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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Sleep Disorders DSMIV-R
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology.
Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY In order to best understand this atlas it is important to have a sense of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain. Over the next several pages there is a brief summary of the 5 major brain systems that relate to behavior, along with the general location seen on SPECT of these areas.
The Deep Limbic System
Functions
Problems
The Basal Ganglia System
Functions
Problems
The Prefrontal Cortex
Functions
Problems
The Cingulate Gyrus
Problems
The Temporal Lobes
Functions
Problems
Non-dominant Side (usually the right)
Secure Attachments as a Defense Against Trauma “All people mature and thrive in a social context that has profound effects on how they cope with life’s stresses. Particularly early in life, the social context plays a critical role in fuffering an individual against stressful situations, and in building the psychological and biological capacities to deal with further stresses. The primary function of parents can be thought of as helping children modulate their arousal by attuned and well-timed provision of playing, feeding, comforting, touching, looking, cleaning, and resting—in short, by teaching them skills that will gradually help them modulate their own arousal. Secure attachment bonds serve as primary defenses against trauma-induced psychopathology in both children and adults (Finkelhor & Browne, 1984). In children who have been exposed to severe stressors, the quality of the parental bond is probably the single most important determinant of long-term damage (McFarlane, 1988).” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 185 _______________________
Sleep Disorders
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology. Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. _________________
Substance Dependence “Features The essential feature of Substance Dependence is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. There is a pattern of repeated self-administration that can result in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive drug-taking behavior. A diagnosis of Substance Dependence can be applied to every class of substances except caffeine. The symptoms of Dependence are similar across the various categories of substances, but for certain classes some symptoms are less salient, and in a few instances not all symptoms apply (e.g., withdrawal symptoms are not specified for Hallucinogenic Dependence). Although not specifically listed as a criterion item, “craving” (a strong subjective drive to use the substance) is likely to be experienced by most (if not all) individuals with Substance Dependence. Dependence is defined as a cluster of three or more of the symptoms listed below occurring at any time in the same 12-month-period. Tolerance (Criterion 1) is the need for greatly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication (or the desired effect) or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. The degree to which tolerance develops varies greatly across substances. Furthermore, for a specific drug, varied degrees of tolerance may develop for its different central nervous system effects. For example, for opioids, tolerance to respiratory depression and tolerance to analgesia develop at different rates. Individuals with heavy use of opioids and stimulants can develop substantial (e.g., 10-f0ld) levels of tolerance, often to a dosage that would be lethal to a nonuser. Alcohol tolerance can also be pronounced, but is usually less extreme than for amphetamine. Many individuals who smoke cigarettes consume more than 20 cigarettes a day, an amount that would have produced symptoms of toxicity when they first started smoking. Individuals with heavy use of cannabis or phencyclidine (PCP) are generally not aware of having developed tolerance (although it has been demonstrated in animal studies and in some individuals). Tolerance may be difficult to determine by history alone when the substance used is illegal and perhaps mixed with various diluents or with other substances. In such situations, laboratory tests may be helpful (e.g., high blood levels of the substance coupled with little evidence of intoxication suggest that tolerance is likely). Tolerance must also be distinguished from individual variability in the initial sensitivity to the effects of particular substances. For example, some first-time drinkers show very little evidence of intoxication with three or four drink, whereas others of similar weight and drinking histories had slurred speech and incoordination. Withdrawal (Criterion 2a) is a maladaptive behavioral change, with physiological and cognitive concomitants, that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance. After developing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, the persons is likely to take the substance to relieve or to avoid those symptoms (Criterion 2b), typically using the substance throughout the day beginning soon after awakening. Withdrawal symptoms, which are generally the opposite of the acute effects of the substance, vary greatly across the calluses of substances, and separate criteria sets for Withdrawal are provided for most of the classes. Marked and generally easily measured physiological signs of withdrawal are common with alcohol, opioids, and sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Withdrawal signs and symptoms are often present, but may be less apparent, with stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, as well as with nicotine and cannabis. No significant withdrawal is seen even after repeated use of hallucinogens. Withdrawal from phencyclidine and related substances has not yet been described in humans (although it has been demonstrated in animals). Neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of Substance Dependence. However, for most classes of substances, a past history of tolerance or withdrawals is associated with a more severe clinical course (i.e., an earlier onset of Dependence, higher levels of substance intake, and a greater number of substance-related problems). Some individuals (e.g., those with Cannabis Dependence) show a pattern of compulsive use without obvious signs of tolerance or withdrawal. Conversely, some general medical and postsurgical patients without Opioid Dependence may develop a tolerance to prescribed opioids and experience withdrawal symptoms without showing any signs of compulsive use. The specifiers With Physiological Dependence and Without Physiological Dependence are provided to indicate the presence or absence of tolerance or withdrawal. The following items describe the pattern of compulsive substance use that is characteristic of Dependence. The individual may take the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended (e.g., continuing to drink until severely intoxicated despite having set a limit of only one drink) (Criterion 3). The individual may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use. Often, there have been many unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use (Criterion 4). The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects (Criterion 5). In some instances of Substance Dependence, virtually all of the person’s daily activities revolve around the substance. Important social, occupational, ore recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of substance use (Criterion 6). The individual may withdraw from family activities and hobbies in order to use the substance in private or to spend more time with substance-using friends. Despite recognizing the contributing role of the substance to a psychological or physical problem (e.g., sever depressive symptoms or damage to organ systems), the person continues to use the substance (Criterion 7). The key issue in evaluating this criterion is not eh existence of the problem, but rather the individual’s failure to abstain from using the substance despite having evidence of the difficulty it is causing.
