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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Sleep Disorders DSMIV-R
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology.
Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY In order to best understand this atlas it is important to have a sense of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain. Over the next several pages there is a brief summary of the 5 major brain systems that relate to behavior, along with the general location seen on SPECT of these areas.
The Deep Limbic System
Functions
Problems
The Basal Ganglia System
Functions
Problems
The Prefrontal Cortex
Functions
Problems
The Cingulate Gyrus
Problems
The Temporal Lobes
Functions
Problems
Non-dominant Side (usually the right)
Secure Attachments as a Defense Against Trauma “All people mature and thrive in a social context that has profound effects on how they cope with life’s stresses. Particularly early in life, the social context plays a critical role in fuffering an individual against stressful situations, and in building the psychological and biological capacities to deal with further stresses. The primary function of parents can be thought of as helping children modulate their arousal by attuned and well-timed provision of playing, feeding, comforting, touching, looking, cleaning, and resting—in short, by teaching them skills that will gradually help them modulate their own arousal. Secure attachment bonds serve as primary defenses against trauma-induced psychopathology in both children and adults (Finkelhor & Browne, 1984). In children who have been exposed to severe stressors, the quality of the parental bond is probably the single most important determinant of long-term damage (McFarlane, 1988).” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 185 _______________________
Sleep Disorders
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology. Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. _________________
Substance Dependence “Features The essential feature of Substance Dependence is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. There is a pattern of repeated self-administration that can result in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive drug-taking behavior. A diagnosis of Substance Dependence can be applied to every class of substances except caffeine. The symptoms of Dependence are similar across the various categories of substances, but for certain classes some symptoms are less salient, and in a few instances not all symptoms apply (e.g., withdrawal symptoms are not specified for Hallucinogenic Dependence). Although not specifically listed as a criterion item, “craving” (a strong subjective drive to use the substance) is likely to be experienced by most (if not all) individuals with Substance Dependence. Dependence is defined as a cluster of three or more of the symptoms listed below occurring at any time in the same 12-month-period. Tolerance (Criterion 1) is the need for greatly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication (or the desired effect) or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. The degree to which tolerance develops varies greatly across substances. Furthermore, for a specific drug, varied degrees of tolerance may develop for its different central nervous system effects. For example, for opioids, tolerance to respiratory depression and tolerance to analgesia develop at different rates. Individuals with heavy use of opioids and stimulants can develop substantial (e.g., 10-f0ld) levels of tolerance, often to a dosage that would be lethal to a nonuser. Alcohol tolerance can also be pronounced, but is usually less extreme than for amphetamine. Many individuals who smoke cigarettes consume more than 20 cigarettes a day, an amount that would have produced symptoms of toxicity when they first started smoking. Individuals with heavy use of cannabis or phencyclidine (PCP) are generally not aware of having developed tolerance (although it has been demonstrated in animal studies and in some individuals). Tolerance may be difficult to determine by history alone when the substance used is illegal and perhaps mixed with various diluents or with other substances. In such situations, laboratory tests may be helpful (e.g., high blood levels of the substance coupled with little evidence of intoxication suggest that tolerance is likely). Tolerance must also be distinguished from individual variability in the initial sensitivity to the effects of particular substances. For example, some first-time drinkers show very little evidence of intoxication with three or four drink, whereas others of similar weight and drinking histories had slurred speech and incoordination. Withdrawal (Criterion 2a) is a maladaptive behavioral change, with physiological and cognitive concomitants, that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance. After developing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, the persons is likely to take the substance to relieve or to avoid those symptoms (Criterion 2b), typically using the substance throughout the day beginning soon after awakening. Withdrawal symptoms, which are generally the opposite of the acute effects of the substance, vary greatly across the calluses of substances, and separate criteria sets for Withdrawal are provided for most of the classes. Marked and generally easily measured physiological signs of withdrawal are common with alcohol, opioids, and sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Withdrawal signs and symptoms are often present, but may be less apparent, with stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, as well as with nicotine and cannabis. No significant withdrawal is seen even after repeated use of hallucinogens. Withdrawal from phencyclidine and related substances has not yet been described in humans (although it has been demonstrated in animals). Neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of Substance Dependence. However, for most classes of substances, a past history of tolerance or withdrawals is associated with a more severe clinical course (i.e., an earlier onset of Dependence, higher levels of substance intake, and a greater number of substance-related problems). Some individuals (e.g., those with Cannabis Dependence) show a pattern of compulsive use without obvious signs of tolerance or withdrawal. Conversely, some general medical and postsurgical patients without Opioid Dependence may develop a tolerance to prescribed opioids and experience withdrawal symptoms without showing any signs of compulsive use. The specifiers With Physiological Dependence and Without Physiological Dependence are provided to indicate the presence or absence of tolerance or withdrawal. The following items describe the pattern of compulsive substance use that is characteristic of Dependence. The individual may take the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended (e.g., continuing to drink until severely intoxicated despite having set a limit of only one drink) (Criterion 3). The individual may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use. Often, there have been many unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use (Criterion 4). The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects (Criterion 5). In some instances of Substance Dependence, virtually all of the person’s daily activities revolve around the substance. Important social, occupational, ore recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of substance use (Criterion 6). The individual may withdraw from family activities and hobbies in order to use the substance in private or to spend more time with substance-using friends. Despite recognizing the contributing role of the substance to a psychological or physical problem (e.g., sever depressive symptoms or damage to organ systems), the person continues to use the substance (Criterion 7). The key issue in evaluating this criterion is not eh existence of the problem, but rather the individual’s failure to abstain from using the substance despite having evidence of the difficulty it is causing.
Specifiers Tolerance and withdrawal may be associated with a higher risk for immediate general medical problems and a higher relapse rate. Specifiers are provided to note their presence or absence: With Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when Substance Dependence is accompanied by evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). Without Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when there is no evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). In these individuals, Substance Dependence is characterized by a pattern of compulsive use (at least three items from Criteria 3-7).”
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. P. 193-195.
