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Psychological and Physiological Trauma Research
Seize Your Journeys
_______________________ Traumatic stress is found in many competent, healthy, strong, good people. No one can completely protect themselves from traumatic experiences. Many people have long-lasting problems following exposure to trauma. Up to 8% of persons will have PTSD at some time in their lives. People who react to traumas are not going crazy. What is happening to them is part of a set of common symptoms and problems that are connected with being in a traumatic situation, and thus, is a normal reaction to abnormal events and experiences. Having symptoms after a traumatic event is NOT a sign of personal weakness. Given exposure to a trauma that is bad enough, probably all people would develop PTSD. By understanding trauma symptoms better, a person can become less fearful of them and better able to manage them. By recognizing the effects of trauma and knowing more about symptoms, a person will be better able to decide about getting treatment. _______________________
Sleep Disorders DSMIV-R
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology.
Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY In order to best understand this atlas it is important to have a sense of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain. Over the next several pages there is a brief summary of the 5 major brain systems that relate to behavior, along with the general location seen on SPECT of these areas.
The Deep Limbic System
Functions
Problems
The Basal Ganglia System
Functions
Problems
The Prefrontal Cortex
Functions
Problems
The Cingulate Gyrus
Problems
The Temporal Lobes
Functions
Problems
Non-dominant Side (usually the right)
Secure Attachments as a Defense Against Trauma “All people mature and thrive in a social context that has profound effects on how they cope with life’s stresses. Particularly early in life, the social context plays a critical role in fuffering an individual against stressful situations, and in building the psychological and biological capacities to deal with further stresses. The primary function of parents can be thought of as helping children modulate their arousal by attuned and well-timed provision of playing, feeding, comforting, touching, looking, cleaning, and resting—in short, by teaching them skills that will gradually help them modulate their own arousal. Secure attachment bonds serve as primary defenses against trauma-induced psychopathology in both children and adults (Finkelhor & Browne, 1984). In children who have been exposed to severe stressors, the quality of the parental bond is probably the single most important determinant of long-term damage (McFarlane, 1988).” van der Kolk, Bessel, Alexander C. McFarlane, and Lars Weisaeth, eds. 1996. Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York and London: Guilford Press. .p. 185 _______________________
Sleep Disorders
“The sleep disorders are organized into four major sections according to presumed etiology. Primary Sleep Disorders are those in which none of the etiologies listed below (i.e., another mental disorder, a general medical condition, or a substance) is responsible. Primary Sleep Disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors. Primary Sleep Disorders in turn are divided into Dyssomnias (characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and Parasomnias (characterized by abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-awake transitions). Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder (often a Mood Disorder or Anxiety Disorder) but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention. Presumably, the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the mental disorder also affect sleep-awake regulation. Sleep Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition on the sleep-wake system. Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder involves prominent complaints of sleep disturbance that result from the concurrent use, or recent discontinuation of use, of a substance (including medications). That systematic assessment in individuals who present with prominent complaints of sleep disturbance includes an evaluation of the specific type of sleep complaint and a consideration of concurrent mental disorders, general medical conditions, and substance (including medication) use that may be responsible for the sleep disturbance. Five distinct sleep stages can be measured by polysomnography: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4). Stage 1 NREM sleep is a transition from wakefulness to sleep and occupies about 5% of time spent asleep in healthy adults. Stage 2 NREM sleep, which is characterized by specific EEG waveforms (sleep spindles and K complexes), occupies about 50% of time spent asleep. Stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep (also known collectively as slow-wave sleep) are the deepest levels of sleep and occupy about 10%-20% of sleep time. REM sleep, during which the majority of typical storylike dreams occur, occupies about 20%-25% of total sleep. These sleep stages have a characteristic temporal organization across the night. NREM stages 3 and 4 tend to occur in the first one-third to one-half of the night and increase in duration in response to sleep deprivation. REM sleep occurs cyclically throughout the night, alternating with NREM sleep about every 80-100 minutes. REM sleep periods increase in duration toward the morning. Human sleep also varies characteristically across the life span. After relative stability with large amounts of slow-wave sleep in childhood and early adolescence, sleep continuity and depth deteriorate across the adult age range. This deterioration is reflected by increased wakefulness and stage 1 sleep and decreased stages 3 and 4 sleep. Because of this, age must be considered in the diagnosis of a Sleep Disorder in any individual. Polysomnography is the monitoring of multiple electrophysiological parameters during sleep and generally includes measurement of EEG activity, electroculographic activity, and electromyographic activity. Additional polysomnographic measures may include oral or nasal airflow, respiratory effort, chest and abdominal wall movement, oxyhemoglobin saturation, or exhaled carbon dioxide concentration; these measures are used to monitor respiration during sleep and to detect the presence and severity of sleep apnea. Measurement of peripheral electromyographic activity may be used to detect abnormal movements during sleep. Most polysomnographic studies are conducted during the person’s usual sleeping hours—that is, at night. However, daytime polysomnographic studies also are used to quantify daytime sleepiness. The most common daytime procedure is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), in which the individual is instructed to lie down in a dark room and not resist falling asleep; this protocol is repeated fives times during the day. Sleep latency (the amount of time required to fall asleep) is measured on each trial and is used as an index of physiological sleepiness. The converse of the MSLT is also used: In the Repeated Test of Sustained Wakefulness (RTSW), the individual is placed in a quiet, dimly lit room and instructed to remain awake; this protocol is repeated several times during the day. Again, sleep latency is measured, but is it used here as an index of the individual’s ability to maintain wakefulness. Standard terminology for polysomnographic measures is used throughout the test in this section. Sleep continuity refers to the overall balance of sleep and wakefulness during a night of sleep. “Better” sleep continuity indicates consolidated sleep and wakefulness; “worse” sleep continuity indicates disrupted sleep with more wakefulness. Specific sleep continuity measures include sleep latency—the amount of time required to fall asleep (expressed in minutes); intermittent wakefulness—the amount of awake time after initial sleep onset (expressed in minutes); and sleep efficiency—the ratio of actual time spent asleep to time spent in bed (expressed as a percentage, with higher numbers indicating better sleep continuity). Sleep architecture refers to the amount and distribution of specific sleep stages. Sleep architecture measures include absolute amount of REM sleep and each NREM sleep stage (in minutes), relative amount of REM seep and NREM sleep stages (expressed as a percentage of total sleep time), and latency between sleep onset and the first REM period (REM latency). The text for each of the Sleep Disorders contains a section describing its relationship to corresponding disorders in The International Classification of Sleep Disorders: (ICSD) diagnostic and Coding Manual, published in 1990 by the American Sleep Disorders Association. _________________
Substance Dependence “Features The essential feature of Substance Dependence is a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. There is a pattern of repeated self-administration that can result in tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive drug-taking behavior. A diagnosis of Substance Dependence can be applied to every class of substances except caffeine. The symptoms of Dependence are similar across the various categories of substances, but for certain classes some symptoms are less salient, and in a few instances not all symptoms apply (e.g., withdrawal symptoms are not specified for Hallucinogenic Dependence). Although not specifically listed as a criterion item, “craving” (a strong subjective drive to use the substance) is likely to be experienced by most (if not all) individuals with Substance Dependence. Dependence is defined as a cluster of three or more of the symptoms listed below occurring at any time in the same 12-month-period. Tolerance (Criterion 1) is the need for greatly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication (or the desired effect) or a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance. The degree to which tolerance develops varies greatly across substances. Furthermore, for a specific drug, varied degrees of tolerance may develop for its different central nervous system effects. For example, for opioids, tolerance to respiratory depression and tolerance to analgesia develop at different rates. Individuals with heavy use of opioids and stimulants can develop substantial (e.g., 10-f0ld) levels of tolerance, often to a dosage that would be lethal to a nonuser. Alcohol tolerance can also be pronounced, but is usually less extreme than for amphetamine. Many individuals who smoke cigarettes consume more than 20 cigarettes a day, an amount that would have produced symptoms of toxicity when they first started smoking. Individuals with heavy use of cannabis or phencyclidine (PCP) are generally not aware of having developed tolerance (although it has been demonstrated in animal studies and in some individuals). Tolerance may be difficult to determine by history alone when the substance used is illegal and perhaps mixed with various diluents or with other substances. In such situations, laboratory tests may be helpful (e.g., high blood levels of the substance coupled with little evidence of intoxication suggest that tolerance is likely). Tolerance must also be distinguished from individual variability in the initial sensitivity to the effects of particular substances. For example, some first-time drinkers show very little evidence of intoxication with three or four drink, whereas others of similar weight and drinking histories had slurred speech and incoordination. Withdrawal (Criterion 2a) is a maladaptive behavioral change, with physiological and cognitive concomitants, that occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance. After developing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, the persons is likely to take the substance to relieve or to avoid those symptoms (Criterion 2b), typically using the substance throughout the day beginning soon after awakening. Withdrawal symptoms, which are generally the opposite of the acute effects of the substance, vary greatly across the calluses of substances, and separate criteria sets for Withdrawal are provided for most of the classes. Marked and generally easily measured physiological signs of withdrawal are common with alcohol, opioids, and sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. Withdrawal signs and symptoms are often present, but may be less apparent, with stimulants such as amphetamines and cocaine, as well as with nicotine and cannabis. No significant withdrawal is seen even after repeated use of hallucinogens. Withdrawal from phencyclidine and related substances has not yet been described in humans (although it has been demonstrated in animals). Neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of Substance Dependence. However, for most classes of substances, a past history of tolerance or withdrawals is associated with a more severe clinical course (i.e., an earlier onset of Dependence, higher levels of substance intake, and a greater number of substance-related problems). Some individuals (e.g., those with Cannabis Dependence) show a pattern of compulsive use without obvious signs of tolerance or withdrawal. Conversely, some general medical and postsurgical patients without Opioid Dependence may develop a tolerance to prescribed opioids and experience withdrawal symptoms without showing any signs of compulsive use. The specifiers With Physiological Dependence and Without Physiological Dependence are provided to indicate the presence or absence of tolerance or withdrawal. The following items describe the pattern of compulsive substance use that is characteristic of Dependence. The individual may take the substance in larger amounts or over a longer period than was originally intended (e.g., continuing to drink until severely intoxicated despite having set a limit of only one drink) (Criterion 3). The individual may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use. Often, there have been many unsuccessful efforts to decrease or discontinue use (Criterion 4). The individual may spend a great deal of time obtaining the substance, using the substance, or recovering from its effects (Criterion 5). In some instances of Substance Dependence, virtually all of the person’s daily activities revolve around the substance. Important social, occupational, ore recreational activities may be given up or reduced because of substance use (Criterion 6). The individual may withdraw from family activities and hobbies in order to use the substance in private or to spend more time with substance-using friends. Despite recognizing the contributing role of the substance to a psychological or physical problem (e.g., sever depressive symptoms or damage to organ systems), the person continues to use the substance (Criterion 7). The key issue in evaluating this criterion is not eh existence of the problem, but rather the individual’s failure to abstain from using the substance despite having evidence of the difficulty it is causing.
