Source: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. Stamm, B.
Hudnall (Ed); pp. 37-48.
Baltimore, MD, US: The
Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
treatment of & level of exposure to trauma issues &
level of secondary trauma symptoms, 23-65 yr old
psychotherapists treating sexually traumatized clients |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) addresses the potential risks to a
therapist when treating sexually traumatized clients /
the study was designed to sample the experiences of
psychotherapists with a range of exposure to sexual
trauma issues in their clinical work, in order to
explore the relationship between level of exposure to
these issues and the therapists' reported levels of
stress or secondary trauma symptoms / in addition,
therapists were asked about their exposure to other
difficult client issues, in an attempt to test the
potential alternative hypothesis that therapists could
be adversely affected by many types of painful or
difficult clinical work (i.e., that these effects are
not specific to trauma clients) / participants in the
study were 100 [23-65 yr old] master's or doctoral level
psychotherapists in outpatient agencies in central
Virginia and central Maryland who completed and returned
self-report questionnaires (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Occupational Stress; *Psychotherapists; *Sexual Abuse;
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Risk Assessment |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-003 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-003&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-003&site=ehost-live">The
risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary
trauma in psychotherapists.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 18
|
Title: |
Coping
with secondary traumatic stress: The importance of the
therapist's professional peer group. |
|
Author(s): |
Catherall, Don R., Phoenix Inst, Ltd, Chicago, IL, US |
|
Source: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. Stamm, B.
Hudnall (Ed); pp. 80-92.
Baltimore, MD, US: The
Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
peer
group support for coping with & healing secondary
traumatic stress, therapists treating traumatized
clients |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) suggests ways that trauma therapists can
create safe environments in which to work / draws us
into relationships not only with our clients, but with
our peers / believes that it is this carefully tended
peer environment that affords us the necessary
objectivity to do the highly subjective work with trauma
clients / peer groups of trauma therapists set norms,
provide support, help correct distortions, and generally
offer opportunities to reframe the traumas / these
peer-rich environments can be ripe for facilitating the
ongoing work of self-care of healing [and coping with]
secondary trauma (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA,
all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Coping Behavior; *Occupational Stress; *Peer Relations;
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Support Groups;
Therapists |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430)
Health & Mental Health
Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-006 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-006&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-006&site=ehost-live">Coping
with secondary traumatic stress: The importance of the
therapist's professional peer group.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 19
|
Title: |
Kelengakutelleghpat: An Arctic community-based approach
to trauma. |
|
Author(s): |
Terry,
Michael J., Norton Sound Corp, Trauma Support Program,
Nome, AK, US |
|
Source: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. Stamm, B.
Hudnall (Ed); pp. 149-178.
Baltimore, MD, US: The
Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
community based health care & critical incident stress
management program development, village based clinicians
& native villagers with primary & secondary trauma,
Alaska |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) this paper is an outgrowth of an Alaska
Native health-care program that has now become a model
for health care delivery systems from rural and
inner-city America to the frontiers of developing
nations / details the story of an Arctic Alaska Native
community / reframes the traditional white western
perception of treatment--both physical and mental /
offers us a window into a world where entire communities
can come together to address issues of trauma /
describes lessons learned while developing a program of
support for these village-based clinicians / in the face
of overwhelming primary and secondary traumatic stress,
a critical incident stress management program was
revised to emphasize collaboration and traditional
Native values
Community Health Aide
program / Norton Sound Health Corporation's program / an
on-going problem / the need for a critical incident
stress management [CISM] program / the development of a
local program in CISM / why the program did not work /
cultural and historical trauma / contemporary traumas /
the risk of traumatic-impairment / Kelengakutelleghpat
[watching out for each other] (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Community Services; *Emotional Trauma; *Occupational
Stress; Clinicians; Health Care Services; Inuit; Program
Development; Stress Management |
|
Classification: |
Community & Social Services (3373) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Location: |
US |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-010 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-010&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-010&site=ehost-live">Kelengakutelleghpat:
An Arctic community-based approach to trauma.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 20
|
Title: |
Ethical issues associated with secondary trauma in
therapists. |
|
Author(s): |
Munroe, James F., National Ctr for Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder, Dept of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic,
Veterans Improvement Program, Boston, MA, US |
|
Source: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. Stamm, B.
Hudnall (Ed); pp. 211-229.
Baltimore, MD, US: The
Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279 pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
ethical issues in secondary traumatic stress, health
care personnel working with trauma survivors |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) reexamines one of the oldest ethical
guidelines in the field, that of the American
Psychological Association, in the light of Secondary
Traumatic Stress / for many years we have concentrated
exclusively on protecting the client with little or no
regard to the caregiver / however, time has shown us
that impaired caregivers are not only a loss to the
professional community, they are potentially dangerous /
shifts the perspective from being patient-centered to
being helper-centered
[this chapter generalized to
health care professionals working with trauma survivors]
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Occupational Stress; *Professional Ethics; Emotional
Trauma; Survivors; Health Personnel |
|
Classification: |
Impaired Professionals (3470) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-012 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-012&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-012&site=ehost-live">Ethical
issues associated with secondary trauma in
therapists.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 21
|
Title: |
Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for
clinicians, researchers, and educators. |
|
Author(s): |
Stamm,
B. Hudnall, (Ed), U Alaska, Dept of Psychology,
Traumatic Stress Research Group, Anchorage, AK, US |
|
Source: |
Baltimore, MD, US: The Sidran Press, 1995. xxiii, 279
pp.