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PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com __________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ________________ DID-PTSD-EMDR Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com
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NeuroBiology of Trauma
Affect Regulation and Attachment II
Record #1. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (1 of 144)
Title: Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony: The coregulation of positive arousal. Author(s)/Editor(s): Feldamn, Ruth Paper Number: 20030303 Source/Citation: Infant Mental Health Journal; Vol 24(1) Jan-Feb 2003, US: John Wiley & Sons; 2003, 1-23 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: To examine the coregulation of positive affect during mother-infant and father-infant interactions, 100 couples and their first-born child (aged 5 mos) were videotaped in face-to-face interactions. Parents' and infant's affective states were coded in one-second frames, and synchrony was measured with time-series analysis. The orientation, intensity, and temporal pattern of infant positive arousal were assessed. Synchrony between same-gender parent-infant dyads was more optimal in terms of stronger tagged associations between parent and infant affect, more frequent mutual synchrony, and shorter lags to responsiveness. Infants' arousal during mother-infant interaction cycled between medium and low levels, and high positive affect appeared gradually and was embedded within a social episode. During father-child play, positive arousal was high, sudden, and organized in multiple peaks that appeared more frequently as play progressed. Mother-infant synchrony was linked to the partners' social orientation. Father-child synchrony was related to the intensity of positive arousal and to father attachment security. Results contribute to research on the regulation of positive emotions and describe the unique modes of affective sharing that infants coconstruct with mother and father. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 88 Subject Descriptors: Emotional States Father Child Relations Mother Child Relations Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Israel mother-infant interaction; father-infant interaction; positive arousal; affect Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0163-9641 1097-0355 Vendor Numbers: 2003-04347-004 Correspondence Address: Feldamn, Ruth, Yale U, Child Study Ctr, 230 South Frontage Road New Haven CT 06510 ======================================== Record #2. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (2 of 144)
Title: Anger regulation in disadvantaged preschool boys: Strategies, antecedents, and the development of self-control. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gilliom, Miles Shaw, Daniel S. Beck, Joy E. Schonberg, Michael A. Lukon, JoElla L. Author Affiliation: U Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US U Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US U Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US U Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, US Paper Number: 20020227 Source/Citation: Developmental Psychology; Vol 38(2) Mar 2002, US: American Psychological Assn; 2002, 222-235 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Emotion regulation strategies observed during an age 3 1/2 frustration task were examined in relation to (a) angry affect during the frustration task, (b) child and maternal characteristics at age 1 1/2, and (c) indices of self-control at age 6 in a sample of low-income boys (Ns varied between 189 and 310, depending on the assessment). Shifting attention away from sources of frustration and seeking information about situational constraints were associated with decreased anger. Secure attachment and positive maternal control correlated positively with effective regulatory strategy use. Individual differences in strategy use predicted self-control at school entry, but in specific rather than general ways: Reliance on attention-shifting strategies corresponded with low externalizing problems and high cooperation; reliance on information gathering corresponded with high assertiveness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 71 Subject Descriptors: Emotional Control Lower Income Level Mother Child Relations Self Control Measurement Strategies Task Analysis Childrearing & Child Care--2956 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 emotion regulation strategies; task; child & maternal characteristics; self control; low income; assessment Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0012-1649 Vendor Numbers: 2002-10732-004 Correspondence Address: Gilliom, Miles, 1269 Sixth Avenue, Apartment 1 San Francisco CA 94122 ======================================== Record #3. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (3 of 144)
Title: Infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation with fathers and mothers: Associations with emotional expressions and attachment quality. Author(s)/Editor(s): Diener, Marissa L. Mengelsdorf, Sarah C. McHale, Jean L. Frosch, Cynthia A. Author Affiliation: U Illinois, Dept of Psychology, IL, US U Arizona, Dept of Family & Consumer Services, AZ, US Paper Number: 20020703 Source/Citation: Infancy; Vol 3(2) May 2002, US: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2002, 153-174 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined 12- and 13-mo-old infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation, emotional expressions, regulatory styles, and attachment quality with fathers and mothers. 85 infants participated in the Strange Situation procedure to assess attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation were examined with each parent during a competing demands task. Emotion regulation styles were meaningfully related to infant-father attachment quality. Although expressions of distress and positive affect were not consistent across mothers and fathers, there was consistency in infant strategy use, emotion regulation style, and attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Furthermore, infants who were securely attached to both parents showed greater consistency in parent-oriented strategies than infants who were insecurely attached to one or both parents. Limitations of this study include the constrained laboratory setting, potential carryover effects, and a homogeneous, middle-class sample (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 32 Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Behavior Emotional Responses Infant Development Parent Child Relations Emotional Control Father Child Relations Mother Child Relations Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 behavioral strategies; infants; emotion regulation; emotional expressions; regulatory styles; attachment quality with fathers & mothers Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 1525-0008 1532-7086 Vendor Numbers: 2002-13294-003 Correspondence Address: Diener, Marissa L., U Utah, Dept of Family & Consumer Studies, 225 S. 1400 E. Rm. 228 Salt Lake City UT 84112-0080 marissa.diener@fcs.utah.edu ======================================== Record #4. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (4 of 144)
Title: An attachment theory conceptualization of adults who have witnessed domestic violence as children: Adult attachment styles and implications for treatment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Patton, Kimberly Anne Paper Number: 20020703 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(9-B) Apr 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 4231 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: This study indirectly examined the population of adults who have witnessed domestic violence as children within the context of attachment theory. Implications were drawn for treatment approaches, utilizing Bartholomew's and Horowitz's (1991) four adult attachment styles: secure, preoccupied, dismissing, and fearful. Up to the present time, there has been little research on adults who have witnessed domestic violence as children. The study expanded the research to include this population as well as derive unique treatment measures for these individuals. Treatment recommendations were formulated from synthesizing the literature on witnessing domestic violence and attachment theory. These recommendations were delineated for the four attachment styles, including general treatment considerations and trauma-focused treatment. The interventions included several treatment parameters for each attachment style, such as goals of treatment, psychopathology, the therapeutic relationship, affect regulation, and internal working models. Additionally, qualitative research was conducted exploring clinicians' treatment approaches with a domestic violence population. A nonrandom, national sample of 32 clinicians was recruited from domestic violence agencies. Participants completed a questionnaire requesting demographic information, perceptions of therapeutic issues with adults who have witnessed childhood domestic violence, treatment approaches with such clients, and the application of attachment concepts in therapy. Several areas were identified by clinicians as attachment-based clinical issues and treatment interventions for adult witnesses of childhood domestic violence. Addressing issues with self-esteem, affect, trauma, interpersonal relationships, and the therapeutic relationship were seen as important for all attachment styles. Group therapy, couples therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, and psychoeducation were seen as useful interventions for each of the attachment styles. In addition, cognitive-behavioral therapy was recommended for clients with insecure attachment styles. Recommendations for specific attachment styles were as follows: for individuals with a secure attachment style, treatment focused on accessing these clients' strengths to help them cope with past trauma. Preoccupied clients' poorly regulated affect, low self-esteem, rejecting interpersonal relationships, and inadequate defenses were a focus. With dismissing clients, interpersonal relationships, particularly the therapeutic relationship, behavioral problems, cognitive distortions, and emotional constriction were emphasized. For individuals with a fearful attachment style, trauma resolution, safety, coping, dysregulated affect, and chaotic relationships were seen as important clinical issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Family Violence Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment style; domestic violence; childhood; treatment; adults Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2002-95006-127 ======================================== Record #5. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (5 of 144)