Specifiers Tolerance and withdrawal may be associated with a higher risk for immediate general medical problems and a higher relapse rate. Specifiers are provided to note their presence or absence: With Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when Substance Dependence is accompanied by evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). Without Physiological Dependence. This specifier should be used when there is no evidence of tolerance (Criterion 1) or withdrawal (Criterion 2). In these individuals, Substance Dependence is characterized by a pattern of compulsive use (at least three items from Criteria 3-7).”
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. P. 193-195.
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PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com __________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
________________ Major Depressive Disorder “Diagnostic Features The essential feature of Major Depressive Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes (Criteria A and C). Episodes of Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition do not count toward a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. In addition, the episodes must not be better accounted for by Schizoaffective Disorder and are not superimposed on Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Delusional Disorder, or Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (Criterion B). The fourth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates whether it is a Single Episode (used only for first episodes) or Recurrent. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a single episode with waxing and waning symptoms and two separate episodes. For purposes of this manual, an episode is considered to have ended when the full criteria for eh Major Depressive Episode have not been met for at least 2 consecutive months. During this 2-month period, there is either complete resolution of symptoms or the presence of depressive symptoms that no longer meet the full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (In Partial Remission). The fifth digit in the diagnostic code for Major Depressive Disorder indicates the current state of the disturbance. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Disorder are met, the severity of the episode is notes as Mild, Moderate, Severe Without Psychotic Features, or Severe With Psychotic Features. If the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode are not currently met, the fifth digit is used to indicate whether the disorder is In Partial Remission or In Full Remission. If Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic Episodes develop in the course of Major Depressive Disorder, the diagnosis is changed to a Bipolar Disorder. However, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of antidepressant treatment, use of other medications, substance use, or toxin exposure, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an addition diagnosis of Substance-induced Mood Disorder, With Manic features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted. Similarly, if manic or hypomanic symptoms occur as a direct effect of a general medical condition, the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder remains appropriate and an additional diagnosis of Mood Disorder Due to a General Medical Condition, With Manic Features (or With Mixed Features), should be noted.” p. 369 “Course Major Depressive Disorder may begin at any age, with an average age at onset in the mid-20s. Epidemiological data suggest that the age at onset is decreasing for those born more recently. The course of Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, is variable. Some people have isolated episodes that are separated by many years without any depressive symptoms, whereas others have clusters of episodes, and still others have increasingly frequent episodes as they grow older. Some evidence suggests that the periods of remission generally last longer early in the course of the disorder. The number of prior episodes predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent Major Depressive Episode. At least 60% of individuals with Major Depresssive Disorder, Single Episode, can be expected to have a second episode. Individuals who have had tow episodes have a 70% chance of having a third, and individuals who have had three episodes have a 90% chance of having a fourth. About 5%-10% of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode, subsequently develop a Manic Episode (i.e., develop Bipolar I Disorder). Major Depressive Episodes may end completely (in about two-thirds of cases), or only partially or not at all (in about one-third of cases). For individuals who have only partial remission, there is a greater likelihood of developing additional episodes and of continuing the pattern of partial interepisode recovery. The longitudinal course specifiers With Full Interepisode Recovery and Without Full Interepisode Recovery may therefore have prognostic value. A number of individuals have pre-existing Dysthymic Disorder prior to the onset of Major Depressive Disorder, single Episode. Some evidence suggests that these individuals are more likely to have additional Major Depressive Episodes, have poorer interepisode recovery, and may require additional acute-phase treatment and a longer period of continuing treatment to attain and maintain a more thorough and longer-lasting euthymic state. Follow-up naturalistic studies suggested that 1 year after the diagnosis of a major Depressive Episode, 40% of individuals still have symptoms that are sufficiently severe to meet criteria for a full Major Depressive Episode, roughly 20% continue to have some symptoms that no longer meet full criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (i.e., major Depressive Disorder, In Partial Remission), and 40% have no Mood Disorder. The severity of the initial Major Depressive Episode appears to predict persistence. Chronic general medical conditions are also a risk factor for more persistent episodes. Episodes of Major Depressive Disorder often follow a severe psychosocial stressor, such as the death of a loved one or divorce. Studies suggest that psychosocial events 9stressors) may play a more significant role in the precipitation of the first or second episodes of Major Depressive Disorder and may play less of a role in the onset of subsequent episodes. Chronic general medical conditions and Substance Dependence (particularly Alcohol or Cocaine Dependence) may contribute to the onset or exacerbation of Major Depressive Disorder. It is difficult to predict whether the first episode of a Major Depressive Disorder in a young person will ultimately evolve into a Bipolar Disorder. Some data suggest that the acute onset of severe depression, especially with psychotic features and psychomotor retardation, in a young person without prepubertal psychopathology is more likely to predict a bipolar disorder. A family history of Bipolar Disorder may also be suggestive of subsequent development of Bipolar Disorder.” p. 372-373 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ________________ DID-PTSD-EMDR Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) "The essential feature of Dissociative identity Disorder is the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states (Criterion A) that recurrently take control of behavior (Criterion B). There is an inability to recall important personal information, the extent of which is too great to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness (Criterion C). The disturbance is not due tot eh direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition (Condition D.). In children, the symptoms cannot be attributed to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Dissociative Identity Disorder reflects a failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness. Each personality state may be experienced as if it has a distinct personal history, self-image, and identity, including a separate name. Usually there is a primary identity that carries the individual's given name and is passive, dependent, guilty, and depressed. The alternate identities frequently have different names and characteristics that contrast with the primary identity (e.g., are hostile, controlling, and self-destructive). Particular identities may emerge in specific circumstances and may differ in reported age and gender, vocabulary, general knowledge, or predominant affect. Alternate identities are experienced as taking control in sequence, ore at the expense of the other, and may deny knowledge of one another, be critical of one another, or appear to be in open conflict. Occasionally, one or more powerful identities allocate time to the others. Aggressive or hostile identities may at times interrupt activities or place the others in uncomfortable situations. Individuals with this disorder experience frequent gaps in memory for personal history, both remote and recent. The amnesia is frequently asymmetrical. The more passive identities tend to have more constricted memories, whereas the more hostile, controlling, or "protector" identities have more complete memories. An identity that is not in control may nonetheless gain access to consciousness by producing auditory or visual hallucinations (e.g., a voice giving instructions). Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from others who have witnessed behavior that is disavowed by the individual or by the individual's own discoveries (e.g., finding items of clothing at home that the individual cannot remember having bought). There may be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time, but also an overall loss of biographical memory for some extended period of childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Transitions among identities are often triggered by psychosocial stress. The time required to switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds, but, less frequently, may b gradual. Behavior that may be frequently associated with identity switches include rapid blinking, facial changes, changes in voice or demeanor, or disruption in the individual's train of thoughts. The number of identities reported ranges from 2 to more than 100. Half of reported cases include the individuals with 10 or fewer identities." Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2000. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. PTSD, DID, and EMDR Posttraumatic Stress Disorder "The essential feature of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder us the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury experienced by a family member or other close associate (Criteria A1). The person's response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior) (Criterion A2). The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent reexperiencing of the traumatic event (Criterion E), and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion F). Traumatic events that are experienced directly include, but are not limited to, military combat, violent personal assault (sexual assault, physical attack, robbery, mugging), being kidnapped, being taken hostage, terrorist attack, torture, incarceration as a prisoner of war or in a concentration camp, natural or manmade disasters, severe automobile accidents, or being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. For children, sexually traumatic events may include developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences without threatened or actual violence or injury. Witnessed events include, but are not limited to, observing the serious injury or unnatural death of another person due to violent assault, accident, war, or disaster or unexpectedly witnessing a dead body or body parts. Events experienced by others that are learned about include, but are not limited to, violent personal assault, serious accident, or serious injury experienced y a family member or a close friend; learning about the sudden, unexpected death of a family member or a close friend; or learning that one's child has a life threatening disease. The disorder may be especially sever or long lasting when the stressor is of human design (e.g., torture, rape). the likelihood of developing this disorder may increase as the intensity of and physical proximity to the stressor increase. The traumatic event can be reexperienced in various ways. Commonly the person has recurrent and intrusive recollections of the event (Criterion B1) or recurrent distressing dreams during which the event can be replayed or otherwise represented (Criterion B2). In rare instances, the person experiences dissociative states that last from a few seconds to several hours, or even days, during which components of the event are relived and the person behaves as though experiencing the event at that moment (Criterion B3). These episodes, often referred to as "flashbacks," are typically brief but can be associated with prolonged distress and heightened arousal. Intense psychological distress (Criterion B4) or physiological reactivity (Criterion B5) often occurs when the person is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event (e.g., anniversaries of the traumatic event; cold, snowy weather or uniformed guards for survivors of death camps in cold climates; hot, humid weather for combat veterans of the South Pacific; entering any elevator for an woman who was reaped in an elevator). Stimuli associated with the trauma are persistently avoided. The person commonly makes deliberate efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic event (Criterion C1) and to avoid activities, situations, or people who around recollections of it (Criterion C2). This avoidance of reminders may include amnesia for an important aspect of the traumatic event (Criterion C3). Diminished responsiveness to the external work, referred to as "psychic numbing" or "emotional anesthesia," usually begins soon after the traumatic event. The individual may complain of having markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities (Criterion C4), of feeling detached or estranged from other people (Criterion C5), or of having markedly reduced ability to feel emotions (especially those associated with intimacy, tenderness and sexuality) (Criterion C6). The individual may have a sense of a foreshortened future (e.g., not expecting to have a career, marriage, children, or a normal life span) (Criterion C7). The individual has persistent symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal that were not present before the trauma. these symptoms may include difficulty falling or staying asleep that may be to recurrent nightmares during which the traumatic event is relived (Criterion D1), hypervigilance (Criterion D4), and exaggerated startle response (Criterion D5). Some individuals report irritability or outburst of anger (Criterion D2) or difficulty concentrating or completing tasks (Criterion D3)."
EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing "Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)1 integrates elements of many effective psychotherapies in structured protocols that are designed to maximize treatment effects. These include psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, interpersonal, experiential, and body-centered therapies2. EMDR is an information processing therapy and uses an eight phase approach. During EMDR1 the client attends to past and present experiences in brief sequential doses while simultaneously focusing on an external stimulus. Then the client is instructed to let new material become the focus of the next set of dual attention. This sequence of dual attention and personal association is repeated many times in the session. Eight Phases of Treatment The first phase is a history taking session during which the therapist assesses the client's readiness for EMDR and develops a treatment plan. Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing. These include recent distressing events, current situations that elicit emotional disturbance, related historical incidents, and the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations. During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has adequate methods of handling emotional distress and good coping skills, and that the client is in a relatively stable state. If further stabilization is required, or if additional skills are needed, therapy focuses on providing these. The client is then able to use stress reducing techniques whenever necessary, during or between sessions. However, one goal is not to need these techniques once therapy is complete. In phase three through six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR procedures. These involve the client identifying the most vivid visual image related to the memory (if available), a negative belief about self, related emotions and body sensations. The client also identifies a preferred positive belief. The validity of the positive belief is rated, as is the intensity of the negative emotions. After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously moving his/her eyes back and forth following the therapist's fingers as they move across his/her field of vision for 20-30 seconds or more, depending upon the need of the client. Athough eye movements are the most commonly used external stimulus, therapists often use auditory tones, tapping, or other types of tactile stimulation. The kind of dual attention and the length of each set is customized to the need of the client. The client is instructed to just notice whatever happens. After this, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind. Depending upon the client's report the clinician will facilitate the next focus of attention. In most cases a client-directed association process is encouraged. This is repeated numerous times throughout the session. If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty with the process, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client resume processing. When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, the clinician asks him/her to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session, or a better one if it has emerged, and to focus on the incident, while simultaneously engaging in the eye movements. After several sets, clients generally report increased confidence in this positive belief. The therapist checks with the client regarding body sensations. If there are negative sensations, these are processed as above. If there are positive sensations, they are further enhanced. In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a journal during the week to document any related material that may arise and reminds the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two. The next session begins with phase eight, re-evaluation of the previous work, and of progress since the previous session. EMDR treatment ensures processing of all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future scenarios that will require different responses. The overall goal is produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client within a balanced system. After EMDR processing, clients generally report that the emotional distress related to the memory has been eliminated, or greatly decreased, and that they have gained important cognitive insights. Importantly, these emotional and cognitive changes usually result in spontaneous behavioral and personal change, which are further enhanced with standard EMDR procedures." www.emdr.com
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NeuroBiology of Trauma
Affect Regulation and Attachment I
Record #1. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (101 of 144)
Title: Stages of decompensation in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A new conceptual model. Author(s)/Editor(s): Wang, Sheila Wilson, John P. Mason, John W. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science; Vol 31(3) Jul-Sep 1996, US: Transaction Periodicals Consortium; 1996, 237-253 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: This conceptual article presents a model of severe, chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on several years of longitudinal clinical observations of Vietnam veterans. The model describes a repeating cycle of decompensation that profoundly disrupts the veteran's life. There appear to be "stages" of decompensation that can be described clinically and may be distinct physiologically. The stages describe a wide range of functioning, from adaptive to totally dysfunctional. PTSD core symptoms, as well as several other dimensions of clinical functioning, such as affect regulation, defenses, ego states, interactions with the environment, capacity for self-destruction/suicide and capacity for attachment and insight are described for each stage. Clinical and research implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Combat Experience Models Posttraumatic Stress Disorder War Military Veterans Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders--3215 Military Psychology--3800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 model of severe & chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, Vietnam veterans ISSN: 1053-881X Vendor Numbers: 1997-07948-006 ======================================== Record #2. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (102 of 144)
Title: Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brennan, Kelly A. Shaver, Phillip R. Paper Number: 19950801 Source/Citation: Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin; Vol 21(3) Mar 1995, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; 1995, 267-283 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explored attachment-style differences in affect-regulation strategies; investigated attachment-related couple dynamics, such as partner-matching and satisfaction, in a sample of dating couples; and validated a multi-item measure of attachment developed by K. A. Brennan et al (1989) and compared it with another measure developed by C. Hazan and P. R. Shaver (1990). Brief categorical and rating measures of attachment style, 7 multi-item attachment scales, and 3 affect-regulation measures were administered to 242 students (15-47 yrs old). Results indicate substantial associations between attachment dimensions and relationship satisfaction, nonintimate sexuality, eating disorders, and motives for drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Couples Emotional Control Satisfaction Social Dating Alcohol Drinking Patterns Eating Disorders Psychosexual Behavior Group & Interpersonal Processes--3020 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment style, affect regulation strategies & partner matching & relationship satisfaction, 15-47 yr old dating couples, implications for sexual behavior & alcohol use & eating disorders Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0146-1672 Vendor Numbers: 1995-29056-001 ======================================== Record #3. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (103 of 144)