Publisher URL:
http://www.sidran.org |
|
ISBN: |
0-9629164-9-8 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
self
care issues in prevention & treatment of secondary
traumatic stress, health care professionals treating
traumatized patients |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the cover) Beginning with the assumption that caring for
people who have experienced highly stressful events puts
the caregiver at risk for developing similar
stress-related symptoms, this book brings together some
of the best thinkers in the trauma field to write about
the prevention and treatment of Secondary Traumatic
Stress.
This . . . material not only
reflects the current state of knowledge about secondary
traumatization, but in a personal way explores our
ethical obligations to each other, to our communities,
and to future trauma research. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Occupational Stress; *Therapist Characteristics;
*Health Personnel; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;
Prevention; Professional Ethics; Treatment |
|
Classification: |
Professional Personnel Attitudes & Characteristics
(3430)
Health & Mental Health
Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Release
Date: |
19960701 |
|
Correction Date: |
20050912 |
|
Accession Number: |
1996-97172-000 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-000&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-97172-000&site=ehost-live">Secondary
traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians,
researchers, and educators.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 22
|
Title: |
Assessment of secondary traumatization with an emotional
Stroop task. |
|
Author(s): |
Motta,
Robert W., Hofstra U, Hempstead, NY, US
Suozzi, John M.
Joseph, Jamie M. |
|
Source: |
Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol 78(3, Pt 2), Spec
Issue, Jun 1994. pp. 1274. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Perceptual & Motor Skills
Publisher URL:
http://www.ammonsscientific.com/ |
|
ISSN: |
0031-5125 (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
secondary trauma, mean color naming time on emotional
Stroop task, college student offspring of veterans vs
nonveterans |
|
Abstract: |
Assessed secondary trauma by comparing the mean
color-naming time of 9 adult children of veterans with
that of 35 children of nonveterans on an emotional
Stroop task. The Stroop task discriminated the 2 groups
while standard trauma measures did not. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Adult
Offspring; *Emotional Trauma; *Military Veterans;
*Stroop Effect |
|
Classification: |
Cognitive Processes (2340)
Military Psychology (3800) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19950201 |
|
Accession Number: |
1995-04310-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-04310-001&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-04310-001&site=ehost-live">Assessment
of secondary traumatization with an emotional Stroop
task.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 23
|
Title: |
La
conspiración del silencio y la transmisión masiva del
trauma transgeneracional. |
|
Translated Title: |
The
conspiracy of silence and the massive transmission of
transgenerational trauma. |
|
Author(s): |
Fastlich, Stephanie Kurian, U de las Américas, Mexico
City, Mexico |
|
Source: |
Psicologia Contemporanea, Vol 1(2), 1994. pp. 92-99. |
|
Publisher: |
Italy:
Giunti Gruppo Editoriale SpA
Publisher URL:
http://www.giunti.it |
|
ISSN: |
1405-0250 (Print) |
|
Language: |
Spanish |
|
Keywords: |
conspiracy of silence & countertransference &
transmission of transgenerational trauma |
|
Abstract: |
Discusses a clinical framework for working with patients
who are survivors of massive trauma, such as war
refugees, participants in the Vietnam war, holocaust
survivors, torture victims, or incest victims.
Counter-transference issues potentially leading to
secondary trauma, therapeutic biases and preconceptions,
negative response to trauma source, integrated treatment
methods are considered. The notion of a conspiracy of
silence in not talking about the potential negative
effects of therapy is also discussed. (English abstract)
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Countertransference; *Emotional Trauma;
*Psychotherapeutic Processes; *Silence; *Survivors |
|
Classification: |
Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19990801 |
|
Accession Number: |
1999-10846-010 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-10846-010&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-10846-010&site=ehost-live">La
conspiración del silencio y la transmisión masiva del
trauma transgeneracional.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 24
|
Title: |
Traumatic incident reduction: A cognitive-emotive
treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. |
|
Author(s): |
Moore,
Robert H., Inst for Rational-Emotive Therapy, New York,
NY, US |
|
Source: |
Innovations in rational-emotive therapy. Dryden, Windy
(Ed); Hill, Larry K. (Ed); pp. 116-159.
Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage
Publications, Inc, 1993. v, 297 pp. |
|
ISBN: |
0-8039-4300-8 (hardcover)
0-8039-4301-6 (paperback) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
guided
cognitive imagery in traumatic incident reduction,
patients with PTSD |
|
Abstract: |
(from
the chapter) problem profile / primary and secondary
trauma / posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the
cognitive therapies / traumatic incident reduction [TIR]
[a guided cognitive imagery procedure] / TIR viewing
procedures / rules of facilitation / thematic TIR in
application: a case illustration [of an adult male]
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Cognitive Therapy; *Guided Imagery; *Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder |
|
Classification: |
Cognitive Therapy (3311) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Intended
Audience: |
Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) |
|
Conference Notes: |
Chapters 2-12 were presented at the World Congress on
Mental Health Counseling in Keystone, CO, 1990. |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Book,
Edited Book |
|
Document
Type: |
Original Chapter |
|
Release
Date: |
19941101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1994-97693-005 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1994-97693-005&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1994-97693-005&site=ehost-live">Traumatic
incident reduction: A cognitive-emotive treatment of
post-traumatic stress disorder.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 25
|
Title: |
Acting-out and the dynamics of victimization. |
|
Author(s): |
Bowers, Laurene B., Andover Newton Theological School,
Newton Center, MA, US |
|
Source: |
Pastoral Psychology, Vol 41(1), Sep 1992. pp. 23-30.