Title: Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fonagy, Peter Gergely, Gyoergy Jurist, Elliot L. Target, Mary Author Affiliation: Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Psychology Inst, Developmental Psychology Lab, Hungary Hofstra U, Dept of Philosophy, Hempstead, NY, US U Coll London, London, England Paper Number: 20020807 Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Other Press; 2002, (xiii, 577) Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120 Abstract/Review/Citation: Aimed at addressing multiple audiences: research psychologists, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists, as well as developmentalists from across other disciplines, this book highlights the crucial importance of developmental work to psychotherapy and psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 922 Subject Descriptors: Developmental Psychology Emotional Control Psychopathology Psychotherapy Self Concept Clinical Psychologists Psychotherapists Developmental Psychology--2800 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 About the authors Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: Theoretical perspectives Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization Historical and interdisciplinary perspectives on affects and affect regulation The behavior geneticist's challenge to a psychosocial model of the development of mentalization Part II: Developmental perspectives The social biofeedback theory of affect-mirroring: The development of emotional self-awareness and self-control in infancy The development of an understanding of self and agency "Playing with reality': Developmental research and a psychoanalytic model for the development of subjectivity Marked affect-mirroring and the development of affect-regulative use of pretend play Developmental issues in normal adolescence and adolescent breakdown Part III: Clinical perspectives The roots of borderline personality disorder in disorganized attachment Psychic reality in borderline states Mentalized affectivity in the clinical setting Epilogue References Index psychotherapy; psychopathology; regulation; self; mentalization; development ISBN: 1-892746-34-4 Vendor Numbers: 2002-17653-000 ======================================== Record #6. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (6 of 144)
Title: Self- and interactive regulation: Treating a patient with AD/HD. Author(s)/Editor(s): Carney, Jean K. Paper Number: 20020814 Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Special Issue: Self-regulation: Issues of attention and attachment.; Vol 22(3) 2002, US: Analytic Press; 2002, 355-371 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents the psychoanalytic treatment of an adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) patient, taking account of the development of self-regulation in terms of interactive social exchanges, as well as neurobiologically based factors. The patient's gains in cognition and affect management opened the way for development of empathic capacity after the therapist began integrating ideas and methods from the AD/HD theoretical literature with B. Beebe and F. M. Lachmann's (1994, 1998) model of self- and mutual regulation. The author notes that Ritalin treatment seemed to treat temporarily the neurobiological deficit well enough to have allowed the patient, over time, to use the self- and interactive regulation in psychoanalytic treatment to develop a capacity for empathy. The author explores a key idea from the AD/HD research--that the disorder is at root a deficit in the capacity to inhibit response to internal and external stimuli long enough to allow time for reflection, affect management, planning, and other executive functions that neuroscience links with the prefrontal cortex and other areas of the brain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 36 Subject Descriptors: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Psychoanalysis Psychotherapeutic Processes Self Control Self Management Drug Therapy Empathy Methylphenidate Neurobiology Psychoanalytic Therapy--3315 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 self-regulation; interactive regulation; psychoanalytic treatment; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; social exchanges; neurobiology; empathy; Ritalin Conference Proceedings/Symposia 0600 ISSN: 0735-1690 Vendor Numbers: 2002-17704-003 ======================================== Record #7. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (7 of 144)
Title: The impact of premature birth on fear of personal death and attachment styles in adolescence. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lubetzky, Ofra Gilat, Itzhak Author Affiliation: Levinsky Coll of Education, Israel Paper Number: 20020904 Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 26(7) Aug 2002, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis; 2002, 523-543 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: The differences between adolescents born pre-term (n=50; aged 14-16 yrs) and a matched sample of adolescents born full-term were examined in relation to fear of personal death, attachment styles, and the relation between the 2 variables. Findings revealed that adolescents born pre-term showed a higher level of fear of personal death and a lower frequency of secure attachment style than adolescents born full-term. In addition, secure full-term born adolescents exhibited a lower level of fear of personal death compared with insecure adolescents; whereas among those born pre-term, attachment styles did not affect the level of fear of personal death. Results are discussed in terms of the long-term impact of premature birth on affect regulation in adolescence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 80 Subject Descriptors: Adolescent Development Attachment Behavior Death and Dying Death Anxiety Premature Birth Adolescent Attitudes Death Attitudes Emotional Control Emotional Development Fear Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Israel premature birth; fear; personal death; attachment styles; adolescent attitudes; adolescent development; affect regulation; pre-term vs full-term adolescents Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0748-1187 1091-7683 Vendor Numbers: 2002-15832-001 Correspondence Address: Lubetzky, Ofra, PO Box 599 Herzliyya Pituach 46105 lubetzky@netvision.net.il ======================================== Record #8. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (8 of 144)
Title: Attachment and emotional experiences: Regulatory strategies used with negative and positive emotions in response to daily life events and social interaction feedback. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gentzler, Amy Lynn Paper Number: 20021002 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 62(12-B) 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 6023 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: Associations between attachment and emotional experiences were examined in two studies. In the first study, participants (119 undergraduates) reported on their emotional reactions to positive and negative events from their own lives three times a day for four days. After one week, for participants' most positive and negative event which occurred during the four days of daily reporting, they estimated their earlier emotional reactions, reported coping strategies used and current feelings toward the events. In the second study, emotion regulation strategies were examined in a laboratory setting to control for the variability of events in the first study. Participants (133 undergraduates) were informed the study was about first impressions. They engaged in a five minute conversation with a confederate and were randomly assigned to receive positive or negative feedback about their personality. To assess regulatory strategies, after viewing the feedback participants completed a measure of emotional reactions, a stream-of-consciousness thought task, and measures of inward and outward directed strategies. Across both studies, attachment showed some relation to emotion regulation. Specifically, secure attachment was related to a greater likelihood to be accurate or overestimate positive affect, and more processing of positive experiences. Preoccupied attachment was associated with more intense negative emotions, and more negative thought processes even after receiving positive feedback. Hypotheses for dismissing attachment were not supported in that dismissing individuals did not underestimate initial negative affect intensity, rely on avoidant coping or blame the confederate for the negative feedback. Fearful attachment was linked to a tendency to focus on negative experiences (i.e. receiving negative feedback), but not positive events or emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Emotional Responses Experiences (Events) Feedback Social Interaction Social Psychology--3000 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment; emotional experiences; daily life events; emotion regulation strategies; social interaction feedback Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2002-95012-354 ======================================== Record #9. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (9 of 144)
Title: Attachment and coping with chronic disease. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schmidt, Silke Nachtigall, Christof Wuethrich-Martone, Olivia Strauss, Bernhard Author Affiliation: U Jena, Inst of Psychology, Dept of Methodology, Jena, Germany U Jena, Inst of Psychology, Dept of Methodology, Jena, Germany U Hosp Jena, Inst of Medical Psychology, Jena, Germany Paper Number: 20021009 Source/Citation: Journal of Psychosomatic Research; Vol 53(3) Sep 2002, US: Elsevier Science; 2002, 763-773 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Tested the hypothesis that attachment patterns have an influence on coping strategies (CSs) in patients with chronic disease, and that APs may predict the subjective emotional and physical health status during medical treatment. 150 patients (suffering from breast cancer, chronic leg ulcers, or alopecia) were investigated with an adult attachment interview and a coping interview. Self-reported CSs, social support, subjective health status, and quality of life were also assessed by self-report measures at 2 or more sampling points. Findings indicate a moderate effect of attachment patterns on CSs when controlling the influence of confounding variables. Insecure attachment was related to less flexible coping. CSs differed between the different types of insecure attachment; however, there were differences depending on the perspective of the coping behavior (self vs observer ratings) as well. It is concluded that 2 levels of coping should be differentiated--1 level corresponding with affect regulation, in particular the regulation of attachment-related emotions and concerns, while the other level shows a stronger tendency to outwardly oriented coping. A more secure attachment might be considered to be an important inner resource in the emotional adaptation to chronic diseases. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 46 Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Chronic Illness Coping Behavior Health Alopecia Breast Neoplasms Physical & Somatoform & Psychogenic Disorders--3290 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Germany attachment patterns; coping strategies; chronic disease; subjective health status; breast cancer; leg ulcers; alopecia Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0022-3999 Vendor Numbers: 2002-18525-005 Correspondence Address: Schmidt, Silke, U Hosp Hamburg Eppendorf, Dept of Medical Psychology, Martinistrasse 52, Pav. 73 Hamburg D-20246 sischmid@uke.uni-hamburg.de ======================================== Record #10. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (10 of 144)