Specifiers Tolerance and withdrawal may be associated with a higher risk for immediate general medical problems and a higher relapse rate. Specifiers are provided to note their presence or absence: With Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when Substance Dependence is accompanied by evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). Without Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when there is no evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). In these individuals, Substance Dependence is characterized by a pattern of compulsive use (at least three items from Criteria 3-7).”
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. P. 193-195.
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PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com __________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ________________ DID-PTSD-EMDR Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com
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NeuroBiology of Trauma
Affect Regulation I: Attachment style in married couples: Relation to current marital functioning, stability over time, and method of assessment.
Record: 1
Title: Attachment style in married couples: Relation to current marital functioning, stability over time, and method of assessment. Author(s): Fuller, Tamara L. , U Illinois, IL, US
Fincham, Frank D. Source: Personal Relationships , Vol 2(1), Mar 1995. pp. 17-34. Publisher: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers. Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN: 1350-4126 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: relation of attachment style to current marital functioning & stability over time & method of assessment, 19-57 yr old married couples, 2 yr followup Abstract: Examined several aspects of attachment in marriage, including the association among attachment style, mental models of the spouse, satisfaction, affect regulation within the marriage, the stability of attachment style, and its operationalization. 53 married couples (all Ss aged 19-57 yrs) completed initial assessments, and 44 participated in a 24-mo follow-up. Attachment style was related to positive and negative affect immediately preceding a potentially stressful event and to the mental model of the spouse. Approximately 35% of the Ss changed their attachment style rating over a 2-yr period; later attachment style was related to changes in mental models of the spouse. Categorical and dimensional measures of attachment style did not yield equivalent results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Attachment Behavior; *Marital Relations; *Measurement; *Methodology; *Spouses; Followup Studies Classification: Marriage & Family (2950) Population: Human (10)
Male (30)
Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: References (300)
Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19980301 Accession Number: 1997-43646-002
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Record: 2
Title: Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Author(s): Brennan, Kelly A. , U Texas, Dept of Psychology, Austin, US
Shaver, Phillip R. Source: Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , Vol 21(3), Mar 1995. pp. 267-283. Publisher: US: Sage Publications. ISSN: 0146-1672 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: attachment style, affect regulation strategies & partner matching & relationship satisfaction, 15-47 yr old dating couples, implications for sexual behavior & alcohol use & eating disorders Abstract: Explored attachment-style differences in affect-regulation strategies; investigated attachment-related couple dynamics, such as partner-matching and satisfaction, in a sample of dating couples; and validated a multi-item measure of attachment developed by K. A. Brennan et al (1989) and compared it with another measure developed by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver (1990). Brief categorical and rating measures of attachment style, 7 multi-item attachment scales, and 3 affect-regulation measures were administered to 242 students (15-47 yrs old). Results indicate substantial associations between attachment dimensions and relationship satisfaction, nonintimate sexuality, eating disorders, and motives for drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Attachment Behavior; *Couples; *Emotional Control; *Satisfaction; *Social Dating; Alcohol Drinking Patterns; Eating Disorders; Psychosexual Behavior Classification: Group & Interpersonal Processes (3020) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19950801 Accession Number: 1995-29056-001
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Record: 3
Title: Self-injurious behaviour: Psychopathological and nosological characteristics in subtypes of self-injurers. Author(s): Herpertz, S. , Rheinisch-Westfaelischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Psychiatrische Klinik der Medizinischen Einrichtungen, Germany Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , Vol 91(1), Jan 1995. pp. 57-68. Publisher: US: Munksgaard Scientific Journals. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0001-690X (Print)
1600-0447 (Electronic) Language: English Key Concepts: psychopathological & nosological characteristics, 16-57 yr olds with self injurious behavior, Germany Abstract: Explored the symptoms of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in a consecutive sample of 54 psychiatric inpatients (aged 16-57 yrs). Data regarding SIB symptoms were obtained by a semistructured interview and a German version of the Self-Harm Behavior Survey. Quality of mood preceding SIB was best characterized as dysphoria and was qualitively not different from patients' longstanding affective traits. Two subgroups were differentiated: those with borderline personality disorder and those without. There was some evidence that Ss with borderline personality disorder presented a homogeneous core group of SIB; others showed a higher variety of psychopathological features. It is proposed that poor affect regulation is the underlying psychopathological dimension. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Self Destructive Behavior; *Self Mutilation; Psychopathology Classification: Psychological Disorders (3210) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19951201 Accession Number: 1995-43885-001
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Record: 4
Title: Machismo attitudes versus behavior in relation to child-rearing styles among abusive and non-abusive Puerto Rican islander mothers. Author(s): Deyoung, Yolanda , Yale U, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering , Vol 55(7-B), Jan 1995. pp. 2996. Publisher: US: Univ Microfilms International. ISSN: 0419-4217 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: Machismo attitudes versus behavior in relation to child-rearing styles among abusive and non-abusive Puerto Rican islander mothers Abstract: The relation of child-rearing styles, personality traits, and affect regulation to machismo was examined in a sample of 100 Puerto Rican Islander mothers representing two socioeconomic levels, with children ages 4 to 12 years. A middle class sample was comprised of 2 groups; 20 married and 20 single female parents. The low socioeconomic status was represented by 3 groups, 20 married, 20 single, and 20 single mothers with a reported history of being the perpetrators of child abuse. The findings indicated that mothers who adhered strongly to machista attitudes were found to employ controlling, authoritarian child-rearing techniques more often than less machista parents. Relative to the middle socioeconomic groups, higher macho scores were found among the low socioeconomic groups and were unaffected by marital status. A new instrument, the Machismo Behavior Measure, was utilized to assess affect control of the machista personality. The measure correlated moderately with relevant theoretical personality traits and a relate measure of machismo. In addition, this new measure reliably distinguished abusive from non-abusive parents. Reliability and relation to the Macho Scale, measures of child-rearing, and the personality subscales were reported for the Machismo Behavior Measure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Childrearing Practices; *Mothers; *Sociocultural Factors Classification: General Psychology (2100)
Social Psychology (3000) Population: Human (10)
Female (40) Location: US Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract (350); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19990608 Accession Number: 1995-95001-103
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Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1995-95001-103&db=psyh">Mach ismo attitudes versus behavior in relation to child-rearing styles among abusive and non-abusive Puerto Rican islander mothers.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 5