Journal URL:
http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-131-70-35547691-0,00.html?changeHeader=true |
|
Publisher: |
Germany: Springer
Publisher URL:
http://www.springeronline.com |
|
ISSN: |
0031-2789 (Print)
1573-6679 (Electronic) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
pastoral care response to child abuse victimization &
subsequent acting out, adolescents |
|
Abstract: |
Proposes that trauma of child abuse resides in the event
itself and arises from dynamics of victimization that
cause secondary trauma. Acting-out among adolescents is
symbolic of these dynamics. An ecological perspective is
explored to present a relational model of pastoral care,
uplifting the impact of victimization on both the
individual and community, as well as the individual's
interaction within the community. It is asserted that
the deviance manifested in victimization and its
corollary, the conformity of silence, are oppressive
social forces that contradict the pastoral call to
transform blindness into witness, silence into
revelation, and separation into reconciliation.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Acting Out; *Child Abuse; *Emotional Trauma; *Pastoral
Counseling; *Victimization |
|
Classification: |
Lay &
Paraprofessional & Pastoral Counseling (3355) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19930601 |
|
Accession Number: |
1993-22828-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1993-22828-001&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1993-22828-001&site=ehost-live">Acting-out
and the dynamics of victimization.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 26
|
Title: |
Aggression and projective identification in the
treatment of victims. |
|
Author(s): |
Catherall, Donald R., Northwestern U Medical School, IL,
US |
|
Source: |
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol
28(1), Spr 1991. Special issue: Psychotherapy with
victims. pp. 145-149. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Division of Psychotherapy (29), American Psychological
Association |
|
ISSN: |
0033-3204 (Print) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
aggression & projective identification for trust
reestablishment in therapy, victims of trauma |
|
Abstract: |
The
victim must reestablish trust both in order to do the
work of exploring the hidden affects associated with the
primary trauma and in order to overcome the secondary
trauma, which is a breakdown in the victim's
relationship with his/her social world. To rebuild trust
in the self and others, the victim seeks a connection
with the therapist that allows him or her to (1)
overcome feeling different and (2) identify with the
therapist's capacity to experience aggressive
victimizing urges without acting on them. The mechanism
of the patient's connection with the therapist is
projective identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Identification (Defense Mechanism);
*Psychotherapeutic Processes; *Psychotherapy;
*Victimization; Aggressive Behavior; Projection (Defense
Mechanism); Trust (Social Behavior) |
|
Classification: |
Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19920201 |
|
Accession Number: |
1992-06235-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1992-06235-001&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1992-06235-001&site=ehost-live">Aggression
and projective identification in the treatment of
victims.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
|
Full Text Database: |
PsycARTICLES |
Record: 27
|
Title: |
Psihicki poremecaji kod prognanih osoba. |
|
Translated Title: |
Mental
disturbances of the exiled. |
|
Author(s): |
Moro,
Ljiljana, University Hospital Ctr, University Dept of
Psychiatry, Rijeka, Croatia |
|
Source: |
Socijalna Psihijatrija, Vol 19(4), 1991. pp. 335-345. |
|
Publisher: |
Croatia: Hratsko Psihijatrijsko Društvo
Publisher URL:
http://www.hpd.htnet.hr/ |
|
ISSN: |
0303-7908 (Print) |
|
Language: |
Serbo-Croatian |
|
Keywords: |
reactions to becoming exiled, refugees, implications for
treatment |
|
Abstract: |
Discusses the psychic reactions of the exiled during the
1st 5 mo of their exile as well as ways to offer mental
help to overcome the trauma. A scientifically based
observation of mental reactions of the exiled should be
prolonged, because a psychic trauma leaves a lasting
impression for a long time. Special attention should be
paid to possible secondary trauma during the return to
the exile's home. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005
APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Refugees; *Stress Reactions;
*Treatment |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19970901 |
|
Accession Number: |
1997-87195-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-87195-001&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-87195-001&site=ehost-live">Psihicki
poremecaji kod prognanih osoba.</A> |
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|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 28
|
Title: |
Differentiating intervention strategies for primary and
secondary trauma in post-traumatic stress disorder: The
example of Vietnam veterans. |
|
Author(s): |
Catherall, Donald R., Northwestern U Medical School,
Chicago, IL, US |
|
Source: |
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol 2(3), Jul 1989. pp.
289-304.