Title: Ein neuer Zugang zu Margaret Mahler: normaler Autismus, Symbiose, Spaltung und libidinoese Objektkonstanz aus der Perspektive der kognitiven Entwicklungstheorie./ Reapproaching Mahler: New perspectives on normal autism, symbiosis, splitting and libidinal object constancy from cognitive developmental theory. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gergely, Gyoergy Paper Number: 20030210 Source/Citation: Psyche: Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen; Vol 56(9-10) Sep-Oct 2002, Germany: J G Cotta sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger GmbH; 2002, 809-838 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This article is a reprint of an article originally appearing in the Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association 48(4), 2000 (see record 2001-16335-007). Reformulates insights of M. Mahler's theory on the psychological birth of the infant using conceptual tools that cognitive developmental theory provides. Mahler's stage of normal autism is reconsidered in the light of contingency detection theory as an initial phase of primary preoccupation with self-generated, perfectly response-contingent stimulation. Her concept of normal symbiosis is recast with the help of attachment theory's views on homeostatic regulation and the social biofeedback model of affect-reflective mirroring interactions with parents. Finally, her ideas about the development of splitting and libidinal object constancy are reconsidered according to recent theories of early representational development and mentalization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 92 Subject Descriptors: Autism Childhood Development Cognitive Development Psychoanalytic Theory Attachment Behavior Cognitive & Perceptual Development--2820 Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 M. Mahler; symbiosis; splitting object constancy; libidinal object constancy; cognitive developmental theory; contingency detection theory; attachment theory; autism Reprint 2000 ISSN: 0033-2623 Vendor Numbers: 2002-04534-002 Correspondence Address: Gergely, Gyoergy, Ungarische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Inst fuer Psychologie, P.O. Box 398 Budapest H-1394 gergelyg@mtapi.hu ======================================== Record #11. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (11 of 144)
Title: Neubewertung der Entwicklung der Affektregulation vor dem Hintergrund von Winnicotts Konzept des "falschen Selbst"./ Reevaluation of the development of affect regulation against the background of Winnicott's concept of the "false self." Author(s)/Editor(s): Fonagy, Peter Target, Mary Author Affiliation: University College London, Psychoanalysis Unit, London, England Paper Number: 20030210 Source/Citation: Psyche: Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwendungen; Vol 56(9-10) Sep-Oct 2002, Germany: J G Cotta sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger GmbH; 2002, 839-862 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents central theories on the role of affect in the development of the self. Based on the theory of social biofeedback the authors conceptualize emotion with regard to the development of intentionality and mentalization. Early attachment experiences and specific mirroring processes encourage affect regulation, mentalization, the development of the self, the perception of others, and interactive compentencies. The authors provide empirical findings to prove how congruent or inconguent mirroring in early childhood contribute to the success or failures in constituting the self. A "new" perspective developed based on D. W. Winnicott's concept of the "false self" is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 90 Subject Descriptors: Childhood Development Emotional Development Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Theory Self Analysis Attachment Behavior Biofeedback Intention Personality Development Self Concept Self Perception Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 false self; affect; D. W. Winnicott; social biofeedback; emotion; intentionality; mentalization; attachment experiences; childhood; mirroring; theories ISSN: 0033-2623 Vendor Numbers: 2002-04534-003 Correspondence Address: Fonagy, Peter, University College London, Psychoanalysis Unit, Gower Street London WC1E 6BT p.fonagy@ucl.ac.uk ======================================== Record #12. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (12 of 144)
Title: The experience and regulation of emotional states in avoidant attachment: An examination of affect and defensive operations in fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant adults. Author(s)/Editor(s): Strasser, Tracey Joy Paper Number: 20030303 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 63(4-B) Oct 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 2077 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980) suggests affective self-regulation is influenced by attachment styles that develop out of early care-taking experiences. While much research has demonstrated group differences among three primary attachment styles-Secure, Anxious, and Avoidant -Bartholomew (1990) noted that the Avoidant group was comprised of two distinct subgroups that she termed Fearful-avoidant ('Fearful') and Dismissing-avoidant ('Dismissing'). The current investigation sought to examine how these two subgroups differ in the experience and defensive regulation of their emotional states. Dismissing individuals were expected to evidence more repression, suppression, and denial than Fearful individuals, whereas Fearful individuals were expected to show greater emotional distress and unsuccessful attempts at defense use. Repression was operationalized as poorer processing of emotional memories from childhood, as demonstrated by greater latency to retrieve memories, greater recency and decreased emotional intensity of memories recalled, 'emotional isolation' (decreased spreading from 'dominant' to 'non-dominant' emotions), and low proportions of memories associated with attachment/loss themes. A Stroop task assessed repression in current cognitive processing. Other defenses were assessed by self-report. Seventy-eight college students provided descriptions of emotional memories from childhood, engaged in an emotional analogue to the Stroop (1935) task, and completed questionnaires including the Bartholomew & Horowitz (1991) Relationship Questionnaire, Weinberger (1990) Adjustment Inventory, and the Defense Style Questionnaire (Andrews, et al., 1993). As predicted, Dismissing individuals reported less intense emotional experiences currently and in their emotional memories (suggesting greater emotional isolation), recalled fewer early childhood memories, took longer to retrieve these memories, and recalled fewer attachment/loss memories than Fearful individuals, suggesting more successful repressive strategies. The two groups showed differential use of other defenses; while total defense use was equivalent, the Fearful group reported greater somatization, autistic withdrawal, and inhibition of aggression, and the Dismissing group reporting greater denial, acting out, and suppression. These defense patterns, combined with patterns of emotional experience, suggest that the Fearful group is less effective using defense to mitigate negative affect. Limitations to the current investigation and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Avoidant Personality Emotional Control Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 emotional regulation; avoidant attachment; defensive operations; fearful avoidant; dismissing avoidant; adults Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2002-95020-032 ======================================== Record #13. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (13 of 144)
Title: Trauma recovery in female survivors: Age, affect regulation and safe attachment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Bolduc-Hicks, Lynda Lee Paper Number: 20030324 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 63(5-B) Dec 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 2573 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the relationship between age, Affect Regulation and Safe Attachment in adult female survivors of interpersonal trauma and identify differences between survivor groups differing in onset of trauma and recovery status. Clinicians working with trauma survivors in outpatient mental health settings completed assessments of resilience and recovery using the Multidimensional Trauma Recovery and Resiliency Scale (MTRR) designed to assess the ways in which survivors of trauma respond to their experiences. Pearson correlations were conducted using MTRR data for 125 female survivors of trauma to identify the relationship between age, Affect Regulation, and Safe Attachment with all survivors and the differences between survivors based on these areas of psychological functioning. Several hypotheses were explored in this study. First, it was hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between age, Affect Regulation, and Safe Attachment within each of these three groups as a result of the interrelationship between affect and interpersonal relationships. Findings demonstrated that both domain scores for each group of survivors showed clear trends suggesting that Safe Attachment and Affect Regulation were positively related. Differences were postulated between the three groups of survivors on onset of trauma, recovery status and by the MTRR domains of Safe Attachment and Affect Regulation according to mean MTRR domain scores. A MANOVA was conducted to identify differences in variation in MTRR scores across recovery status and for onset of trauma. No distinctions between groups were found as a result of onset of trauma however a significant main effect was found for recovery status as it demonstrated the ability to distinguish stages of recovery based on mean scores. Significant interaction effects were revealed from mean scores on Safe Attachment concerning an expected trajectory of recovery for all survivors. Lastly, it was also hypothesized that mean scores would increase as a result of adult development or chronological age where older survivors of interpersonal violence would obtain higher MTRR mean scores independent of onset of exposure to interpersonal violence. Various findings for the Pearson Correlations and multivariate analysis of variance are discussed following clinical implications of the results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Age Differences Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Emotional Trauma Recovery (Disorders) Human Females Violence Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 trauma recovery; interpersonal violence; age differences; affect regulation; safe attachmemt; women Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2002-95022-128 ======================================== Record #14. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (14 of 144)