Title: Attachment security, affect regulation, and defensive responses to mood induction. Author(s): Lay, Keng-Ling , National Taiwan U, Dept of Psychology, Taipei, China
Waters, Everett
Posada, German
Ridgeway, Doreen Source: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , Vol 60(2-3), 1995. pp. 179-196. Publisher: US: Blackwell Pubishers. Publisher URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.com ISSN: 0037-976X (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: attachment security & representational/defensive processes, 4.20-4.11 yr olds with attachment security vs insecurity Abstract: Examined the relation between the attachment security and representational/defensive processes in childhood. 48 children (aged 4.2-4.9 yrs) were ranked on the basis of E. Waters's (1987) Attachment Q-Set security scores. 16 most secure and 16 least secure children (11 females and 5 males in each group) were selected. Ss viewed vignettes for positive and negative moods containing both "mother-involved" and "mother-not-involved" situations. A modified version of a nonverbal paired-comparison procedure assessed emotional response to each mood-induction vignette. Results show secure Ss were no more responsive to positive mood inductions, and no less responsive to negative mood inductions, than insecure Ss. Although secure and insecure Ss were equally likely to respond defensively to negative mood inductions, their responses to mother-agent and other-agent vignettes were different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Attachment Behavior; *Emotional Responses; *Emotional Security Classification: Psychosocial & Personality Development (2840) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) (160) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19970201 Accession Number: 1997-90018-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 6
Title: Self psychology: Later, the same day. Author(s): Lachmann, Frank M. , Inst for the Psychoanalytic Study of Subjectivity, New York, NY, US
Beebe, Beatrice Source: Psychoanalytic Dialogues , Vol 5(3), 1995. pp. 415-419. Journal URL: http://www.analyticpress.com/psychoanalytic_dialogues.html Publisher: US: Analytic Press. ISSN: 1048-1885 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: expansion of thoughts on concept of selfobject experience & self psychology, commentary reply Abstract: Expands on their previous essay (see record 1996-02364-001) in response to questions concerning H. Kohut's selfobject concept. In the self psychology literature, the selfobject experience is regarded as an attempt at self-regulation through self-strengthening, enlivening, and affect regulation, even if the means seem self-destructive. The authors do not see the selfobject dimension of the transference in contrast to another type of object but in a figure-ground relationship to the representational configurations (F. Lachmann and B. Beebe, 1992). The structure of the self can be described both by the nature of the representational configurations and by the degree to which the selfobject experience is internalized. One source of diversity in the use of the term selfobject lies in the shorthand terms used by some authors, i.e., adversarial selfobject, bad selfobject, and fantasy selfobject. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Psychoanalytic Theory; *Self Psychology Classification: Psychoanalytic Theory (3143) Population: Human (10) Form/Content Type: Comment (0500) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19960101 Accession Number: 1996-01334-001
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Record: 7
Title: Traumatic memory and the intergenerational transmission of Holocaust narratives. Author(s): Adelman, Anne , Yale U, School of Medicine, Child Study Ctr, New Haven, CT, US Source: Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , Vol 50, 1995. pp. 343-367. Publisher: US: Yale University Press. ISSN: 0079-7308 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: intergenerational transmission of traumatic memory & Holocaust narratives, female Holocaust survivors & their daughters Abstract: This paper investigated the roles of affect regulation, narrative cohesion, and symbolic representation in the intergenerational transmission of the Holocaust experience. A study of the reminiscences of mothers who are Holocaust survivors and their daughter's reflections about the Holocaust illustrates the process of the transmission of trauma by tracing the transgenerational evolution of narrative forms, dynamic themes, and affective organization. The quality of the survivor parent's organization and integration of affect has significant bearing on how her child assimilates her knowledge of the Holocaust and develops the capacity to tolerate and express painful emotions. Through the preservation, transformation, and transmutation of traumatic memory, children of survivors strive to assimilate, redeem, and transform their tragic historical legacy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Trauma; *Holocaust Survivors; *Memory; *Narratives; *Transgenerational Patterns; Daughters; Mothers; Psychoanalytic Theory Classification: Psychoanalytic Theory (3143) Population: Human (10)
Female (40) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Special Feature: References (300)
Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19980901 Accession Number: 1998-10161-016
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 8
Title: Emotionality and health: Lessons from and for psychotherapy. Author(s): Mahoney, Michael J. , U North Texas, Denton, TX, US Source: Pennebaker, James W. (Ed); 1995. Emotion, disclosure, & health. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. pp. 241-253 ISBN: 1-55798-308-9 (hardcover) Language: English Key Concepts: multiple roles of emotionality in psychological adjustment & development & psychotherapy Abstract: venture some conjectures on the multiple roles of emotionality in psychological adjustment and development / my remarks are organized around 3 basic themes / (a) the role of affect regulation in personal development / (b) the most common problems with emotionality that are encountered in psychotherapy / (c) possible processes operative in psychotherapy-related improvements in feeling and functioning / conclude with some reflections on the implications of the foregoing for the training as well as the well-being of psychotherapists (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Adjustment; *Emotionality (Personality); *Psychotherapy; Psychogenesis; Psychotherapeutic Processes Classification: Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) Population: Human (10) Special Feature: References (300) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Publication Type: Chapter (160); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19960401 Accession Number: 1995-98769-011
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 9
Title: Utilizing parenting as a clinical focus in the treatment of dissociative disorders. Author(s): Benjamin, Lynn R. , Private practice, Dresher, PA, US
Benjamin, Robert Source: Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders , Vol 7(4), Dec 1994. pp. 239-245. Publisher: US: Ridgeview Inst. ISSN: 0896-2863 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: parenting as clinical focus in individual & family treatment, clients with dissociative disorders Abstract: Parenting is a potent resource in both the individual and family treatment of dissociative disorders. A focus on parenting subtly shifts the client's attention to childhood experiences and the parenting that he or she experienced. The therapist's empathy and crediting of the client is echoed in the relationship between the dissociative parent and his or her child. The therapist promotes bonding and attachment, sensitizes the parent to the child's needs, and increases the parent's sense of self-efficacy. Through involving the parenting partner, the therapist promotes cooperation and reduces conflict. Therapy teaches affect regulation, decreases negative affect, and increases positive affect among family members. Utilization of extrafamilial support is also encouraged. A focus on parenting can stimulate progress in individual therapy and correct dysfunctional transgenerational patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Dissociative Patterns; *Family Therapy; *Individual Psychotherapy; *Parent Child Relations Classification: Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) Population: Human (10) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19951101 Accession Number: 1995-41216-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 10
Title: Relationship of financial strain and psychosocial resources to alcohol use and abuse: The mediating role of negative affect and drinking motives. Author(s): Peirce, Robert S. , Research Inst on Addictions, Buffalo, NY, US
Frone, Michael R.