Journal URL:
http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0894-9867 |
|
Publisher: |
US:
John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL:
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ |
|
ISSN: |
0894-9867 (Print)
1573-6598 (Electronic) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
ego
psychological treatment for primary & self psychological
treatment for secondary trauma of PTSD, Vietnam veterans |
|
Abstract: |
A
model of treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) addresses 2 central psychological issues: (1) the
conflict between ego forces oriented toward recalling
and assimilating the traumatic material (thereby
achieving ego integration) vs ego forces oriented toward
repressing and avoiding the reexperience of the trauma
(thereby defending against ego disintegration) and (2)
the loss of self-cohesion that results from the
breakdown between the trauma survivor's self and the
social milieu. Clinicians are advised to use 2 different
theoretical orientations (ego psychological and self
psychological) in treating these 2 basic issues.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Ego;
*Military Veterans; *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder;
*Self Psychology; *Treatment; Emotional Trauma |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Military Psychology (3800) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19900201 |
|
Accession Number: |
1990-05236-001 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1990-05236-001&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1990-05236-001&site=ehost-live">Differentiating
intervention strategies for primary and secondary trauma
in post-traumatic stress disorder: The example of
Vietnam veterans.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 29
|
Title: |
Males
as sexual assault victims: Multiple levels of trauma. |
|
Author(s): |
Anderson, Craig L., U Minnesota, US |
|
Source: |
Journal of Homosexuality, Vol 7(2-3), Win-Spr 1981-1982.
Special issue: Homosexuality & psychotherapy. pp.
145-162.
Journal URL:
http://www.haworthpressinc.com/store/product.asp?sku=J082 |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Haworth Press
Publisher URL:
http://www.haworthpress.com |
|
ISSN: |
0091-8369 (Print)
1540-3602 (Electronic) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
levels
of & clinical & community intervention for psychological
trauma following sexual assault, male victims |
|
Abstract: |
Focuses on the psychological aftermath for male sexual
assault victims. A paradigm is offered consisting of
set-up, attack, and aftermath phases. Male victims
suffer rape trauma syndrome as described for females, as
well as various forms of stigmatization and secondary
trauma. Differences and similarities between male and
female victims are identified. Victim responses are
discussed as they proceed through several stages, with
implications for appropriate interventions on both the
clinical and community levels. An extensive bibliography
is appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Emotional Trauma; *Human Males; *Sex Offenses;
*Treatment; *Victimization; Community Mental Health
Services |
|
Classification: |
Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior (3230)
Health & Mental Health
Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19920101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1992-70548-001 |
|
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|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1992-70548-001&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1992-70548-001&site=ehost-live">Males
as sexual assault victims: Multiple levels of
trauma.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 30
|
Title: |
Systemic effects of trauma: A quantitative study of
individual and relational post-traumatic stress. |
|
Author(s): |
Nelson, Briana Sue, Texas Tech U, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:
Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol 59(7-A), Jan 1999.
pp. 2736. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4209 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9842020 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
traumatic experiences, individual stress & trauma
symptoms & secondary trauma symptoms & relationship
satisfaction & couple interaction patterns, veteran vs
childhood sexual abuse survivor couples |
|
Abstract: |
Traumatic events affect not only the individual, but
also people who have significant relationships with the
traumatized individual (e.g., spouses, partners,
children). In the current literature, the systemic
effects of trauma have received limited clinical and
empirical attention. To address the impact of traumatic
experiences on the couple relationship, particularly
individual stress and trauma symptoms, secondary trauma
symptoms, relationship satisfaction, and couple
interaction patterns, comparisons were conducted between
three clinical groups: veteran couples (n=17), childhood
sexual abuse survivor couples (n=17), and a control
group of couples with no reported history of war trauma
or childhood sexual abuse trauma (n=17). In this study,
there were more general stress symptoms, more trauma
symptoms, and more types of trauma experienced in trauma
survivors, particularly veterans. Also, partners of
trauma survivors reported higher levels of individual
stress symptoms and secondary traumatic stress symptoms,
particularly the partners of war-traumatized veterans.
These results support the need for further exploration
of the individual and secondary effects of traumatic
events. The results from the measures of relationship
impairment indicate conflicting conclusions. Although it
was expected that trauma survivors would report more
relationship impairment than the clinical control
couples, these results were not statistically supported.
Finally, the effects of both partners having a history
of trauma were addressed in the research. Although the
sample of dual trauma couples was small and limited to
veteran-childhood sexual abuse couples, there were
significant results for the general stress and trauma
symptoms; however, these results were the converse of
what was expected. Veterans in the veteran-childhood
sexual abuse couples reported significantly lower BSI
and PPTSD-R scores than the other veterans. The
relational measures did not produce consistently
significant results. These results suggest potential
dynamics that occur in dual trauma couples that
necessitate further exploration. In general, the results
provide support for the negative impact of trauma on the
individual and moderate support for the impact of this
trauma on the spouse/partner. Future research should
compare clinical and nonclinical samples and expand the
definition of trauma to include analyses based on number
and types of traumatic events. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Couples; *Emotional Trauma; *Interpersonal Interaction;
*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; *Stress; Child Abuse;
Military Veterans; Sexual Abuse |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Location: |
Taiwan |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
19991101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1999-95001-228 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-95001-228&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-95001-228&site=ehost-live">Systemic
effects of trauma: A quantitative study of individual
and relational post-traumatic stress.</A> |
|
|
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|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 31
|
Title: |
Assessment of secondary trauma in mental health
professionals who work with people with HIV/AIDS. |
|
Author(s): |
Joseph, Jamie Meryl, Hofstra U, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 59(4-B), Oct 1998. pp.