Title: Adult attachment, developmental personality styles and interpersonal affect regulation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Sherry, Alissa Rene' Paper Number: 20030324 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 63(5-B) Dec 2002, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2002, 2625 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: This study explores the relationships between developmental personality styles and (a) adult attachment and (b) affect regulation. These variables were examined among a sample of participants (N = 273) using Bartholomew's (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ), the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), and an Interpersonal Affect Regulation Scale based on a method developed by Mikulincer, Orbach and Iavnieli (1998). In the first part of the study, adult attachment dimensions (secure, dismissing, preoccupied and fearful) were correlated using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) with the ten personality disorder scales on the MCMI-III (Avoidant, Paranoid, Schizotypal, Schizoid, Compulsive, Borderline, Antisocial, Narcissistic, Histrionic and Dependent). Findings indicated that the adult attachment dimensions were able to predict seven of the ten personality styles. These were Avoidant, Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal, Histrionic, Dependent, and Borderline. In addition, secure attachment was negatively correlated with all of these personality styles except for Histrionic. In the second part of the study, a second CCA was conducted between the MCMI-III personality disorder scales and the interpersonal affect regulation scores. Interpersonal affect regulation was assessed by first having participants generate 10 traits that describe themselves and freely recall four scenarios of previous relationships. These scenarios varied in terms of whether the relationship had a positive or negative impact on the participant and whether a positive or negative event occurred during the relationship. The participants were then instructed to generate 10 traits that described each of the people in each of these scenarios. Finally, the participants rated the extent to which they possessed each of the generated traits on a scale ranging from 1 (a little) to 4 (extremely). Results indicated that positive relationship, regardless of the valence of the event, were able to predict five of the personality styles: Avoidant, Dependent, Histrionic, Narcissitic and Obsessive Compulsive. Results suggested that adult attachment theory may be a viable model in which to conceptualize developmental personality styles, with only moderate support for the concept of interpersonal affect regulation and its relation to personality styles. The specific relationships between the attachment dimensions and the personality styles are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Interpersonal Interaction Personality Traits Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print(Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment; developmental personality styles; interpersonal affect regulation; adults Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2002-95022-293 ======================================== Record #15. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (15 of 144)
Title: Berceuses et chansonnettes: Considerations theoriques pour une intervention musicotherapie precoce de l'attachment par le chant parental aupres de nourrissons au developpment a risques./ Lullabies and little songs: Theoretical considerations for an early music therapy intervention with parental singing for the attachment of newborns with developmental risks. Author(s)/Editor(s): Bargiel, Marianne Paper Number: 20030414 Source/Citation: Canadian Journal of Music Therapy; Vol 9(1) Fal 2002, Canada: Canadian Assn for Music Therapy; 2002, 30-49 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Following an overview of the literature on the musical predispositions of the newborn and on the development of attachment, this article elaborates a theoretical rationale on which is proposed a model of early intervention with parental singing. The author first looks at the links between regulation of affect and attachment, also taking a look at the attachment pathologies and how they inform us about healthy attachment. Then, the functions of infant-directed speech, and also by extension, infant-directed singing, are looked at in terms of their developmental impacts over the baby's regulation of affect. The suggested music therapy program is presented as a clinical articulation of a usually natural behaviour within the parent-child dyad. Considering the importance of early intervention in order to prevent the crystallisation of dysfunction or its contamination over the whole development of the young child, this intervention model aims at recreating, preferentially with the parent's participation, the favorable relational conditions for a resumption or a continuation of the developmental sequence for the baby whose attachment is at risk because of endogenous or environmental reasons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 16 Subject Descriptors: At Risk Populations Infant Development Music Therapy Parent Child Relations Singing Attachment Behavior Early Intervention Neonatal Period Art & Music & Movement Therapy--3357 Notes/Comments: Print Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 early intervention; newborns; music therapy; parental singing; infant-directed singing; attachment; developmental risks ISSN: 1199-1054 Vendor Numbers: 2003-02468-002 ======================================== Record #16. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (16 of 144)
Title: Addiction as an attachment disorder: Implications for group therapy. Author(s)/Editor(s): Flores, Philip J. Paper Number: 20010117 Source/Citation: International Journal of Group Psychotherapy; Vol 51(1) Jan 2001, US: Guilford Publications; 2001, 63-81 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a perspective on addiction that the author notes not only substantiates why group therapy is the treatment of choice for addiction, but also integrates diverse perspectives from 12-step abstinence-based models, self-psychology, and attachment theory into a complementary integrative formula. Attachment theory, self-psychology, and affect regulation theory characterize addiction as an attachment disorder induced by a person's misguided attempt at self-repair because of deficits in psychic structure. Vulnerability of the self is the consequence of developmental failures and early environmental deprivation leading to ineffective attachment styles. Substance abuse, as a reparative attempt, only exacerbates that condition because of physical dependence and further deterioration of existing physiological and psychological structures. Prolonged stress on existing structures leads to exaggerated difficulty in the regulation of affect, which leads to inadequate modulation of appropriate behavior and increased character pathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Addiction Attachment Behavior Group Psychotherapy Group & Family Therapy--3313 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 addiction as attachment disorder & group therapy as treatment of choice ISSN: 0020-7284 Vendor Numbers: 2001-16084-004 ======================================== Record #17. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (17 of 144)
Title: The dyadic regulation of affect. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fosha, Diana Paper Number: 20010214 Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology: Special Issue: Treating emotion regulation problems in psychotherapy.; Vol 57(2) Feb 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 227-242 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Accelerated experiential-dynamic psychotherapy integrates experiential, relational, and psychodynamic elements. Deep authentic affective experience and its regulation through coordinated emotional interchanges between patient and therapist are viewed as key transformational agents. When maintaining attachment with caregivers necessitates excluding particular affects, a patient's capacity to regulate emotion becomes compromised. Being in an emotionally alive therapeutic relationship enables patients to better tolerate and communicate affective states: doing so, in turn, fosters security, openness, and intimacy in their other relationships. A clinical vignette illustrates how using the therapist's affect, and focusing on the patient's experience of it, contributes to the repair of affect regulatory difficulties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotional Control Experiential Psychotherapy Psychodynamics Psychotherapeutic Processes Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 patient-therapist dyadic regulation of affect in accelerated experiential-dynamic psychotherapy ISSN: 0021-9762 Vendor Numbers: 2001-14405-006 ======================================== Record #18. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (18 of 144)
Title: Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schore, Allan N. Paper Number: 20010314 Source/Citation: Infant Mental Health Journal: Special Issue: Contributions from the decade of the brain to infant mental health. ; Vol 22(1-2) Jan-Apr 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 7-66 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Integrates current interdisciplinary data from attachment studies on dyadic affective communications, neuroscience on the early developing right brain, psychophysiology on stress systems, and psychiatry on psychopathogenesis to provide a deeper understanding of the psychoneurobiological mechanisms that underlie infant mental health. This 1st part of a 2-part work (see record 2001-16734-007 for the 2nd part) details the neurobiology of a secure attachment, an exemplar of adaptive infant mental health, and focuses on the primary caregiver's psychobiological regulation of the infant's maturing limbic system, the brain areas specialized for adapting to a rapidly changing environment. The infant's early developing right hemisphere has deep connections into the limbic and autonomic nervous systems and is dominant for the human stress response, and in this manner the attachment relationship facilitates the expansion of the child's coping capacities. This model suggests that adaptive infant mental health can be fundamentally defined as the earliest expression of flexible strategies for coping with the novelty and stress that is inherent in human interactions. This efficient right brain function is a resilience factor for optimal development over the later stages of the life cycle. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Adjustment Attachment Behavior Infant Development Mental Health Right Brain Emotional States Stress Management Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 secure attachment relationship, right brain development & affect & stress regulation & adaptive mental health, infants Literature Review/Research Review 1300 ISSN: 0163-9641 Vendor Numbers: 2001-16734-001 ======================================== Record #19. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (19 of 144)