Russell, Marcia
Cooper, M. Lynne Source: Journal of Health & Social Behavior , Vol 35(4), Dec 1994. pp. 291-308. Publisher: US: American Sociological Assn. ISSN: 0022-1465 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: financial strain & social & personal resources & depression & coping devices & alcohol use & abuse, adults Abstract: Tested a model relating financial strain, social resources, personal resources, depression, and drinking to cope to alcohol use and abuse using 1,424 adults (approximately 50% Black, 60% female) who drank alcohol in the previous year. The model was tested and then revised using structural equation modeling analysis. Results support the affect regulation model of financial strain and alcohol use and abuse. Generally, depression mediated the relationship between financial strain and drinking to cope, and drinking to cope mediated the relationship between depression and alcohol use and abuse. Men and Blacks were found to have stronger relationships between drinking and independent variables of the revised model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Alcohol Abuse; *Coping Behavior; *Income (Economic); *Major Depression; *Psychosocial Factors; Alcohol Drinking Patterns; Stress Classification: Substance Abuse & Addiction (3233) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19951201 Accession Number: 1995-44160-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 11
Title: Toward an integrative model of affect regulation: Applications to social-psychological research. Author(s): Westen, Drew , Cambridge Hosp, Dept of Psychiatry, MA, US Source: Journal of Personality , Vol 62(4), Dec 1994. Special Issue: Psychodynamics and social cognition: Perspectives on the representation and processing of emotionally significant information. pp. 641-667. Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0022-3506 Publisher: US: Blackwell Publishers. ISSN: 0022-3506 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: integrated model of affect regulation Abstract: Describes a model of affect regulation that integrates research and theory from psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, and evolutionary perspectives on personality. It is proposed that feelings are mechanisms for the selection and retention of behavioral and mental responses. Individuals select behaviors, coping strategies, and defensive strategies that regulate aversive affective states and maximize pleasurable ones. These affect regulation procedures are encoded as procedural knowledge and are activated under specific circumstances. Some regulation strategies are affect-specific, whereas others can be used to regulate multiple affects of similar valence. These procedures are often activated to resolve discrepancies between perceived and desired states of self, significant others, and external circumstances. The utility of this model is demonstrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Responses; *Emotionality (Personality); *Models Classification: Personality Psychology (3100) Population: Human (10) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19950601 Accession Number: 1995-21240-001
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Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1995-21240-001&db=psyh">Towa rd an integrative model of affect regulation: Applications to social-psychological research.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 12
Title: Caring behavior in children of clinically depressed and well mothers. Author(s): Radke-Yarrow, Marian , NIMH, Bethesda, MD, US
Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn
Richardson, Dorothy T.
Susman, Amy Source: Child Development , Vol 65(5), Oct 1994. pp. 1405-1414. Journal URL: http://www.blackwellpublishers.co.uk/asp/journal.asp?ref=0009-3920 Publisher: US: Blackwell Publishers. ISSN: 0009-3920 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: sex & affect & impulse control problems & attachment relationship, sensitivity & responses to mothers' needs, 24-48 mo old children of depressed vs nondepressed mothers Abstract: Investigated 90 preschool-age children's (aged 24-48 mo) sensitivity and responsiveness to mothers' needs under conditions of high and low parenting risk (depressed and nondepressed mothers, respectively). Child characteristics of gender, affect, and impulse control problems and the mother-child attachment relationship were examined as they related to children's caring actions. Children's caring behavior was observed in an experimental situation in which their mothers simulated sadness and in a naturalistic setting. Girls were significantly more caring than boys. Severe maternal depression was necessary to bring out high levels of responding in boys. Highest frequencies of caring were from children with severely depressed mothers, problems of affect regulation, and secure attachment. The importance of recognizing interacting influences and diverse underlying processes in the development of children's caring behavior is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Mother Child Relations; *Sensitivity (Personality); *Social Perception; Attachment Behavior; Major Depression; Mothers; Needs Classification: Affective Disorders (3211) Population: Human (10)
Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) (160) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19950301 Accession Number: 1995-09672-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 13
Title: Attachment style and affect regulation: Relationships with health behavior and family experiences of illness in a student sample. Author(s): Feeney, Judith A. , U Queensland, Dept of Psychology, Brisbane, Australia
Ryan, Susan M. Source: Health Psychology , Vol 13(4), Jul 1994. pp. 334-345. Journal URL: http://www.apa.org/journals/hea.html Publisher: US: American Psychological Assn. ISSN: 0278-6133 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.13.4.334 Language: English Key Concepts: early experience of familial illness & perceived parental response influence on attachment style, predictions of health behavior, 17-50 yr olds with ambivalent vs positive vs negative emotionality Abstract: Questionnaire measures of attachment style and health behavior were completed by 287 university students on 2 occasions, 10 wks apart. At Time 1, Ss also provided reports of emotionality and early family experiences of illness. Reports of early family illness showed theoretically meaningful relationships with attachment style. Symptom reporting was predicted most strongly by anxious/ambivalent attachment and negative emotionality, with the link between anxious/ambivalent attachment and symptom reporting partially mediated by negative emotionality. Visits to health professionals at Time 2 were directly related to reports of chronic illness in the family but inversely related to paternal illness and avoidant attachment, controlling for symptom reporting. The results are discussed in terms of theories of attachment and affect regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Attachment Behavior; *Early Experience; *Emotional Development; *Health Behavior; *Prediction; Family Relations; Health Classification: Psychosocial & Personality Development (2840) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19941201 Accession Number: 1994-44746-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 14
Title: Affect regulation and the breadth of interpersonal engagement. Author(s): Aronoff, Joel , Michigan State U, Dept of Psychology, East Lansing, US
Stollak, Gary E.