Title: Separation anxiety and adjustment to college: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lease, Cynthia Ann Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 56(2-B) Aug 1995, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1995, 1112 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: The relationships between working models of attachment and adjustment to college among first-year college students was examined in a longitudinal study. The results of this study indicated that when college students were classified as secure, dismissing, or preoccupied by the Adult Attachment Interview, significant differences emerged in their experience of separation anxiety, self-perceived competence, perceptions of relationships, and attachment-related behaviors. Over half of the secure group reported clinical levels of separation anxiety at the beginning of the academic year, however, they showed a significant decline in symptomatology over time indicating adaptive resolution of the distress associated with the developmental task of emancipating from home. All but one member of the preoccupied group had clinical levels of separation anxiety at the beginning of the year, and although they reported some decline in symptomatology over time, decrease in the number of symptoms did not reach statistical significance. The preoccupied group reported having the most people upon whom they could rely for support, and they went home more often than the other two groups. However, they were the least satisfied with the support they received. As predicted, separation anxiety was not prevalent in the dismissing group at any point in time. This group also reported the least number of people upon whom they could rely for support, but they perceived themselves as more socially competent than the secure or preoccupied groups. Finally, the dismissing group showed a significant increase in utilization of university health services across time. These findings lend support to the idea that working models of attachment are associated with differing approaches to affect regulation in situational and developmental contexts that elicit distress. Overall, the results of the present study provide evidence that attachment is associated with social-emotional adjustment during the course of the (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Competence Longitudinal Studies School Adjustment Separation Anxiety Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 separation anxiety & self-perceived competence & attachment behavior & school adjustment, 1st-year college students Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 1995-95015-269 ======================================== Record #4. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (104 of 144)
Title: The relationship between attachment classification and emotion regulation in the strange situation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Voran, Miriam Judith Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 56(5-B) Nov 1995, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1995, 2907 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: Attachment and emotion regulation are overlapping constructs. Attachment classifications are considered to vary by the child's emotion regulation strategies used to maintain proximity and 'felt security' in relation to the attachment figure. The present study tests hypotheses implicit in attachment theory about emotion regulation strategies in the Strange Situation. Two related constructs, emotion expression and emotion regulation strategies, were coded in a sample of 80 12-month-old infant Strange Situations with equal numbers of four attachment groups (avoidant, resistant, secure B1/B2, and secure B3/B4). These constructs were coded from the initial episode and four episodes of stranger entry and maternal separation. To increase the independence of these emotion measures from attachment classification, reunions were not coded. As expected, negative affect, and two regulatory strategies (self-contained and mother-directed) increased as episodes became more stressful. B3/B4s and Cs showed more negative emotion, more mother-directed, and fewer environment-directed strategies than As and B1/B2s. In most cases, the secure subgroup (B1/B2 or B3/B4) could not be distinguished from the adjacent insecure group. Attachment differences in emotionality and regulatory strategies became most pronounced in episode 6 (child alone). Results are interpreted as consistent with attachment theory, but also highlighting the orthogonal nature of emotionality to attachment. The methodological difficulties in studying emotion regulation and the usefulness of analyzing these data from a more ethological perspective are also discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Emotional Responses Emotionality (Personality) Infant Development Developmental Psychology--2800 Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Neonatal (birth-1 mo) 120 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 attachment behavior & emotion expression & regulation in strange situation, 12 mo olds Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 1995-95021-292 ======================================== Record #5. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (105 of 144)
Title: Maternal scaffolding and the development of self-regulatory processes: A longitudinal study. Author(s)/Editor(s): Asmussen, Kirsten Adele Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 56(6-B) Dec 1995, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1995, 3472 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation is part of an ongoing longitudinal study examining the way in which maternal and child variables contribute to the development of self-regulation. The population consists of mothers and their preschool children who come from a primarily Caucasian, urban, upper middle class background and the majority of the mothers are married. In this study, three separate assessments were conducted. The first assessment took place when the child was between 12 and 24 months, measuring the security of the child's attachment (n = 188), as well as the mother's sensitivity and unresponsiveness (n = 162). The second assessment took place when the children were between 27 and 36 months while they worked on a difficult problem with their mothers. At this time, the self-regulatory skills (positive affect, motivation and compliance) of the children (n = 200), as well as the emotional and instructional scaffolding skills of the mother (n = 204) were independently coded. After this, a third assessment took place considering the delay skills of the children during the fifth year (n = 100, the sample size being smaller because of the two year time lag in collecting the data). This dissertation focuses on the ways in which maternal scaffolding skills contribute to the development of the child's self-regulation. I reasoned that while child's security of attachment may be related to the development of the motivational and delay skills measured during the third and fifth years, this relationship will be strengthened by the instructional and mastery oriented scaffolding support the mother provides during the third year. The results of this study indicate that maternal scaffolding skills are significantly related to child persistence, compliance and positive affect during the third year. Furthermore, maternal scaffolding predicts all three of the child self-regulatory skills over and above anything predicted by child attachment and maternal sensitivity and unresponsiveness. In (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Early Childhood Development Mother Child Relations Self Determination Sensitivity (Personality) Compliance Emotions Mothers Motivation Parental Characteristics Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) 160 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 child attachment & maternal sensitivity & unresponsiveness, development of self regulatory processes, mothers & preschoolers, 5 yr study Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 1995-95023-084 ======================================== Record #6. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (106 of 144)
Title: Treating attachment abuse: A compassionate approach. Author(s)/Editor(s): Stosny, Steven Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co, Inc; 1995, (xiv, 290) Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120 Abstract/Review/Citation: Attachment abuse can involve both physical and emotional violence between people in close relationships, which includes couples, parents and their children, and adult children and their aging parents, among others. Attachment abusers blame their victims for their own feelings of shame, inadequacy, or inability to love. /// Dr. Stosny's innovative and integrative approach to the treatment of attachment abuse emphasizes the importance of compassion for both the abused and the abuser. This hands-on manual provides a series of treatment modules designed to teach the perpetrators and the victims how to cope with their feelings and to end attachment abuse. This volume will be of interest to psychotherapists, group therapists, social workers, and counselors working with abusive clients and their victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Abuse Treatment Perpetrators Victimization Health & Mental Health Treatment & Prevention--3300 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Introduction Part I: The role of attachment in abuse Beginnings: Self-building, abuse, and treatment The experience of attachment Attachment abuse: Why we hurt the ones we love Pathways to abuse: Deficits in attachment skills and affect regulation A new response for clinicians in the prevention of emotional abuse and violence Compassion and therapeutic morality Part II: Treating attachment abuse The Compassion Workshop, module one: Healing The Compassion Workshop, module two: Dramatic compassion The Compassion Workshop, module three: Self-empowerment; module four: Empowerment of loved ones The Compassion Workshop, module five: Negotiating attachment relationships; module six: Moving toward the future Epilogue References Appendix A. Pilot evaluation of the Compassion Workshop Appendix B. The Attachment Compassion Scale Index Compassion Workshop treatment modules, victims & perpetrators of attachment abuse, manual Handbook/Manual/Guide 6000 ISBN: 0-8261-8960-1 Vendor Numbers: 1995-98663-000 ======================================== Record #7. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (107 of 144)
Title: An expansion of motivational theory: Lichtenberg's motivational systems model. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fosshage, James L. Paper Number: 19960601 Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Inquiry; Vol 15(4) 1995, US: Analytic Press; 1995, 421-436 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Contends that J. Lichtenberg (1989) has provided the most complex and comprehensive motivational theory extant in psychology today. Lichtenberg proposed 5 motivational systems: the need for physiological regulation, for attachment and affiliation, for assertion and exploration, aversive reaction, and for sensual and sexual pleasure. Each of these emerges in, is shaped by, and becomes established through life experience within a relational context. Priorities shift depending on changing intensities of needs and external input. All systems aim to develop and maintain a vitalized cohesive sense of self. The functional success or failures of the motivational systems affect the sense of self. The analyst, recognizing the need for regulation of any of these systems, can shape interpretive interventions to aid the analysand in taking the steps toward regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Motivation Psychoanalysis Self Psychology Psychoanalytic Therapy--3315 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 J. Lichtenberg's self psychological theory of 5 motivational systems, psychoanalytic implications ISSN: 0735-1690 Vendor Numbers: 1996-17949-001 ======================================== Record #8. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (108 of 144)