Title: The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schore, Allan N. Paper Number: 20010314 Source/Citation: Infant Mental Health Journal: Special Issue: Contributions from the decade of the brain to infant mental health. ; Vol 22(1-2) Jan-Apr 2001, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001, 201-269 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: A primary interest of the field of infant mental health is in the early conditions that place infants at risk for less than optimal development. The fundamental problem of what constitutes normal and abnormal development is now a focus of developmental psychology, infant psychiatry, and developmental neuroscience. In the 2nd part of this sequential work (see record 2001-16734-001 for the 1st part), the author presents interdisciplinary data to more deeply forge the theoretical links between severe attachment failures, impairments of the early development of the right brain's stress coping systems, and maladaptive infant mental health. He comments on topics such as the negative impact of traumatic attachments on brain development and infant mental health, the neurobiology of infant trauma, the neuropsychology of a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern associated with abuse and neglect, the etiology of dissociation and body-mind psychopathology, the effects of early relational trauma on enduring right hemispheric function, and some implications for models of early intervention. These findings suggest direct connections between traumatic attachment, inefficient right brain regulatory functions, and both maladaptive infant and adult mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Coping Behavior Emotional Trauma Mental Health Right Brain Emotional Adjustment Infant Development Stress Psychological Disorders--3210 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 early attachment trauma, development of right brain's stress coping systems & mental health, infants Literature Review/Research Review 1300 ISSN: 0163-9641 Vendor Numbers: 2001-16734-007 ======================================== Record #20. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (20 of 144)
Title: Parental sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation: Predictors of later attachment. . Author(s)/Editor(s): Braungart-Rieker, Julia M. Garwood, Molly M. Powers, Bruce P. Wang, Xiaoyu Paper Number: 20010321 Source/Citation: Child Development: Special Issue: ; Vol 72(1) Jan-Feb 2001, US: Blackwell Publishers Inc; 2001, 252-270 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This longitudinal study on 94 families examined the extent to which parent sensitivity, infant affect, and affect regulation at 4 months predicted mother-infant and father-infant attachment classifications at 1 yr. Parent sensitivity was rated from face-to-face interaction episodes; infant affect and regulatory behaviors were rated from mother-infant and father-infant still-face episodes at 4 months. Infants' attachment to mothers and fathers was rated from the Strange Situation at 12 and 13 mo. MANOVAs indicated that 4-mo parent and infant factors were associated with infant-mother but not infant-father attachment groups. Discriminant Function Analysis further indicated that 2 functions, "Affect Regulation" and "Maternal Sensitivity," discriminated infant-mother attachment groups; As and B1-B2s showed more affect regulation toward mothers and fathers than B3-B4s and Cs at 4 mo, and mothers of both secure groups were more sensitive than mothers of Cs. Finally, the association between maternal sensitivity and infant-mother attachment was partially mediated by infant affect regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Affection Attachment Behavior Infant Development Parental Characteristics Sensitivity (Personality) Emotional Control Emotions Fathers Mothers Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 parental sensitivity & infant affect & affect regulation as predictors of later attachment, 4 mo old infants & their mothers (mean ave 29.6 yrs) & fathers (mean age 32.5 yrs) 1-yr study Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0009-3920 Vendor Numbers: 2001-14623-016 ======================================== Record #21. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (21 of 144)
Title: Bridging the gap between attachment and object relations theories: A study of the transition to motherhood. Author(s)/Editor(s): Priel, Beatriz Besser, Avi Paper Number: 20010411 Source/Citation: British Journal of Medical Psychology: Special Issue: ; Vol 74(Pt1) Mar 2001, England: British Psychological Society; 2001, 85-100 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: An empirical study of the relations between assessments of adult attachment styles and object representations was performed in the context of first-time mothers' emotional ties to their unborn babies. It was assumed that, while conceptualizations of attachment behavior and internal working models grasp the early basic patterns of interpersonal relationships and affect regulation, object representations indicate current transformations of these patterns in an individual's internal world. Ss were a sample of 120 women (mean age 25.21 yrs) in their first pregnancy. Ss' representations of their own mothers were found to fully mediate the association between internal working models and antenatal ties to their babies. Similarities and differences between theoretical conceptualizations and empirical operationalizations of attachment and object relations theories are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Expectant Mothers Object Relations Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 adult attachment styles & object relations theories, first-time mothers Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0007-1129 Vendor Numbers: 2001-00765-007 ======================================== Record #22. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (22 of 144)
Title: Sexuality and attachment: A passionate relationship or a marriage of convenience? Author(s)/Editor(s): Silverman, Doris K. Paper Number: 20010418 Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Quarterly; Vol 70(2) Apr 2001, US: Psychoanalytic Quarterly Inc; 2001, 325-358 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: The ubiquitous and persistent bodily urges of sexuality and their vicissitudes are explored in this paper, focusing on the complex relationship between libidinal desire and the attachment system, especially the latter's affect-regulating function. This interrelationship is highlighted with clinical vignettes, and implications for transference and countertransference are explored in the discussion of affect regulation and its possible sexual entwining. Clinical data is also presented to highlight the plasticity of sexuality. Sexuality's protean nature allows for a reassessment of the case of Little Hans, with emphasis on the unique interconnections between sexuality and the vital need for an attachment relationship. In conclusion, the author states that stressing such interconnections raises important questions about the traditional concept of psychosexual stages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotions Libido Psychoanalytic Theory Sexuality Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 sexuality & libidinal desire & affect regulation & attachment systems & psychoanalytic theory ISSN: 0033-2828 Vendor Numbers: 2001-17198-002 ======================================== Record #23. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (23 of 144)
Title: The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. Author(s)/Editor(s): Vasey, Michael W. Dadds, Mark R. Paper Number: 20010425 Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2001, (xvi, 510) Description/Edition Info.: Edited Book; 140 Abstract/Review/Citation: This book brings together some of the foremost experts to review and integrate the current research and theory on the major factors that shape anxiety disorders in childhood and throughout the life span. The book is divided into three parts: Part I provides a framework for conceptualizing the developmental psychopathology of anxiety and introduces foundational issues, including developmental variations in the prevalence and manifestation of anxiety. Part II covers a diverse array of factors that precede, precipitate, maintain, intensify, protect against, and ameliorate anxiety, as well as some of the processes by which they may operate. Part III offers integrative discussions of these varied factors and processes in the context of specific anxiety disorders that affect children. Researchers and clinicians alike will find this collection of chapters of interest. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Anxiety Disorders Human Development Psychopathology Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders--3215 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Contributors Part I: Preliminary issues An introduction to the developmental psychopathology of anxiety Michael W. Vasey and Mark R. Dadds Developmental variations in the prevalence and manifestations of anxiety disorders Danielle D. Weiss and Cynthia G. Last Part II: Predisposing, protective, maintaining, and ameliorating influences Contributions of behavioral genetics research: Quantifying genetic, shared environmental and nonshared environmental influences Thalia C. Eley Temperamental influences on the development of anxiety disorders Christopher J. Lonigan and Beth M. Phillips Anxiety sensitivity Steven Reiss, Wendy K. Silverman, and Carl F. Weems Control and the development of negative emotion Bruce F. Chorpita The role of glucocorticoids in anxiety disorders: A critical analysis Megan R. Gunnar Childhood anxiety disorders from the perspective of emotion regulation and attachment Ross A. Thomspson Nonassociative factors in the development of phobias Ross G. Menzies and Lynne M. Harris Developmental aspects of conditioning processes in anxiety disorders Mark R. Dadds, Graham C. L. Davey, and Andy P. Field Operant conditioning influences in childhood anxiety Thomas H. Ollendick, Michael W. Vasey, and Neville J. King Information-processing factors in childhood anxiety: A review and developmental perspective Michael W. Vassey and Colin McLeod Family processes in the development of anxiety problems Mark R. Dadds and Janet H. Roth Current issues in the treatment of childhood anxiety Paula Barrett Prevention strategies Susan H. Spence Part III: Integrative examples The etiology of childhood specific phobia: A multifactorial model Peter Muris and Harald Merckelbach Posttraumatic stress disorder: A developmental perspective Eric M. Vernberg and R. Enrique Varela Social withdrawal and anxiety Kenneth H. Rubin and Kim B. Burgess Social phobia Tracy L. Morris Early separation anxiety and its relationship to adult anxiety disorders Derrick Silove and Vijaya Manicavasagar The development of generalized anxiety Ronald M. Rapee Index issues in developmental psychopathology of anxiety disorders ISBN: 0-19-512363-8 Vendor Numbers: 2001-00973-000 ======================================== Record #24. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (24 of 144)