Woike, Barbara A. Source: Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , Vol 67(1), Jul 1994. pp. 105-114. Journal URL: http://www.apa.org/journals/psp.html
Publisher: US: American Psychological Assn. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0022-3514 (Print) Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.1.105 Language: English Key Concepts: ego adaptability, breadth of emotional responsiveness to interpersonal engagement, college students in same vs mixed sex dyads Abstract: This study investigated the hypothesis that the breadth of responsiveness to a social event rests on adaptive capacities that permit an individual to experience those subjective states evoked by the interaction. Individuals with high or low ego adaptability were placed in same- or mixed-sex dyads with another person of the same level of adaptability and asked to complete a series of stimulating social interaction tasks. Analysis of videotapes made of these interactions, scored for verbal and nonverbal behaviors that reflect emotional and interpersonal engagement, strongly confirmed the hypothesis. In addition, post hoc explorations suggested that ego adaptability supported emotional expressiveness across social contexts, whereas its effect may have been attenuated by gender-related display rules for the more interpersonal forms of social engagement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Ego Development; *Emotional Responses; *Interpersonal Interaction; Male Female Relations Classification: Group & Interpersonal Processes (3020) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19941101 Accession Number: 1994-40919-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 15
Title: Interpersonal functioning and depressive symptoms in childhood: Addressing the issues of specificity and comorbidity. Author(s): Rudolph, Karen D. , U California, Dept of Psychology, Los Angeles, US
Hammen, Constance
Burge, Dorli Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , Vol 22(3), Jun 1994. pp. 355-371. Journal URL: http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0091-0627 Publisher: US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0091-0627 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: depressive & anxiety & internalizing &/or externalizing symptoms, interpersonal competence & peer relationships, 7-12.8 yr olds Abstract: Examined depressive, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms in 161 school children (aged 7.0-12.75 yrs). Information about interpersonal competence was gathered from children, teachers, and behavioral observations. Depressive symptoms were related to difficulties in multiple areas of competence, including maladaptive social problem-solving styles, conflict-negotiation and affect-regulation deficits, and peer rejection. Comparisons of the relative contributions made by depressive and anxiety symptoms to the prediction of functioning indicated a relation between depressive symptoms and impairment. Ss with co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptoms generally suffered from the most social dysfunction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Anxiety; *Major Depression; *Peer Relations; *Social Behavior; *Social Skills Classification: Affective Disorders (3211) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19941101 Accession Number: 1994-41290-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 16
Title: Dyadic affect regulation in three caregiving environments. Author(s): Hann, Della M. , NIMH, Rockville, MD, US
Osofsky, Joy D.
Barnard, Kathryn E.