Title: Contemporary attachment theory: An introduction with implications for counseling psychology. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lopez, Frederick G. Paper Number: 19960201 Source/Citation: Counseling Psychologist; Vol 23(3) Jul 1995, US: Sage Publications Inc; 1995, 395-415 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Attachment theory is principally concerned with the role that enduring affectional bonds, or attachments, play in shaping the life course. The theory assumes that the developing infant's early attachment-related experiences are in time represented cognitively in the form of internal working models of self and other. Patterns of attachment are exemplified by the secure infant, anxious-ambivalent infant, and avoiding infant. Contemporary extensions of attachment theory to adulthood are reflected in measures of adult attachment styles and a 4-group taxonomy of adult attachment. Findings linking adult attachment styles and working models to variations in affect regulation and interpersonal behavior underscore the theory's integrative potential for guiding practice in counseling psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Counseling Psychology Adult Development Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 attachment theory & extension to adulthood, implications for counseling psychology ISSN: 0011-0000 Vendor Numbers: 1996-91453-001 ======================================== Record #9. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (109 of 144)
Title: Attachment style and perceived social support: Effects on affect regulation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Priel, Beatriz Shamai, Dalit Paper Number: 19960101 Source/Citation: Personality & Individual Differences; Vol 19(2) Aug 1995, England: Elsevier Science Ltd.; 1995, 235-241 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explored the contribution of attachment styles and perceived social support (SCS) to levels of anxiety and depression in 328 psychology students, 59% of whom rated themselves as securely attached, 31% as avoidant, and 10% as ambivalent. Securely attached Ss were significantly less anxious and depressed, perceived more SCS in their environment, and were more satisfied with it. SCS scores were significantly related to anxiety and depression levels and were affected by attachment styles. The exploration of the relative contributions of attachment classification and perceived SCS to the explanation of affect regulation suggests that subjective satisfaction with SCS contributes to the prediction of felt distress beyond attachment styles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Anxiety Attachment Behavior Depression (Emotion) Social Support Networks Personality Traits & Processes--3120 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 attachment style & perceived social support, anxiety & depression regulation, college students Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0191-8869 Vendor Numbers: 1996-92355-001 ======================================== Record #10. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (110 of 144)
Title: Adult attachment and emotional control. Author(s)/Editor(s): Feeney, Judith A. Paper Number: 19980301 Source/Citation: Personal Relationships; Vol 2(2) Jun 1995, US: Cambridge University Press; 1995, 143-159 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explored the connection between attachment style and affect regulation in the context of long-term dating relationships. 72 couples completed questionnaire measures of attachment (using a 4-group forced-choice item, together with scales tapping Comfort with closeness, and Anxiety over relationships) and emotional control (in which Ss rated own and partner's control of anger, sadness, and anxiety, and the extent to which partners wanted them to control these emotions). Couples in which both partners endorsed insecure attachment styles (using the forced-choice measure) reported greater emotional control than did couples with two secure partners. Data from the attachment scales also supported the link between insecure attachment and emotional control: Comfort with closeness was negatively related both to one's own emotional control and to perceptions that partners wanted Ss to control their sadness; Anxiety over relationships was associated with perceptions that partners controlled sadness and wanted subjects to control their anger and sadness. The Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (Revised) is appended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Social Dating Group & Interpersonal Processes--3020 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 Thirties (30-39 yrs) 340 attachment style & affect regulation, 17-37 yr old couples in long-term dating relationships Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 1350-4126 Vendor Numbers: 1997-43645-004 ======================================== Record #11. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (111 of 144)
Title: Attachment style in married couples: Relation to current marital functioning, stability over time, and method of assessment. Author(s)/Editor(s): Fuller, Tamara L. Fincham, Frank D. Paper Number: 19980301 Source/Citation: Personal Relationships; Vol 2(1) Mar 1995, US: Cambridge University Press; 1995, 17-34 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined several aspects of attachment in marriage, including the association among attachment style, mental models of the spouse, satisfaction, affect regulation within the marriage, the stability of attachment style, and its operationalization. 53 married couples (all Ss aged 19-57 yrs) completed initial assessments, and 44 participated in a 24-mo follow-up. Attachment style was related to positive and negative affect immediately preceding a potentially stressful event and to the mental model of the spouse. Approximately 35% of the Ss changed their attachment style rating over a 2-yr period; later attachment style was related to changes in mental models of the spouse. Categorical and dimensional measures of attachment style did not yield equivalent results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Marital Relations Measurement Methodology Spouses Followup Studies Marriage & Family--2950 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 relation of attachment style to current marital functioning & stability over time & method of assessment, 19-57 yr old married couples, 2 yr followup Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 1350-4126 Vendor Numbers: 1997-43646-002 ======================================== Record #12. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (112 of 144)
Title: Attachment security, affect regulation, and defensive responses to mood induction. Author(s)/Editor(s): Lay, Keng-Ling Waters, Everett Posada, German Ridgeway, Doreen Paper Number: 19970201 Source/Citation: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development; Vol 60(2-3) 1995, US: Univ. of Chicago Press; 1995, 179-196 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the relation between the attachment security and representational/defensive processes in childhood. 48 children (aged 4.2-4.9 yrs) were ranked on the basis of E. Waters's (1987) Attachment Q-Set security scores. 16 most secure and 16 least secure children (11 females and 5 males in each group) were selected. Ss viewed vignettes for positive and negative moods containing both "mother-involved" and "mother-not-involved" situations. A modified version of a nonverbal paired-comparison procedure assessed emotional response to each mood-induction vignette. Results show secure Ss were no more responsive to positive mood inductions, and no less responsive to negative mood inductions, than insecure Ss. Although secure and insecure Ss were equally likely to respond defensively to negative mood inductions, their responses to mother-agent and other-agent vignettes were different. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Responses Emotional Security Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) 160 attachment security & representational/defensive processes, 4.20-4.11 yr olds with attachment security vs insecurity Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0037-976X Vendor Numbers: 1997-90018-001 ======================================== Record #13. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (113 of 144)
Title: Attachment style and affect regulation: Relationships with health behavior and family experiences of illness in a student sample. Author(s)/Editor(s): Feeney, Judith A. Ryan, Susan M. Paper Number: 19941201 Source/Citation: Health Psychology; Vol 13(4) Jul 1994, US: American Psychological Assn; 1994, 334-345 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Questionnaire measures of attachment style and health behavior were completed by 287 university students on 2 occasions, 10 wks apart. At Time 1, Ss also provided reports of emotionality and early family experiences of illness. Reports of early family illness showed theoretically meaningful relationships with attachment style. Symptom reporting was predicted most strongly by anxious/ambivalent attachment and negative emotionality, with the link between anxious/ambivalent attachment and symptom reporting partially mediated by negative emotionality. Visits to health professionals at Time 2 were directly related to reports of chronic illness in the family but inversely related to paternal illness and avoidant attachment, controlling for symptom reporting. The results are discussed in terms of theories of attachment and affect regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Early Experience Emotional Development Health Behavior Prediction Family Relations Health Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 early experience of familial illness & perceived parental response influence on attachment style, predictions of health behavior, 17-50 yr olds with ambivalent vs positive vs negative emotionality Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0278-6133 Vendor Numbers: 1994-44746-001 ======================================== Record #14. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (114 of 144)
Title: Affect and attachment in the family: A family-based treatment of major psychiatric disorder. Author(s)/Editor(s): Doane, Jeri A. Diamond, Diana Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Basic Books, Inc; 1994, (xiii, 224) Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120 Abstract/Review/Citation: Based on empirical findings from the Yale Psychiatric Institute Family Study, a longitudinal research project, the book describes a family typology . . . that reflects intergenerational patterns of attachment bonds and styles of expressing affect in the family. In order to work effectively with families who have a member with a major psychiatric disorder, it is crucial to understand how the history of each family member's attachments and primary relationships becomes reprojected and reenacted in the next generation. /// [Using] clinical case studies, the authors detail a family therapy model in which attachment dysfunction is addressed as the first critical step in treatment. . . . The authors' approach is aimed not only at relapse prevention but at improving the quality of relating among family members beyond periods of acute stress. Although the research study focused on severely disturbed patients, this treatment approach can be helpful for clinicians treating a wide range of family dysfunction. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Family Therapy Mental Disorders Emotionality (Personality) Longitudinal Studies Transgenerational Patterns Group & Family Therapy--3313 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Acknowledgments Introduction: Attachment and family emotional climate--An epigenetic approach to studying the family A review of previous studies on expressed emotion, affective style, and attachment The Yale Psychiatric Institute Family Study: Research design and methods The Yale Psychiatric Institute Family Study: Research findings Family typology Treatment of the disconnected family Treatment of the high-intensity family: A model of teaching affect regulation Treatment of the low-intensity family Intergenerational interviewing and parent-child rapprochement: General principles References Index family therapy & intergenerational attachment bonds & expression of affect, families with one member with psychiatric disorder, longitudinal study Empirical Study 0800 ISBN: 0-465-00536-5 Vendor Numbers: 1994-97576-000 ======================================== Record #15. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (115 of 144)