1854. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9828820 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
Assessment of secondary trauma in mental health
professionals who work with people with HIV/AIDS (immune
deficiency) |
|
Abstract: |
There
is literature documenting the emotional reactions
therapists have to working with clients with HIV/AIDS.
Reactions to this work appears mixed. Some therapists
have reported the development of negative symptoms to
working with people with HIV/AIDS including sleep
disturbances, intrusive cognitions, avoidance responses,
emotional numbness and detachment. These reactions are
indicative of secondary trauma reactions. However, there
are few well controlled investigations of the effects of
working with clients with HIV/AIDS on mental health
professionals. The present investigation examined the
emotional reactions of mental health professionals who
work with clients with HIV/AIDS to determine if these
professionals experienced secondary trauma reactions.
Included in this study were 261 mental health
professionals. Of these, 213 worked with clients with
HIV/AIDS. Secondary trauma symptomatology was assessed
by the Secondary Trauma Questionnaire and the Impact of
Event Scale-Revised (IES), PTSD symptoms were assessed
by The Modified PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report
(MPSS-SR), burnout was assessed by the Maslach Burnout
Inventory (MBI), perceived social support was assessed
by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social
Support (MSPSS), and symptoms of depression and anxiety
were assessed via the Depression Symptom Checklist
(DSCL) and the Anxiety Symptom Checklist (ASCL). Results
indicated that therapists who worked with clients with
HIV/AIDS did not experience more symptoms of secondary
trauma, PTSD, depression, anxiety or burnout than
therapists who had not worked with clients with
HIV/AIDS. No relationship was found between the number
of clients with HIV/AIDS a therapist worked with or had
die and their experiences of symptoms of secondary
trauma and PTSD. Personal losses of family, friends or a
significant other was not related to experiences of
secondary trauma or PTSD. Therapists who extended
themselves beyond the limits of customary psychotherapy
reported more symptoms of PTSD than therapists who did
not extend themselves. Perceived social support was
predictive of fewer symptoms of secondary trauma.
Secondary trauma and burnout were positively correlated
and both were related to anxiety and depression. Social
workers were more likely than psychologists to work with
more clients with HIV/AIDS and to experience cognitive
intrusion and avoidance related to AIDS work. Social
workers reported a lower sense of personal
accomplishment related to their work than did
psychologists. Findings suggest that mental health care
professionals can work with clients with HIV/AIDS
without developing secondary trauma. However, results
suggest that professional background training and
perceived social support are important factors in
determining the susceptibility of mental health
professionals to secondary trauma when working with
clients with HIV/AIDS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c)
2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Client Characteristics; *Emotional Trauma; *Human
Immunodeficiency Virus; *Mental Health Personnel;
*Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Industrial & Organizational
Psychology (3600) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Tests &
Measures: |
Maslach Burnout Inventory |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
19980101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1998-95020-034 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1998-95020-034&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1998-95020-034&site=ehost-live">Assessment
of secondary trauma in mental health professionals who
work with people with HIV/AIDS.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 32
|
Title: |
Secondary trauma: Assessing inter-generational
transmission of war experiences with a modified Stroop
procedure. |
|
Author(s): |
Motta,
Robert W., Hofstra U, Hempstead, NY, US
Joseph, Jamie M.
Rose, Raphael D.
Suozzi, John M.
Leiderman, Laura J. |
|
Source: |
Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 53(8), Dec 1997. pp.
895-903.
Journal URL:
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0021-9762/ |
|
Publisher: |
US:
John Wiley & Sons
Publisher URL:
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/ |
|
ISSN: |
0021-9762 (Print)
1097-4679 (Electronic) |
|
Digital
Object Identifier: |
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199712)53:8<895::AID-JCLP14>3.0.CO;2-F |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
transmission of war experiences measured by Stroop
procedure vs traditional trauma measures, 17-48 yr old
children of veterans |
|
Abstract: |
Assessed intergenerational transmission of war
experiences using a modified Stroop task. Adult children
of war veterans and those of nonveterans named the
colors in which war related words were printed. They
also named the colors of neutral, positive, and
obsessive compulsive disorder related words in addition
to color naming a series of zeros contained on a control
card. All participants completed the MMPI-II PTSD Scale,
the Impact of Event Scale, and a demographic
questionnaire. A statistically significant difference
between the children of veterans and nonveterans was
found only on the Stroop card containing war related
words. Results suggest that the modified Stroop task is
a sensitive measure that may have value in assessing
transmission of war experiences from parents to
children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all
rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Adult
Offspring; *Combat Experience; *Emotional Trauma;
*Military Veterans; *Stroop Effect |
|
Classification: |
Clinical Psychological Testing (2224)
Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders
(3215) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
(300)
Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs)
(320)
Thirties (30-39 yrs) (340)
Middle Age (40-64 yrs) (360) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19980401 |
|
Accession Number: |
1997-41360-015 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-41360-015&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-41360-015&site=ehost-live">Secondary
trauma: Assessing inter-generational transmission of war
experiences with a modified Stroop procedure.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 33
|
Title: |
PTSD
severity among combat veterans: Differences in
demographic characteristics. |
|
Author(s): |
Bailey, Douglas Francis, Florida Inst of Technology, US |
|
Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 58(4-B), Oct 1997. pp.