Title: Shame reduction, affect regulation, and sexual boundary development: Essential building blocks of sexual addiction treatment. . Author(s)/Editor(s): Adams, Kenneth M. Robinson, Donald W. Paper Number: 20010620 Source/Citation: Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Special Issue: ; Vol 8(1) 2001, England: Taylor & Francis Ltd; 2001, 23-44 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Sexual addiction is a compulsive cycle that attempts to compensate, soothe, and regulate the internal struggle. The cycle, in turn, creates more shame and dysregulation of affect. Sexual addiction treatment presents clinicians with unique challenges. This disorder has multiple facets to its etiology and requires multiple interventions at critical points in the process. Facing and reducing shame, developing affect regulation strategies to cope with feelings, impulses, and urges, and developing and maintaining sexual boundaries are key and necessary elements to successful treatment of sexual addiction. Intervention of both the addictive behavior and its causes is more likely to assure success than treatment of one area over the other. In treating both the behavior and its cause, the ability to form successful attachments and assimilate feelings and life experiences through a filter of hope, love, and worthiness is greatly increased. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotional Control Psychotherapeutic Techniques Sexual Addiction Strategies Attachment Behavior Boundaries (Psychological) Shame Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 sexual addiction; damaged affect regulation; strategies; shame reduction; affect regulation; creation of sexual boundaries ISSN: 1072-0162 Vendor Numbers: 2001-07081-002 ======================================== Record #25. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (25 of 144)
Title: Family structure and interparental conflict: Effects on adolescent drinking. Author(s)/Editor(s): Gilbreth, Joan Gettert Paper Number: 20010620 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences; Vol 61(7-A) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 2936 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: This study investigated how parents' relationships with each other affect their relationship with their children and how these relationships affect adolescent drinking. A developmental perspective was taken to consider how the effects of family relationships differ by age of the adolescent. Social control theory and Emery's (1982) interparental conflict perspective provided the theoretical orientation. The sample came from a midwestern state and included cross-sectional responses from 715 parent/guardian and adolescent pairs. Interparental relationships were assessed by measures of family structure and interparental conflict. Social controls of family attachment, parental monitoring, and normative regulation are the measures of child-parent relationships. The dependent variable had four categories: no alcohol use ever, occasional use, one to three problems resulting from alcohol use, and four or more problems reported from alcohol use. Because adolescent drinking was measured in four categories, ordinal regression techniques were used to assess the model. Results revealed that interparental conflict does disrupt the social control processes. Conflict is related to lower levels of family attachment, parental monitoring, and normative regulation. Adolescents living in single-parent families and stepfamilies reported lower levels of family attachment, but family structure was not significantly related to the other two social control variables. Lower levels of attachment and monitoring were significant predictors of adolescent drinking when measured both with and without the parental relationship variables. The effects of family structure on adolescent drinking can be explained by levels of interparental conflict, and the effects of interparental conflict appear to work through decreased levels of attachment and monitoring. Implications of this study emphasized the need for parents to reduce levels of conflict between each other and to work at strengthening attachment bonds and monitoring. These efforts will serve to not only delay or prevent the initiation of adolescent drinking but also limit their child's movement through the stages of drinking behaviors. These results are consistent across the age range. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Age Differences Alcohol Drinking Patterns Family Structure Marital Conflict General Psychology--2100 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 family structure; interparental conflict; adolescents; drinking; age differences Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4209 Vendor Numbers: 2001-95001-002 ======================================== Record #26. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (26 of 144)
Title: Communicating feelings: An examination of the processes linking mothers' representations of their 7-month-old infant to early emotional development. Author(s)/Editor(s): Rosenblum, Katherine Lisa Paper Number: 20010620 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(7-B) Feb 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 3882 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: The present investigation was aimed towards elucidating the processes that linked maternal representations of their 7-month-old infant with individual differences in infant emotion regulation. Participants were 100 mother-infant dyads recruited from local pediatric clinics, and comprised a range of socio-economic and demographic circumstances. Mothers' representations of their infant were assessed via a semi-structured, attachment-based interview, and maternal behavior was observed in a variety of contexts, including a free play, teaching task, and the Still Face procedure. Infant emotion regulation was assessed along a number of behavioral and affective display dimensions upon resuming interaction with his or her parent following the Still Face procedure (i.e., the reengagement episode). Results indicated that mothers' representations were indeed related to differences in maternal behavior and infant emotion regulation. In general, mothers with balanced and positive/coherent representations were more sensitive, less rejecting, less intrusive and expressed more positive affect during interaction with their infant. Patterns of association between mothers' representations and behavior varied according to the nature of the interactive task, with a greater number of associations obtained for the more challenging, stress-inducing, tasks (i.e., the teaching task and Still Face procedure). In addition, the specific type of maternal behaviors associated with differences in mothers' representations varied according to the interactive task. Furthermore, mothers with balanced and positive/coherent representations had infants who demonstrated more positive affect and more attention seeking/contact maintenance upon resuming interaction following the still face, even when controlling for the amount of distress the infant displayed while his or her mother held a still face. Finally, results provided support for the hypothesis that some aspects of maternal behavior mediate the association between her representation of the infant and individual differences in infant emotion regulation. While maternal representation classifications were related to self-reported depressive symptomatology, in the present investigation, maternal depression was unrelated to infant behavior during the Still Face. Results are discussed emphasizing the important role that may be played by maternal representations in shaping mothers' behavioral and emotional responsivity and sensitivity to the infant, thus promoting intergenerational continuity in attachment representations and affect regulation style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotional Control Emotional Development Individual Differences Mother Child Relations Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 maternal representations; emotional development; individual differences; emotion regulation; maternal behavior; mother infant relationship Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2001-95002-036 ======================================== Record #27. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (27 of 144)
Title: Attachment status, affect regulation, and behavioral control in young adults. Author(s)/Editor(s): Allen, Sarah Turrentine Paper Number: 20010718 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(8-B) Mar 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 4386 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study evaluates predictions based on the model of development of behavioral self-control proposed by Schore (1994), which suggests that children develop the abilities to regulate affect and control self-destructive behaviors in the context of primary attachment relationships. The model proposes that insecurely attached children do not fully develop the experience-dependent neuronal control pathways necessary for behavioral inhibition, which leaves them vulnerable to potentially lifelong difficulties with impulse control. To test these predictions, 198 college students were administered measures of sensory regulation, attachment status, and child abuse and trauma, as well as measures of hypothesized outcomes related to poor impulse control, including substance use, risky sexual behavior, bulimia, verbal aggressiveness, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms, as well as a measure of general psychological distress. Multiple regression was used to predict each hypothesized outcome as a function of sensory regulation and attachment status. The combination of attachment status and sensory regulation was significantly predictive of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use, bulimic symptomatology, and ADHD symptoms, but not other drug use, risky sexual behavior, or verbal aggressiveness. Sensory regulation was a more significant contributor to prediction than was attachment status, possibly due to psychometric limitations of the measure of attachment. Additionally, attachment status and sensory regulation appear to be equally predictive of general psychopathology, rather than specific to problems of poor impulse control. The second phase of the study compared the normative sample with a clinical sample of college students (n = 21) in treatment for substance abuse disorders. The clinical substance-abusing group did not differ from the normative sample in rate of insecure attachment classification or sensory regulatory capacity. The results suggest a more general model for the role of insecure attachment and poor sensory regulation in the development of general psychological symptoms, rather than being specific to the development of impulse control problems, and a direct impact of poor regulatory capacity as well as an indirect contribution mediated by attachment status is proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Self Destructive Behavior Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment status; affect regulation; behavioral control; self destructive behaviors Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2001-95004-262 ======================================== Record #28. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (28 of 144)