Title: Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schore, Allan N. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc; 1994, (xxxiv, 670) Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120 Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this book is to integrate two rapidly converging streams of developmental research: psychological studies of the critical interactive experiences that influence the development of socioemotional functions and neurobiological studies of the ontogeny of postnatally maturing brain structures that come to regulate these same functions. /// This volume addresses the fundamental problems of how and why early events permanently affect the development of the self. Drawing upon current findings in infant research and neurobiology, a central hypothesis is proposed--that the infant's affective interactions with the early human social environment directly and indelibly influence the postnatal maturation of brain structures that will regulate all future socioemotional functioning. This principle of the experience-dependent development of self-regulatory structures and functions is supported by multidisciplinary evidence from a spectrum of developmental sciences. /// The studies cited in this work are used as a multidisciplinary source pool of experimental data, theoretical concepts, and clinical observations that form the base and scaffolding of an overarching heuristic model of socioemotional development that is grounded in contemporary neuroscience. . . . My intention in writing this volume is to demonstrate that a deeper understanding of affect regulation and dysregulation can offer penetrating insights into a number of affect-driven phenomena--from the motive force that underlies human attachment to the proximal causes of psychiatric disturbances and psychosomatic disorders, and indeed to the origin of the self. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotional Development Neurobiology Personality Development Developmental Psychology--2800 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 (Abbreviated) List of illustrations Foreword [by] James S. Grotstein Preface Acknowledgments Part I: Background and overview General principles of growth of the developing brain Recent advances in the multidisciplinary study of emotional development Structure-function relationships of orbitofrontal cortex Overview Part II: Early infancy Visual experiences and socioemotional development The practicing period The psychobiology of affective reunions Early imprinting Imprinting neuroendocrinology Socioaffective influences on orbitofrontal morphological development The emotionally expressive face The neurochemical circuitry of imprinted interactive representations The regulatory function of early internal working models Part III: Late infancy The onset of socialization procedures and the emergence of shame Late orbitofrontal development Orbitofrontal versus dorsolateral prefrontal ontogeny The dyadic origin of internal shame regulation Socialization and experience-dependent parcellation The origins of infantile sexuality and psychological gender The onset of dual component orbitofrontal mature structure and adaptive function Part IV: Applications to affect regulatory phenomena A psychoneurobiological model of the dual circuit processing of socioemotional information Cross-modal transfer and abstract representations The development of increasingly complex interactive representations Orbitofrontal influences on the autonomic nervous system The regulation of infantile rage reactions Affect regulation and early moral development The emergence of self-regulation Part V: Clinical issues The neurobiology of insecure attachments The clinical psychiatry of affect dysregulation The developmental psychopathology of personality disorders Vulnerability to psychosomatic disease Psychotherapy of developmental disorders Part VI: Integrations Right hemsipheric language and self-regulation The dialogical self and the emergence of consciousness Further directions of multidisciplinary study A proposed rapprochement between psychoanalysis and neurobiology References Subject index multidisciplinary approach to neurobiology of emotional development & regulation & role in origin of self, infants & children ISBN: 0-8058-1396-9 Vendor Numbers: 1994-97604-000 ======================================== Record #16. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (116 of 144)
Title: Disorders and dysfunctions of the self. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante Toth, Sheree L. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Rochester, NY, US: University of Rochester Press; 1994, (xix, 409) Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 5. Description/Edition Info.: Edited Book; 140 Abstract/Review/Citation: The papers in this volume illustrate advances that have been made in understanding the developmental mechanisms that contribute to anomalies and perturbations in the self systems of high risk and disordered populations. Their work demonstrates that the utilization of a developmental psychopathological approach can ensure that the renascence of the study of the self will continue to flourish. /// "Disorders and Dysfunctions of the Self" is an invaluable resource for the libraries of academics interested in theory and research on normal and abnormal self processes, clinicians who work with children and adults with self dysfunctions and disorders, and students in psychology, psychiatry, social work, and related fields. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Personality Development Psychopathology Self Concept At Risk Populations Psychological & Physical Disorders--3200 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 List of contributors Preface Intersubjectivity, joint attention, and autistic developmental pathology Peter Mundy and Anne Hogan Self-regulation in normal and atypical development Claire B. Kopp and Natalie Wyer The development of the will: A neuropsychological analysis of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome Simon Baron-Cohen, Mary M. Robertson and John Moriarty Peering into the black box? An exploratory treatise on the development of self in young children Patricia M. Crittenden Affective splitting and dissociation in normal and maltreated children: Developmental pathways for self in relationships Kurt W. Fisher and Catherine Ayoub The impact of sexual abuse on self structure Drew Westen Dissociation and disturbances of self Frank W. Putnam Attachment and meta-monitoring: Implications for adolescent autonomy and psychopathology Roger Kobak and Holland Cole Clinical-developmental psychology in developmental psychopathology: Theory and research of an emerging perspective Gil. G. Noam and Gayle Valiant The directionality of the link between self-esteem and affect: Beyond causal modeling Susan Harter and Donna B. Marold Adolescent suicide and the loss of personal continuity Michael Chandler Index of authors Index of subjects developmental mechanisms contributing to anomalies & perturbations in self systems, high risk & disordered populations Conference Proceedings/Symposia 0600 ISBN: 1-878822-31-4 ISSN: 1056-6511 Vendor Numbers: 1994-98941-000 ======================================== Record #17. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (117 of 144)
Title: Marital conflict and child adjustment: An emotional security hypothesis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Davies, Patrick T. Cummings, E. Mark Paper Number: 19950301 Source/Citation: Psychological Bulletin; Vol 116(3) Nov 1994, US: American Psychological Assn.; 1994, 387-411 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: An emotional security hypothesis that builds on attachment theory is proposed to account for recent empirical findings on the impact of marital conflict on children and to provide directions for future research. Children's concerns about emotional security play a role in their regulation of emotional arousal and organization and in their motivation to respond in the face of marital conflict. Over time these response processes and internalized representations of parental relations that develop have implications for children's long-term adjustment. Emotional security is seen as a product of past experiences with marital conflict and as a primary influence on future responding. The impact and interaction of other experiential histories within the family that affect children's emotional security are also examined, with a focus on parent-child relations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Adjustment Emotional Security Marital Conflict Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 marital conflict, adjustment, children, application of attachment theory & emotional security hypothesis ISSN: 0033-2909 Vendor Numbers: 1995-09065-001 ======================================== Record #18. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (118 of 144)
Title: Caring behavior in children of clinically depressed and well mothers. Author(s)/Editor(s): Radke-Yarrow, Marian Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn Richardson, Dorothy T. Susman, Amy Paper Number: 19950301 Source/Citation: Child Development; Vol 65(5) Oct 1994, US: Blackwell Publishers Inc; 1994, 1405-1414 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated 90 preschool-age children's (aged 24-48 mo) sensitivity and responsiveness to mothers' needs under conditions of high and low parenting risk (depressed and nondepressed mothers, respectively). Child characteristics of gender, affect, and impulse control problems and the mother-child attachment relationship were examined as they related to children's caring actions. Children's caring behavior was observed in an experimental situation in which their mothers simulated sadness and in a naturalistic setting. Girls were significantly more caring than boys. Severe maternal depression was necessary to bring out high levels of responding in boys. Highest frequencies of caring were from children with severely depressed mothers, problems of affect regulation, and secure attachment. The importance of recognizing interacting influences and diverse underlying processes in the development of children's caring behavior is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Mother Child Relations Sensitivity (Personality) Social Perception Attachment Behavior Major Depression Mothers Needs Affective Disorders--3211 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) 160 sex & affect & impulse control problems & attachment relationship, sensitivity & responses to mothers' needs, 24-48 mo old children of depressed vs nondepressed mothers Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0009-3920 Vendor Numbers: 1995-09672-001 ======================================== Record #19. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (119 of 144)