2108. |
|
Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
|
ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
|
Order
Number: |
AAM9730133 |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
personality/intelligence traits & military service
characteristics & post-military coping resources, PTSD
severity, Vietnam veterans with PTSD |
|
Abstract: |
Three
hundred twenty-nine Vietnam veterans diagnosed with PTSD
and presenting for treatment as outpatients at a
Readjustment Counseling Services Program in Brevard
County, Florida, were studied to examine the
relationship between symptom severity and (a)
personality/intelligence traits, (b) military service
characteristics, (c) post-military coping resources. The
personality/intelligence variables explored were number
of years of education and intelligence as measured by
Scale B of the Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF)
Questionnaire. Military characteristics included combat
exposure as measured by the Veteran's Administration
adaptation of the Vietnam Veterans Questionnaire, age at
time of combat, number of years of military service
after the combat experience, time period assigned in
Vietnam (i.e., before or after TET), and branch of
service. The post-military variables investigated were
employment and marital status, and social support as
measured by the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress.
Symptom intensity, as measured by the VA's adaptation of
the Mississippi Scale for Posttraumatic Stress, was
associated with combat intensity and being unemployed.
Symptom intensity varied inversely with age at time of
service in Vietnam, number of years of education, level
of social support, years in the military after combat
and intelligence. However, multiple regression analyses
of the continuous variables (which excludes employment)
revealed that only age, social support, years in the
military after combat and intelligence significantly
predict variance in PTSD symptoms beyond that predicted
by extent of combat exposure. No combat X intelligence
or combat X social support interactions existed.
Therefore, results did not support the "person-event
interaction" model of PTSD etiology, nor the
multiplicative function of social support. Trauma was
implicated as the major contributing factor in the
disorder and it seems that lack of social support became
an additive secondary trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Military Veterans; *Personality Traits; *Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder; *Severity (Disorders); *Social Support;
Adjustment; Combat Experience; Intelligence |
|
Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Social Psychology (3000) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10) |
|
Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
|
Release
Date: |
19970101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1997-95020-251 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95020-251&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95020-251&site=ehost-live">PTSD
severity among combat veterans: Differences in
demographic characteristics.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 34
|
Title: |
The
effect of the primary caretaker's distress on the
sexually abused child: A comparison of biological and
foster parents. |
|
Author(s): |
Lipton, Marjorie, Florida International U, School of
Social Work, Miami, FL, US |
|
Source: |
Child
& Adolescent Social Work Journal, Vol 14(2), Apr 1997.
pp. 115-127.
Journal URL:
http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-40109-70-35731650-0,00.html |
|
Publisher: |
Germany: Springer
Publisher URL:
http://www.springeronline.com |
|
ISSN: |
0738-0151 (Print)
1573-2797 (Electronic) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
caretaker distress, child's emotional well being, female
biological vs foster parent primary caretakers of
sexually molested children (mean age 11 yrs) |
|
Abstract: |
Secondary trauma experienced by sexually abused children
has only recently been explored in the literature. The
scant findings suggest that out-of-home placement, the
family's reaction to disclosure, and the emotional
functioning of mothers may impact upon the emotional
well-being of the sexually abused child. This study
reports findings of data collected from 26 biological
and 45 non-relative primary caretakers of 71 molested
children (mean age 11.1-11.6 yrs). The data indicate
significant differences between the two groups of
caretakers with regard to maternal distress and support,
and a strong relationship between the distress of the
caretaker and symptomatology of the child. Significant
predictors of child symptomatology and maternal support
are reported, and recommendations for practice and
policy applications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Caregiver Burden; *Emotional Adjustment; *Parental
Role; *Sexual Abuse; *Well Being; Child Abuse; Foster
Care; Mothers; Victimization |
|
Classification: |
Psychosocial & Personality Development (2840) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Age
Group: |
Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
(300) |
|
Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19970101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1997-06655-003 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-06655-003&site=ehost-live |
|
|
|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-06655-003&site=ehost-live">The
effect of the primary caretaker's distress on the
sexually abused child: A comparison of biological and
foster parents.</A> |
|
|
|
|
Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 35
|
Title: |
When
individual child psychotherapy exacerbates family
systems problems in child abuse cases: A clinical
analysis. |
|
Author(s): |
Shochet, Ian, Griffith U, School of Applied Psychology,
Nathan, Australia
Dadds, Mark |
|
Source: |
Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol 2(2), Apr
1997. pp. 239-249. |
|
Publisher: |
Germany: Springer
Publisher URL:
http://www.springeronline.com |
|
ISSN: |
1359-1045 (Print)
1461-7021 (Electronic) |
|
Language: |
English |
|
Keywords: |
secondary trauma from family reactions & individual
child psychotherapy, 7-8 yr old child victims of
physical or sexual trauma |
|
Abstract: |
Children who have suffered physical or sexual abuse are
as vulnerable as adult trauma victims to experience
"secondary trauma", in which the reactions of the family
or broader system exacerbate the child's difficulties.