Leonard, Gwen Source: American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , Vol 64(2), Apr 1994. pp. 263-269. Publisher: US: American Psychological Assn/Educational Publishing Foundation. Publisher URL: http://www.apa.org ISSN: 0002-9432 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: dyadic & individual affect regulation, adolescent vs adult mothers with high vs low social risk & their 20 mo olds Abstract: Compared patterns of mother-child dyadically regulated, dyadically misregulated, and individual affect across 3 caregiving groups: 29 adult low-social-risk (LSR) mothers, 53 adult high-social-risk (HSR) mothers, and 48 adolescent HSR mothers (mean age 17 yrs). Ss were comprehensively evaluated when their children were 20 mo old. Assessment procedures included maternal interviews, child free-play, and mother-child interactive tasks. Both adolescent and adult HSR Ss showed less individual positive affect than did adult LSR Ss. Adolescent HSR Ss also showed more individual negative affect and participated with their children in more dyadically misregulated affect exchanges than did adult HSR or LSR Ss. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Adolescent Mothers; *Emotions; *Mother Child Relations; *Mothers; *Social Environments; Age Differences Classification: Psychosocial & Personality Development (2840) Population: Human (10)
Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Infancy (2-23 mo) (140)
Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940901 Accession Number: 1994-33076-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 17
Title: The effect of metacognitive knowledge on local and global monitoring. Author(s): Schraw, Gregory , U Nebraska, Dept of Educational Psychology, Lincoln, US Source: Contemporary Educational Psychology , Vol 19(2), Apr 1994. pp. 143-154. Journal URL: http://www.academicpress.com/cep Publisher: US: Academic Press. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0361-476X (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: metacognitive knowledge about comprehension test performance, local vs global monitoring, college students Abstract: Investigated whether knowledge of cognition affects regulation of cognition. 115 undergraduates were assigned to 1 of 3 levels of monitoring ability based on pre-experimental self-report data and then completed a reading comprehension test in which they monitored their local (i.e., during testing) and global (i.e., after testing) performance. Self-appraised high monitors scored higher on a standardized reading comprehension test and were more confident and accurate when evaluating their test performance locally and globally compared to low monitors. Global monitoring scores improved significantly for high but not low monitors due in part to information acquired during testing. Results suggest that most college students possess metacognitive knowledge about their learning even though a large proportion do not use this knowledge to improve their on-line regulation of test performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Metacognition; *Self Monitoring; Comprehension Classification: Learning & Memory (2343) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940901 Accession Number: 1994-32322-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 18
Title: Maternal regulation of children's emotions. Author(s): Casey, Rita J. , Wayne State U, Dept of Psychology, Detroit, MI, US
Fuller, Laura L. Source: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior , Vol 18(1), Spr 1994. Special Issue: Development of nonverbal behavior: II. Social development and nonverbal behavior. pp. 57-89. Journal URL: http://www.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0191-5886 Publisher: US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Publisher URL: http://www.wkap.NL/kaphtml.htm.JSORDINF ISSN: 0191-5886 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: intervention & regulation of child's emotional behaviors, mothers & their 3-9 yr olds Abstract: 80 mothers and their children (ages 3, 5, 7, or 9 yrs) were interviewed concerning how the children would feel and act and how the mothers would intervene in 12 prototypical situations that elicit joy, anger, sadness, or fear. Mothers reported many regulatory strategies for each type of emotion situation. Children's age was a significant factor in the regulation of angry and sad situations. Children's gender influenced some maternal predictions concerning their children's responses but did not affect regulation of those responses. Agreement between mother's predictions and children's self reported responses was greater for older children. Mothers were better at predicting their children's internal emotional experience than their emotional behavior. Children's negative temperament influenced maternal anger regulation and overall accuracy of mothers' predictions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Control; *Mother Child Communication; *Mothers Classification: Childrearing & Child Care (2956) Population: Human (10)
Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) (160)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940801 Accession Number: 1994-29428-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 19
Title: The role of gender in handling negative affect in same-sex couples. Author(s): Arellano, Charleanea M. , U Denver, CO, US Source: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences , Vol 54(7-A), 1994. pp. 2750. Publisher: US: University Microfilms International. ISSN: 0419-4209 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: negative affect regulation & conflict management, relationship quality, distressed vs nondistressed female vs male same sex couples Subjects: *Couples; *Emotional States; *Human Sex Differences; *Lesbianism; *Male Homosexuality; Conflict Resolution; Distress Classification: Marriage & Family (2950) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Dissertation Abstract (350); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19960401 Accession Number: 1996-71506-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 20
Title: Individuated marital relationships and the regulation of affect in families of early adolescents. Author(s): McDonough, Marsha L. , U Texas, Austin, US
Carlson, Cindy
Cooper, Catherine R. Source: Journal of Adolescent Research , Vol 9(1), Jan 1994. Special Issue: Affective expression and emotions during adolescence. pp. 67-87. Publisher: US: Sage Publications. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0743-5584 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: spousal relational individuation vs nonindividuation & family affect regulation during family interaction, 11-13 yr olds & their parents Abstract: Examined associations among spousal relational individuation/nonindividuation and family affect regulation as observed during a family interaction task. Affect regulation was defined as the ability to maintain constructive engagement with others in the face of negative affect as well as the ability to express positive emotions that have the potential to enhance social interaction and social competence. Data were collected for 31 intact families with both parents and early adolescents (aged 11-13 yrs). Findings suggest that an egalitarian spousal interaction style, characterized by mutual exchange and balance in the expression of individuality and connectedness, was somewhat more functional for the completion of the family interaction task than was a nonindividuated spousal interaction style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotions; *Individuality; *Parent Child Communication; *Spouses Classification: Marriage & Family (2950) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180)
Adolescence (13-17 yrs) (200)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940601 Accession Number: 1994-21134-001
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 21