Title: Avoidant attachment as a risk factor for health. Author(s)/Editor(s): Kotler, Tamara Buzwell, Simone Romeo, Yolanda Bowland, Jocelyn Paper Number: 19950401 Source/Citation: British Journal of Medical Psychology; Vol 67(3) Sep 1994, England: British Psychological Society; 1994, 237-245 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes a style of coping with stress that has been observed in cancer patients and in highly dependent, insecurely attached individuals. This coping style includes the suppression of negative emotions and avoidance of support seeking. It is suggested that this pattern of responses is potentially dysfunctional as it tends to perpetuate distress and may increase vulnerability to a broad range of illnesses. These considerations provide the basis for a provisional conceptual model, which links avoidant attachment style to the regulation of negative affect and to symptoms of psychological and physical ill health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Coping Behavior Health Mental Health Stress Disorders Mental Disorders Psychological & Physical Disorders--3200 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 avoidant attachment stress coping style & physical & psychological health, 17-21 yr olds Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0007-1129 Vendor Numbers: 1995-13504-001 ======================================== Record #20. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (120 of 144)
Title: Utilizing parenting as a clinical focus in the treatment of dissociative disorders. Author(s)/Editor(s): Benjamin, Lynn R. Benjamin, Robert Paper Number: 19951101 Source/Citation: Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders; Vol 7(4) Dec 1994, US: Ridgeview Inst; 1994, 239-245 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Parenting is a potent resource in both the individual and family treatment of dissociative disorders. A focus on parenting subtly shifts the client's attention to childhood experiences and the parenting that he or she experienced. The therapist's empathy and crediting of the client is echoed in the relationship between the dissociative parent and his or her child. The therapist promotes bonding and attachment, sensitizes the parent to the child's needs, and increases the parent's sense of self-efficacy. Through involving the parenting partner, the therapist promotes cooperation and reduces conflict. Therapy teaches affect regulation, decreases negative affect, and increases positive affect among family members. Utilization of extrafamilial support is also encouraged. A focus on parenting can stimulate progress in individual therapy and correct dysfunctional transgenerational patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Dissociative Patterns Family Therapy Individual Psychotherapy Parent Child Relations Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 parenting as clinical focus in individual & family treatment, clients with dissociative disorders ISSN: 0896-2863 Vendor Numbers: 1995-41216-001 ======================================== Record #21. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (121 of 144)
Title: The role of adult attachment in the experience and regulation of affect. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schaffer, Carrie Ellen Paper Number: 19960301 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering; Vol 54(7-B) 1994, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1994, 3891 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Subject Descriptors: Adult Development Alexithymia Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Defense Mechanisms Expectations Personality Traits & Processes--3120 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 adult attachment behavior, regulation of affect & alexithymia & expectancies & defensive processes, college students & adult psychotherapy outpatients Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 1996-70978-001 ======================================== Record #22. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (122 of 144)
Title: Affect in psychoanalysis: A clinical synthesis. Author(s)/Editor(s): Spezzano, Charles Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Hillsdale, US: Analytic Press, Inc; 1993, (xiv, 250) Relational perspectives book series, Vol. 2. Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120 Abstract/Review/Citation: In the first half of "Affect in Psychoanalysis," Spezzano, drawing on the writings of Freud, Fairbairn, Klein, Sullivan, and Winnicott, retells the story of psychoanalysis as the evolution of a theory of affects. /// Spezzano concludes that every affect reaching consciousness can be understood psychoanalytically as the most relevant possible assessment of the state of the self in its unconscious relational world. . . . Drawing on both classical and relational accounts of the unconscious mind, Spezzano synthesizes the major polarities of psychoanalysis--security/risk, sex/aggression, attachment/separation, self-creation/affiliation--into a clinically useful conceptualization of the unconscious as a shifting dialectic of affective states. /// Spezzano proceeds to a radical redefinition of the analytic process as the intersubjective elaboration and regulation of affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Emotions Psychoanalytic Theory Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Acknowledgments Preface I. Knowing and talking about affect The place of psychoanalysis in the conversation about human affective life How psychoanalysts talk about affects now II. The evolution of psychoanalytic thinking about affects Freud's alleged missing theory of affects revisited Affect and its regulation in post-Freudian theory III. The dialectics of affect Patients and their discontents: Who or what is responsible? Excitement, certainty, relational coordination, and competence IV. The technical implications of affect theory Affects, resistance, and character The struggle to imagine References Index presents a psychoanalytic theory of emotions ISBN: 0-88163-128-0 Vendor Numbers: 1993-97622-000 ======================================== Record #23. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (123 of 144)
Title: Nursing care of the self-mutilating patient. Author(s)/Editor(s): Pawlicki, Catherine M. Gaumer, Carol Paper Number: 19940101 Source/Citation: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic; Vol 57(3) Sum 1993, US: Menninger Foundation; 1993, 380-389 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Self-mutilative behavior (SMB) is common among patients with multiple personality and other dissociative disorders. Nursing staff members face particular challenges in managing these patients because 1 act of SMB can disrupt the entire inpatient milieu. The authors present an approach to nursing care that focuses on working with patients to understand and develop a specific plan to curtail the SMB. The nursing care focuses on (1) modulation of attachment in the nurse-patient relationship, (2) affect regulation, (3) interruption of arousal state, (4) contracting, (5) wound care, (6) distinguishing between suicide and SMB, and (7) milieu management. The essence of fostering the personality development of a self-mutilating patient requires the patient to realize that he/she is ultimately responsible for the behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Nursing Self Mutilation Hospitalized Patients Inpatient & Hospital Services--3379 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Inpatient 50 nursing care, self mutilating hospitalized patients ISSN: 0025-9284 Vendor Numbers: 1994-03193-001 ======================================== Record #24. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (124 of 144)
Title: Thoughts on the constructions of maternal representations. Author(s)/Editor(s): Schwartz, Adria E. Paper Number: 19940201 Source/Citation: Psychoanalytic Psychology: Special Issue: Women, psychoanalysis, and gender; Vol 10(3) Sum 1993, US: Educational Publishing Foundation; 1993, 331-344 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the deconstructive shift in the conception of mothers and mothering from a unitary category of women in a biological relationship with their offspring to a more fluid constellation of active maternal relations. The author suggests a new parenting subject that transcends gender, constructed through the work of intersubjective dyads. Two questions are addressed: (1) How might the representation of such maternal relationships and their internalization be envisioned? (2) How might a changing conception of internalized maternal representations affect psychoanalytic practice? With reference to J. Bowlby's (1980) concept of internal working models of attachment, and to more recent infant research, the concept of maternal functions (specifically, functions of security, regulation, and recognition) is introduced as central to the mothering relation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Mothers Psychoanalytic Theory Mother Child Relations Psychoanalytic Theory--3143 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 psychoanalytic perspective on constructions of maternal representations ISSN: 0736-9735 Vendor Numbers: 1994-05582-001 ======================================== Record #25. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (125 of 144)
Title: The infant's relationship experience: Developmental and affective aspects. Author(s)/Editor(s): Emde, Robert N. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Relationship disturbances in early childhood: A developmental approach., New York, NY, US: Basic Books, Inc; 1992, (x, 267), 33-51 Source editor(s): Sameroff, Arnold J. (Ed) Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160 Abstract/Review/Citation: early caregiving relationship in biological perspective /// functional aspects of the parent-child relationship / attachment and bonding / vigilance and protection / physiological regulation / play and learning/teaching / self-control and discipline /// biological preparedness for social interaction /// developmental transformations and affect / first-year shifts / second-year shifts /// role of affect in organizing experience /// implications for the child's future relationships (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Caregivers Parent Child Relations Social Interaction Attachment Behavior Childhood Play Behavior Recreation Self Control Vigilance Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 ISBN: 0-465-06897-9 Vendor Numbers: 1989-97651-002 ======================================== Record #26. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (126 of 144)
Title: Quality of attachment in the preschool years. Author(s)/Editor(s): Crittenden, Patricia M. Paper Number: 19930101 Source/Citation: Development & Psychopathology; Vol 4(2) 1992, US: Cambridge Univ; 1992, 209-241 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses differences in quality of attachment in preschool-aged children with emphasis on the development of the goal-corrected partnership. The notion of quality of attachment is expanded to include strategy, regulation of affect, negotiation, secure base behavior, and response to maternal behavior. The classificatory system is expanded by adding 2 defended patterns (compulsive caregiving and compulsive compliance) to the infant avoidant pattern. At the preschool age, the infant ambivalent pattern is identified as having a coercive strategy. Also, the disorganized infant category is reconceptualized in terms of complex organization, reorganization, and disorganization. Finally, the process of generating theories and hypotheses through a participant-observer methodology is considered from the perspective of developmental psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) 160 quality of attachment & goal corrected partnership, preschoolers ISSN: 0954-5794 Vendor Numbers: 1993-01051-001 ======================================== Record #27. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (127 of 144)