Title: Experimental protocols for investigating relationships among mother-infant interaction, affect regulation, physiological markers of stress responsiveness, and attachment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Nichols, Kathie Gergely, Gyoergy Fonagy, Peter Paper Number: 20010829 Source/Citation: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic: Special Issue: Cognitive and interactional foundations of attachment. ; Vol 65(3) Sum 2001, US: Menninger Foundation; 2001, 371-379 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: G. Gergely and J. S. Watson's (1996) social biofeedback theory of parental affect mirroring applies the conditional probability model of contingency perception to parent-child interactions. Infants are first evaluated at birth on neurological and temperament measures. Infants are also evaluated at 6 and 12 mo on tasks that study social interactional determinants, infant attachment, and physiological reactions. The Strange Situation is completed at 12-15 mo of age. The authors describe how the combination of these experimental and observational procedures allows specific developmental hypotheses to be investigated about the quality of contingent parental affect regulation, sensitivity to internal states, and security of attachment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Infant Development Parent Child Relations Biofeedback Contingency Management Mirroring Personality Physiological Correlates Childrearing & Child Care--2956 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 social biofeedback theory; parental affect mirroiring; contingency perception; parent child interactions; neurological & temperament measures; infant attachment; physiological reactions Conference Proceedings/Symposia 0600 ISSN: 0025-9284 Vendor Numbers: 2001-18309-006 ======================================== Record #29. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (29 of 144)
Title: Maternal distress regulation and dyadic repair: Contributions to infant socio-emotional functioning. Author(s)/Editor(s): Spitzer, Sally Paper Number: 20010926 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 61(9-B) Apr 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2001, 5007 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: Although mothers' responsiveness is often thought to play an important role in relation to infant socio-emotional functioning, the exact nature of this role has remained unclear. Furthermore, few studies have empirically measured maternal responsiveness in the context of an episode of dysregulation and interactive stress. Towards these ends, the present study sought to address these issues by developing a set of maternal emotion regulation strategies and dyadic repair measures, for the purpose of examining the responses mothers use to negotiate a process of 'disruption and repair' (Tronick & Gianino, 1986) and to regulate infant affect and attention. Thirty-five primiparous mothers participated in the study. Data was drawn from videotapes of mothers and their 10-month old infants during a laboratory still-face procedure (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978). This was an older age group than had previously been reported in the literature. Based on analyses of reunion behavior following the still face, levels of infant negative affect and maternal emotion regulation strategies were assessed, and dyads were classified according to repair outcome. Additional data was drawn four months later from videotapes of these dyads during the Strange Situation (Ainsworth & Wittig, 1969). Based on findings, infants were classified according to security of attachment. The study found that 10-month old infants, like their younger counterparts, displayed a carry-over of negative affect following the still face. Maternal responses to infant distress differentiated into attention- and affect-regulating strategies. Attention-regulating strategies included responses like distraction; affect-regulating strategies included responses like comfort and affect-labeling. Affect-labeling responses were further characterized by negative or positive valence. Analyses showed that in response to infant state, mothers used both attention-regulating and affect-regulating strategies. However, only affectregulating strategies were related to repair. Specifically, comfort and negative affect-labeling responses were linked to continued dysregulation and distress, while, positive affect-labeling responses were associated with regulation and repair. In this regard, a re-evaluation of the construct of maternal sensitivity was provided, contextualized by developmental and situational factors. While maternal strategies did not directly predict infant attachment, a substantive trend emerged between dyadic repair and attachment security. The data suggest that maternal positivity and capacity to sensitively and effectively repair dyadic disruptions impact favorably upon development. Implications of these findings in terms of clinical interventions were examined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Distress Dyads Emotional Control Infant Development Mother Child Relations Attention Emotional Development Mothers Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 maternal distress regulation; dyadic repair; infant development; socio emotional functioning; affect; attention; primiparous mothers Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 2001-95006-143 ======================================== Record #30. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (30 of 144)
Title: Affect regulation and attachment strategies of adjudicated and non-adjudicated adolescents and their parents. Author(s)/Editor(s): Keiley, Margaret K. Seery, Brenda L. Paper Number: 20020102 Source/Citation: Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal; Vol 23(3) Sep 2001, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2001, 343-366 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This exploratory qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with adjudicated and non-adjudicated adolescents (aged 12-18 yrs) and their parents (aged 37-57 yrs) to identify: (1) different behavioral manifestations of affect regulation and attachment interactions as described by respondents; and (2) interactional patterns that we might wish to target in a therapeutic intervention. Parents used more functional internal affect regulation strategies, while adolescents relied on less functional ones. Most respondents used functional external affect regulation strategies, such as direct communication. Approximately half of them used more dysfunctional strategies, such as yelling and aggression. Most of the adolescents used at least one secure attachment strategy in their relationships with their parents, but the majority also used avoidant or ambivalent strategies. Almost half of the parents described secure strategies in their relationships with their adolescents, while the remainder indicated using insecure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Affection Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Family Relations Strategies Adjudication Parents Group & Interpersonal Processes--3020 Marriage & Family--2950 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 Middle Age (40-64 yrs) 360 affect regulation & attachment strategies; adjudicated vs non-adjudicated adolescents & their parents; family relations Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0892-2764 Vendor Numbers: 2001-09555-006 ======================================== Record #31. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (31 of 144)
Title: The use of the term Multiple Complex Developmental Disorder in a diagnostic clinic serving young children with developmental disabilities: A report of 15 cases. Author(s)/Editor(s): Demb, Howard B. Noskin, Olga Author Affiliation: Albert Einstein Coll of Medicine, Bronx, NY, US Paper Number: 20020410 Source/Citation: Mental Health Aspects of Developmental Disabilities; Vol 4(2) Apr-Jun 2001, US: Psych Media; 2001, 4960 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Multiplex Complex (Multiplex) Developmental Disorder (MCDD) is a proposed developmental disorder (or syndrome) designed to encompass preschool and early school age children who have consistent and enduring deficits in affect regulation, relatedness, and thought. Such children are thought to represent another variant in the spectrum of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). This paper presents clinical data on 15 preschool children with developmental disorders diagnosed as having a MCDD. The developmental disorders were a language disorder and/or mental retardation. Each of the children was diagnosed using criteria reported on by K. E. Towbin et al in 1993. The most common symptoms of a MCDD in this population were: disturbed attachments (82%); idiosyncratic anxiety reactions (64%); episodes of behavioral disorganization (64%); and, wide emotional variability (54%). Although the proposed syndrome of a MCDD appears to be a useful concept in diagnosing preschool children with developmental disabilities and comorbid emotional/behavioral disorders, there appears to be at least two distinct clusters of behaviors seen in such children. One cluster approximates a borderline syndrome, while the other is more clearly in the PDD spectrum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Number of references: 20 Subject Descriptors: Borderline Mental Retardation Comorbidity Developmental Disabilities Multiple Disabilities Pervasive Developmental Disorders Affective Disorders Anxiety Attachment Behavior Behavior Disorders
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