Title: Transference and information processing. Author(s): Westen, Drew Source: Bauer, Gregory P. (Ed); 1994. Essential papers on transference analysis. Northvale, NJ, US: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 19-51 ISBN: 0-87668-529-7 (paperback) Language: English Key Concepts: cognitive processes & social cognition in transference processes Abstract: reanalyze the concept of transference from an information-processing perspective / show, from that perspective, how utilization of the interpersonal process between patient and therapist can be therapeutically useful / begin by summarizing very briefly the psychoanalytic theory of transference / apply recent research on information processing and social cognition to the concept of transference and delineate six components of the transference process / attempt to integrate cognitive and psychodynamic concepts to demonstrate the importance of transference in psychotherapy as a mechanism for the assessment and alteration of dysfunctional scripts, expectancies, and wishes; the uncovering of state-dependent memories and schema-triggered affects; and the reworking of maladaptive modes of affect-regulation / argue that to work therapeutically without utilizing transference phenomena is to discard a useful source of data and an important tool for therapeutic change (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Cognitive Processes; *Psychotherapeutic Transference; *Social Cognition; Psychodynamics Classification: Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling (3310) Population: Human (10) Form/Content Type: Reprint (2000) Special Feature: References (300) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Notes: Reprinted from "Clinical Psychology Review," 8, 1988, pp. 161-179. Publication Type: Chapter (160); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940801 Accession Number: 1994-97131-002
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 22
Title: Some treatment implications of the ego and self disturbances in alcoholism. Author(s): Khantzian, Edward J. Source: Levin, Jerome D. (Ed); Weiss, Ronna H. (Ed); 1994. The dynamics and treatment of alcoholism: Essential papers. Northvale, NJ, US: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 232-255 ISBN: 1-56821-072-8 (hardcover) Language: English Key Concepts: alcohol use as attempt to remediate ego deficits, alcoholic patients, implications for treatment, reprint Abstract: views alcohol use not as a reflection of unconscious intentions or oral fixation and dependency but rather as an attempt to remediate ego deficits / the alcoholic is radically impaired in basic ego function, such as self-care, a point that resonates with clinicians / furthermore, alcoholics are impaired in affect regulation, which leaves them helpless in managing debilitating depression and anxiety / for [the author], alcoholic dependency is a result of defects in psychological structure prompting the alcoholic to attach to alcohol to compensate for internal deficits / [explores some treatment implications of the alcoholic patient's ego and self disturbances] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Alcoholism; *Ego; Alcohol Rehabilitation Classification: Substance Abuse & Addiction (3233) Population: Human (10) Form/Content Type: Reprint (2000) Special Feature: References (300) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Notes: Reprinted from M. Bean et al, "Dynamic Approaches to the Understanding and Treatment of Alcoholism," The Free Press, 1981. Publication Type: Chapter (160); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19941001 Accession Number: 1994-97602-017
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Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 23
Title: Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Author(s): Schore, Allan N. Source: 1994. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. xxxiv, 670 pp. ISBN: 0-8058-1396-9 (hardcover) Language: English Key Concepts: multidisciplinary approach to neurobiology of emotional development & regulation & role in origin of self, infants & children Abstract: The purpose of this book is to integrate two rapidly converging streams of developmental research: psychological studies of the critical interactive experiences that influence the development of socioemotional functions and neurobiological studies of the ontogeny of postnatally maturing brain structures that come to regulate these same functions. /// This volume addresses the fundamental problems of how and why early events permanently affect the development of the self. Drawing upon current findings in infant research and neurobiology, a central hypothesis is proposed--that the infant's affective interactions with the early human social environment directly and indelibly influence the postnatal maturation of brain structures that will regulate all future socioemotional functioning. This principle of the experience-dependent development of self-regulatory structures and functions is supported by multidisciplinary evidence from a spectrum of developmental sciences. /// The studies cited in this work are used as a multidisciplinary source pool of experimental data, theoretical concepts, and clinical observations that form the base and scaffolding of an overarching heuristic model of socioemotional development that is grounded in contemporary neuroscience. . . . My intention in writing this volume is to demonstrate that a deeper understanding of affect regulation and dysregulation can offer penetrating insights into a number of affect-driven phenomena--from the motive force that underlies human attachment to the proximal causes of psychiatric disturbances and psychosomatic disorders, and indeed to the origin of the self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Development; *Neurobiology; *Personality Development Classification: Developmental Psychology (2800) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Infancy (2-23 mo) (140) Special Feature: References (300) Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research (PS) Table of Contents: (Abbreviated)
List of illustrations
Foreword [by] James S. Grotstein
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Background and overview
..General principles of growth of the developing brain
..Recent advances in the multidisciplinary study of emotional development
..Structure-function relationships of orbitofrontal cortex
..Overview
Part II: Early infancy
..Visual experiences and socioemotional development
..The practicing period
..The psychobiology of affective reunions
..Early imprinting
..Imprinting neuroendocrinology
..Socioaffective influences on orbitofrontal morphological development
..The emotionally expressive face
..The neurochemical circuitry of imprinted interactive representations
..The regulatory function of early internal working models
Part III: Late infancy
..The onset of socialization procedures and the emergence of shame
..Late orbitofrontal development
..Orbitofrontal versus dorsolateral prefrontal ontogeny
..The dyadic origin of internal shame regulation
..Socialization and experience-dependent parcellation
..The origins of infantile sexuality and psychological gender
..The onset of dual component orbitofrontal mature structure and adaptive function
Part IV: Applications to affect regulatory phenomena
..A psychoneurobiological model of the dual circuit processing of socioemotional information
..Cross-modal transfer and abstract representations
..The development of increasingly complex interactive representations
..Orbitofrontal influences on the autonomic nervous system
..The regulation of infantile rage reactions
..Affect regulation and early moral development
..The emergence of self-regulation
Part V: Clinical issues
..The neurobiology of insecure attachments
..The clinical psychiatry of affect dysregulation
..The developmental psychopathology of personality disorders
..Vulnerability to psychosomatic disease
..Psychotherapy of developmental disorders
Part VI: Integrations
..Right hemsipheric language and self-regulation
..The dialogical self and the emergence of consciousness
..Further directions of multidisciplinary study
..A proposed rapprochement between psychoanalysis and neurobiology
References
Subject index Publication Type: Authored Book (120); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19941001 Accession Number: 1994-97604-000
Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-97604-000&db=psyh
Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-97604-000&db=psyh">Affe ct regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 24
Title: The dynamic functions of the act of reading. Author(s): Dent, Vivian , U California, Mt Zion Medical Ctr, Dept of Psychiatry, San Francisco, US