Three clinical cases (a 7 yr old male, an 8 yr old male,
and a 7 yr old female) are presented that suggest that
this secondary trauma can be made worse by either
excessive or insufficient provision of individual child
psychotherapy, and the way the system interprets and
reacts to these clinical decisions. Types of secondary
trauma and their interactions with clinical decisions
are discussed. Ways of framing clinical decisions to
minimize the potential secondary trauma are presented.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
|
Subjects: |
*Child
Psychotherapy; *Emotional Trauma; *Individual
Psychotherapy; *Physical Abuse; *Sexual Abuse; Early
Experience; Family Relations; Psychotherapeutic
Processes; Victimization |
|
Classification: |
Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) |
|
Population: |
Human
(10)
Male (30)
Female (40) |
|
Age
Group: |
Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) |
|
Publication Type: |
Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal |
|
Release
Date: |
19991101 |
|
Accession Number: |
1999-11471-004 |
|
|
|
|
Persistent link to this record:
|
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-11471-004&site=ehost-live |
|
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|
|
Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1999-11471-004&site=ehost-live">When
individual child psychotherapy exacerbates family
systems problems in child abuse cases: A clinical
analysis.</A> |
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Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 36
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Title: |
The
aftermath of Hurricane Iniki: Development of a
school-based intervention. |
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Author(s): |
Brown,
Creedon-Savage Eileen, Antioch U/New England Graduate
School, US |
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Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 57(10-B), Apr 1997. pp.
6564. |
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Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
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ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
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Order
Number: |
AAM9709163 |
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Language: |
English |
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Keywords: |
The
aftermath of Hurricane Iniki: Development of a
school-based intervention (Hawaii, trauma) |
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Abstract: |
Four
years following Hurricane Iniki a large number of
children who were preschool age at the time of the
hurricane, continue to present with significant, and in
some cases, severe behavior difficulties. Research on
childhood trauma suggests that multiple factors
influence the impact of trauma on children. This
population of children appears to have been particularly
vulnerable to the effects of trauma due to their
developmental level at the time of the incident, their
close proximity to the trauma, and the ongoing
interpersonal and physical difficulties which resulted
from the trauma. This project works from the premise
that the overwhelming psychological trauma of the
hurricane, as well as related secondary trauma, resulted
in: developmental regression; perceptual distortions;
response disinhibition; disturbance in self-regulation;
and a variety of symptoms which resemble Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This project
involves the development of a school-based program
designed to respond to these identified behavioral needs
of a second grade population of children on the Hawaiian
island of Kaua'i. Research suggests that ADHD-like
symptoms are frequently found among children exposed to
traumatic stressors. For purposes of this project, the
diagnostic term ADHD is used to define a set of
symptoms, not a particular syndrome, experienced by the
children of Kaua'i following this traumatic event. The
proposed educational program embeds empirically based,
individual strategies for children with ADHD-like
symptoms in an integrated, comprehensive intervention
plan. Its purpose is to create an environment which will
decrease problematic behaviors, strengthen adaptive
behaviors, and enhance learning for all children.
Multimodal in nature, the program combines the
principles of behavior management, cognitive-behavioral
strategies, and a systems approach. This program differs
from other approaches in that it recommends programming
for all children within a public school, regular
education setting. The program is also unique because it
combines teacher training, parent education and support,
and a comprehensive curriculum for the children. The
program is designed to facilitate children's ability to
generalize and maintain acquired psychosocial skills
over time, place, and people. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Subjects: |
*Childhood Development; *Educational Programs;
*Emotional Trauma; *Natural Disasters; *Psychiatric
Symptoms; Attention Deficit Disorder; Behavior
Modification; Cognitive Therapy; Elementary School
Students; Psychosocial Development; Systems Theory |
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Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Developmental Psychology
(2800) |
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Population: |
Human
(10) |
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Location: |
US |
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Age
Group: |
Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs)
(160)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) |
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Methodology: |
Empirical Study; Followup Study; Treatment
Outcome/Clinical Trial |
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Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
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Release
Date: |
19970101 |
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Accession Number: |
1997-95008-344 |
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Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-344&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-344&site=ehost-live">The
aftermath of Hurricane Iniki: Development of a
school-based intervention.</A> |
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Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 37
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Title: |
Stress, vicarious traumatization, and coping:
Therapists' efforts to manage the stress of treating
sexual trauma. |
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Author(s): |
Everett, Susannah Rene, U Virginia, US |
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Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 57(10-B), Apr 1997. pp.
6568. |
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Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
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ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
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Order
Number: |
AAM9708528 |
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Language: |
English |
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Keywords: |
Stress, vicarious traumatization, and coping:
Therapists' efforts to manage the stress of treating
sexual trauma (posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout) |
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Abstract: |
The
purpose of this study was to examine vicarious or
secondary traumatization: the process through which
therapists' indirect exposure to trauma via the
psychotherapeutic relationship affects therapists.
Specifically, this study was designed to explore the
coping methods that therapists employ to manage the
stress of treating survivors of sexual assault and
sexual abuse, and to investigate the relationships among
therapists' exposure to sexual trauma survivors, their
coping efforts, and therapists' symptoms of burnout and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Members of three
Virginia mental health professional organizations
completed questionnaires regarding themselves, their
work, their perceptions of how working with clients
affect their own adjustment and well-being, and the
methods they use to manage the stress of working with
trauma survivors. Contrary to expectations and previous
findings presented in earlier studies examining
vicarious traumatization, exposure to clients who were
survivors of sexual assault and sexual abuse did not
predict symptoms of PTSD or burnout among therapists.