Seligman, Stephen Source: International Journal of Psycho-Analysis , Vol 74(6), Dec 1993. pp. 1253-1267. Publisher: England: Inst of Psychoanalysis. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0020-7578 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: psychoanalytic perspectives on reading behavior & role of books in daily life & enjoyment from reading fiction, avid readers Abstract: Surveyed 68 avid fiction readers regarding their reading behavior, including the role that books play in their lives and what they enjoy about reading fiction. Irrespective of content, the act of reading fiction brought about unconscious experiences of living out fantasies, memories, and conflicts connected with internal wishes, fears, and needs related to self-organization, affect regulation, and the repetition of working through of conflict. The relative flexibility of Ss' reading experience had important implications for the ways in which they could use their involvement in fiction. To the extent that the inner determinants of the reading experience became rigid and unyielding, Ss derived less newness, richness, and depth, although not necessarily less benefit from engaging in fiction. Greater flexibility enabled Ss to create new experience. (French, German & Spanish abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Adult Attitudes; *Literature; *Psychoanalytic Interpretation; *Reading; *Reading Materials Classification: Psychoanalytic Theory (3143) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940701 Accession Number: 1994-25400-001
Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-25400-001&db=psyh
Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-25400-001&db=psyh">The dynamic functions of the act of reading.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 25
Title: Emotional communication in mother^toddler relationships: Evidence for early gender differentiation. Author(s): Robinson, JoAnn , U Colorado, Inst for Behavior Genetics, Boulder, US
Little, Christina
Biringen, Zeynep Source: Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , Vol 39(4), Oct 1993. pp. 496-517. Publisher: US: Wayne State Univ Press. ISSN: 0272-930X (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: emotional communication, mothers & their son vs daughter at 18 vs 24 mo Abstract: Explored patterns of emotional communication, emphasizing both mother and child roles in affect regulation. 70 mother-child dyads (38 mother-son and 32 mother-daughter) were videotaped at ages 18 and 24 mo in their homes during semistructured play. Shared and nonshared affect displays and 2 maternal dimensions were rated: sensitive/insensitive and nonintrusive/intrusive qualities. Display of maternal positive and negative affects decreased with age; child affects were unchanged. Gender-specific findings were salient. Maternal matching of child affects decreased over time for daughters. Maternal sensitivity was associated with maternal matching of son's affects and daughter's creation of shared states with her. These findings are interpreted in light of N. Chodorow's (1978) and J. B. Miller's (1986) theories on the importance of the child's gender in the mothernfant interactive system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Age Differences; *Human Sex Differences; *Mother Child Communication; *Mother Child Relations; *Mothers; Daughters; Sons Classification: Childrearing & Child Care (2956) Population: Human (10)
Male (30)
Female (40) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
Infancy (2-23 mo) (140)
Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) (160)
Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940201 Accession Number: 1994-05321-001
Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-05321-001&db=psyh
Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-05321-001&db=psyh">Emot ional communication in mother^toddler relationships: Evidence for early gender differentiation.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 26
Title: Developmental observation, multiple models of the mind, and the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis. Author(s): Jacobson, Jacob G. Source: Psychoanalytic Quarterly , Vol 62(4), Oct 1993. pp. 523-552. Publisher: US: Psychoanalytic Quarterly. ISSN: 0033-2828 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: developmental perspective on therapeutic relationships in psychoanalysis & shift in psychoanalytic technique, analysands & analysts Abstract: Presents an overview of the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis using findings of infant observational research to illuminate issues in the technique of psychoanalysis. The therapeutic relationship is followed schematically through the course of a treatment, from initial contact through termination, and the gradual shift of psychoanalytic technique toward an interactional view of the psychoanalytic situation is noted. Some areas of current controversy surrounding the middle phase in psychoanalysis are discussed, along with views on the multiple theoretical models currently available for organizing psychoanalytic data and for gaining clinical access for analytic work. A vignette involving a laboratory scientist in his 30s illustrates that, underlying guilt, issues of early object interaction can often be found. This involves affect regulation, self-object differentiation and development of self, and object relations constellations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Psychoanalysis; *Psychotherapeutic Processes; *Psychotherapeutic Techniques Classification: Psychoanalytic Therapy (3315) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940401 Accession Number: 1994-14542-001
Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-14542-001&db=psyh
Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-14542-001&db=psyh">Deve lopmental observation, multiple models of the mind, and the therapeutic relationship in psychoanalysis.</A>
Database: PsycINFO _____
Record: 27
Title: The role of children's future expectations in self-esteem functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children. Author(s): Wyman, Peter A. , U Rochester Ctr for Community Study, NY, US
Cowen, Emory L.
Work, William C.
Kerley, Judy H. Source: Development & Psychopathology , Vol 5(4), Fal 1993. Special Issue: Milestones in the development of resilience. pp. 649-661. Journal URL: http://uk.cambridge.org/journals/dpp/ Publisher: US: Cambridge Univ Press. Publisher URL: ISSN: 0954-5794 (Print) Language: English Key Concepts: future expectations & resilience, self esteem & affect regulation & school adjustment, urban 9-11 yr olds at high psychosocial risk Abstract: Study 1 examined relationships between an interview measure of children's future expectations and variables reflecting self-system functioning with 136 9-11 yr old urban children exposed to high psychosocial stress. As expected, future expectations related to affect regulation, self-representations, and school adjustment. Study 2, a follow-up of 67 Ss, showed that early positive future expectations predicted enhanced socioemotional adjustment in school and a more internal locus of control 2.5-3.5 yrs later and acted as a protective factor in reducing the negative effects of high stress on self-rated competence. Findings are consistent with data showing positive expectations to be characteristic of resilient children and suggest that early positive future expectations influence later adjustment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subjects: *Emotional Adjustment; *Expectations; *Psychological Endurance; *School Adjustment; *Self Esteem; At Risk Populations Classification: Psychosocial & Personality Development (2840) Population: Human (10) Age Group: Childhood (birth-12 yrs) (100)
School Age (6-12 yrs) (180) Form/Content Type: Empirical Study (0800) Special Feature: Peer Reviewed (600) Publication Type: Journal Article (250); Print (Paper) Release Date: 19940801 Accession Number: 1994-29302-001
Persistent link to this record: http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-29302-001&db=psyh
Cut and Paste: <A href="http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=1994-29302-001&db=psyh">The role of children's future expectations in self-esteem functioning and adjustment to life stress: A prospective study of urban at-risk children.</A>
Database: PsycINFO |