Among the individual and environmental variables, only
therapist age was significantly and negatively related
to outcome measures. The results of additional analyses
suggest that the environmental variable of work setting
(specifically, public sector vs. private practice) may
play a significant role in the development of vicarious
traumatization. These results point to the complex
nature of the construct of secondary trauma, and suggest
the necessity of further research investigating factors
that may prevent, mitigate, or intensify the effects of
work with trauma survivors on therapists. (PsycINFO
Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Subjects: |
*Coping Behavior; *Emotional Trauma; *Occupational
Stress; *Sexual Abuse; *Therapist Characteristics;
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Psychotherapeutic
Processes; Sex Offenses; Survivors; Working Conditions |
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Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300) |
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Population: |
Human
(10) |
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Location: |
US |
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Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
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Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
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Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
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Release
Date: |
19970101 |
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Accession Number: |
1997-95008-268 |
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Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-268&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-268&site=ehost-live">Stress,
vicarious traumatization, and coping: Therapists'
efforts to manage the stress of treating sexual
trauma.</A> |
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Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 38
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Title: |
Interacting with trauma: Child protective service
workers' responses to working with child abuse and
neglect. |
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Author(s): |
Rogentine, Kristin Louise, California School of
Professional Psychology - Berkeley/alameda, US |
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Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 57(10-B), Apr 1997. pp.
6590. |
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Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
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ISSN: |
0419-4217 (Print) |
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Order
Number: |
AAM9706612 |
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Language: |
English |
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Keywords: |
Interacting with trauma: Child protective service
workers' responses to working with child abuse and
neglect |
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Abstract: |
Child
abuse is an increasingly prevalent and serious problem
in today's society. Though there has been much research
conducted examining the effects of child abuse on the
child victim, there has been little focus on how the
professionals who intervene are impacted. Because these
professionals have such a critical role in protecting
children, it is important to have an understanding of
the unique stressors they face and how these could
impact their effectiveness. The present study, in
qualitative format, sought to understand the impact
continual exposure to child abuse and neglect has upon
Child Protective Service (CPS) workers. Specific areas
of inquiry included CPS workers' affective reactions,
experience of secondary trauma, countertransference
responses, interrelation of past life experience and
intervention style, and characteristic coping
strategies. Twelve Child Protective Service workers were
recruited from Alameda and Contra Costa Counties in
Northern California. They each participated in an hour
long semi-structured interview designed by the
researcher to probe their thoughts, feelings and coping
strategies in response to working with abuse and
neglect. They were also each administered the Maslach
Burnout Inventory at the end of the interview. The
interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim,
then analyzed for thematic content. Several themes were
identified from the interviews. All the subjects were
intensely impacted by the nature of their work; many
spoke of strong feelings of sadness, grieving, guilt,
anger and fear. There appeared to be two styles of
responding to the stress of the job, to either become
overinvolved or depersonalizing and angry at the
clients. This may vary within subjects depending on the
dynamics of a particular case, but can lead to
overexhaustion, burnout and clinical insensitivity.
Several subjects described how being of a different race
and social class distanced them from the reality of
their client's situation and the experience of their
pain. Both primary trauma and secondary trauma were
described by some of the subjects as a result of their
work, with some enduring post-traumatic symptoms
evident. Those who appeared to cope better had a better
split between work and personal life, more outside
interests, a strong network of family and friends, and a
strong sense of spirituality. All subjects experienced
lack of support from their departments, which has a
strong exacerbating influence on experience of stress.
The findings from this study show that CPS workers are
indeed strongly affected by the difficult nature of
their work. They have strong emotional reactions which
are dealt with differently by each individual. It is
important for these emotional reactions to be analyzed
and understood so the workers may make objective
decisions regarding their cases, unclouded by their own
feelings and reactions and general burnout. The agency
should be structured so that staff are encouraged to
process and work through their emotional reactions.
(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights
reserved) |
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Subjects: |
*Coping Behavior; *Occupational Adjustment;
*Occupational Stress; *Professional Personnel;
*Protective Services; Child Abuse; Child Neglect |
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Classification: |
Health
& Mental Health Treatment & Prevention (3300)
Industrial & Organizational
Psychology (3600) |
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Population: |
Human
(10) |
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Location: |
US |
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Age
Group: |
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) |
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Tests &
Measures: |
Maslach Burnout Inventory |
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Methodology: |
Empirical Study |
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Publication Type: |
Dissertation Abstract |
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Release
Date: |
19970101 |
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Accession Number: |
1997-95008-070 |
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Persistent link to this record:
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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-070&site=ehost-live |
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Cut and Paste: |
<A
href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-95008-070&site=ehost-live">Interacting
with trauma: Child protective service workers' responses
to working with child abuse and neglect.</A> |
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Database: |
PsycINFO |
Record: 39
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Title: |
Factors associated with two facets of altruism in
Vietnam War veterans with post-traumatic stress
disorder. |
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Author(s): |
Barash, Ronit Kishon, Columbia U, US |
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Source: |
Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The
Sciences and Engineering, Vol 56(11-B), May 1996. pp.
6453. |
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Publisher: |
US:
Univ Microfilms International
Publisher URL:
http://www.il.proquest.com/umi/ |
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ISSN: |
0419- | |