Title: Adult romantic attachment: Measurement, affect-regulation, and relationship functioning in dating couples. Author(s)/Editor(s): Brennan, Kelly A. Paper Number: 19930601 Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International; Vol 53(2-B) Aug 1992, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1992, 1097 Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350 Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Couples Rating Scales Test Reliability Test Validity Emotions Love Social Dating Tests & Testing--2220 Group & Interpersonal Processes--3020 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 validity & reliability of attachment scales, assessment of & affect regulation & relationship functioning during romantic attachment, dating couples Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0419-4217 Vendor Numbers: 1993-72307-001 ======================================== Record #28. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (128 of 144)
Title: Developmental perspectives on depression. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante Toth, Sheree L. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Rochester, NY, US: University of Rochester Press; 1992, (xix, 396) Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology, Vol. 4. Description/Edition Info.: Edited Book; 140 Abstract/Review/Citation: This volume is noteworthy in its focus on one of the most prevalent and devastating psychiatric disorders, depression. The contributors to this volume apply a developmental analysis to the etiology, course, and sequelae of depression across the lifespan. The effects of depression on multiple domains of functioning, including socio-emotional, social cognitive, and psycho-biological, are explored. In addition to the impact of the disorder on the depressed individual, its role on the developmental process in offspring of depressed parents and for families having a depressed member are examined and reviewed. /// In accord with the developmental psychopathology perspective, "Developmental Perspectives on Depression" illustrates the mutually enriching interchanges that can occur among theory, research, and intervention with clinical and at risk populations. It will be an invaluable addition to the libraries of practicing clinicians, scholars interested in conducting research on developmental aspects of the affective disorders, and students of psychology, psychiatry, and related fields of mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Human Development Major Depression Affective Disorders--3211 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Acknowledgements List of contributors Preface The evolution and validity of the diagnosis of major depression in childhood and adolescence Barry Nurcombe A neurobehavioral systems approach to developmental psychopathology: Implications for disorders of affect Paul F. Collins and Richard A. Depue Influence of maternal depression on infant affect regulation Jeffrey F. Cohn and Susan B. Campbell Maternal depressive symptoms, disorganized infant-mother attachment relationships and hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom: A prospective longitudinal view from infancy to age five Karlen Lyons-Ruth Emotional dysregulation in disruptive behavior disorders Pamela M. Cole and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler Depression in families: A systems perspective James C. Coyne, Geraldine Downey and Julie Boergers The family-environmental context of depression: A perspective on children's risk Constance Hammen Parental depression, family functioning and child adjustment: Risk factors, processes, and pathways E. Mark Cummings and Patrick T. Davies Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: Research and theory Donna T. Rose and Lyn Y. Abramson Childhood maltreatment and adult depression: A review of research Jules R. Bemporad and Steven J. Romano Index of authors Index of subjects applies a developmental analysis to the etiology, course, & sequelae of depression across the lifespan Conference Proceedings/Symposia 0600 ISBN: 1-878822-16-0 ISSN: 1056-6511 Vendor Numbers: 1993-97240-000 ======================================== Record #29. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (129 of 144)
Title: Family interactions in mood-disordered youth. Author(s)/Editor(s): McCauley, Elizabeth Myers, Kathleen Paper Number: 20001101 Source/Citation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America; Vol 1(1) Jul 1992, US: WB Saunders Co; 1992, 111-127 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Reviews the literature on family interactions and depression in children and adolescents, with a focus on identifying those variables most salient for future investigations. The review reveals that family interactions appear to play a significant role in the timing, intensity, and persistence of depressive disorders in adults. How family environment affects the presentation and course of depression in young people is not yet as clear. Most progress has been made in the study of the offspring of depressed mothers; there is an association between parental mental illness and increased behavioral dysfunction of offspring but many questions remain as to this association. The study of families of depressed youth is just beginning; many areas are open for productive research. Most promising are parent-child attachment or support and conflict resolution, especially as it reflects the regulation of negative affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Adolescent Psychiatry Child Psychiatry Family Relations Major Depression Affective Disorders--3211 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 family interactions, depression, children & adolescents Literature Review/Research Review 1300 ISSN: 1056-4993 Vendor Numbers: 2000-12085-007 ======================================== Record #30. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (130 of 144)
Title: Nothingness, meaninglessness, chaos, and the "black hole": III. Self- and interactional regulation and the background presence of primary identification. Author(s)/Editor(s): Grotstein, James S. Paper Number: 19910701 Source/Citation: Contemporary Psychoanalysis; Vol 27(1) Jan 1991, US: W. A. White Institute; 1991, 1-33 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: As proposed by J. S. Grotstein (see PA, Vol 77:23259 and 31102), the concepts of nothingness, meaninglessness, and chaos are informed by deficit theory (a theory of both primary and secondary absence), as well as by conflict theory. The author argues that conflicts are to be solved through dialectic resolution and that deficits are to be solved through self- and interactional regulation. Regulation relates to the physiological aspects of the internal milieu and of behavior with others and is the "language" of primary narcissism and symbiosis. Self- and interactional disorders (e.g., affect and attachment/bonding disorders, respectively) are contrasted with the symbolic functioning disorders, which presuppose that the self-regulatory capacity is intact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Conflict Interpersonal Interaction Mental Disorders Psychoanalytic Theory Psychological Disorders--3210 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 nothingness & meaninglessness & chaos & deficit vs conflict theory, patients with self vs interactional disorders, conference presentation Conference Proceedings/Symposia 0600 ISSN: 0010-7530 Vendor Numbers: 1991-18557-001 ======================================== Record #31. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (131 of 144)
Title: Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice. Author(s)/Editor(s): Zeanah, Charles H. Anders, Thomas F. Seifer, Ronald Stern, Daniel N. Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development, 1990., Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; 1991, (vii, 603), 5-33 Source editor(s): Chess, Stella (Ed) Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160 Abstract/Review/Citation: to address the question of the importance of early experiences for development, research on continuities and discontinuities in development, temperament, motivational systems in infancy, affect development and regulation, development of the sense of self, and infant-caregiver attachment are reviewed /// two major implications emerge, both emphasizing the need for more complexities in our conceptualizations / first, research in infant development underscores the importance of context in development and cautions about the limits of reductionistic thinking and theories / second, a major paradigmatic shift away from the fixation-regression model of psychopathology and development is indicated / a new model that better fits available data is proposed instead / implications for psychodynamic treatment are also described (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Infant Development Psychodynamics Attachment Behavior Early Experience Emotional Control Emotional Development Personality Development Self Concept Theories Developmental Psychology--2800 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Reprinted from "Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry," 1989, Vol. 28, No. 5, 657-688. Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 integrates developmental research & psychodynamic theory & practice Reprint 2000 ISBN: 0-87630-602-4 Vendor Numbers: 1991-97030-001 ======================================== Record #32. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (132 of 144)
Title: Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante Ganiban, Jody Barnett, Douglas Paper Number: 19970101 Source/Citation: The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation., New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 1991, (xii, 338), 15-48 Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. Source editor(s): Garber, Judy (Ed) Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160 Abstract/Review/Citation: examine the process of emotion regulation first in normal infants and toddlers and then in . . . high-risk conditions across four of the stage-salient issues of the early years of life: (1) homeostatic regulation, (2) the differentiation of affect and the management of cognitive and physiological "tension," (3) the development of a secure attachment relationship, and (4) self-awareness and further self-other differentiation / review empirical work conducted with children in each of the four risk groups [children with Down syndrome, offspring of mothers with unipolar depression, offspring of mothers with bipolar depression, maltreated children] (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: At Risk Populations Emotional Control Emotional Development Attachment Behavior Bipolar Disorder Child Abuse Downs Syndrome Major Depression Mothers Offspring Stress Psychological & Physical Disorders--3200 Class. Code/Usage: Psychology: Professional & Research PS Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Female 40 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 examines the process of emotion regulation in normal & high-risk infants & toddlers ISBN: 0-521-36406-X Vendor Numbers: 1991-98578-001 ======================================== Record #33. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (133 of 144)
Title: Regulation of negative reactivity during the strange situation: Temperament and attachment in 12-month-old infants. Author(s)/Editor(s): Braungart, Julia M. Stifter, Cynthia A. Paper Number: 19920601 Source/Citation: Infant Behavior & Development; Vol 14(3) Jul-Sep 1991, US: Ablex Publishing Corp.; 1991, 349-364 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined regulatory behaviors (RBs) displayed during a strange situation and the extent to which those behaviors were related to infants' negative reactivity and attachment classification in 80 12-mo-olds and their mothers. Negative affect (NA) and regulatory categories were measured during the strange situation. Infants who were overtly upset oriented less toward people, more toward objects, and engaged in less toy exploration. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) yielded significant differences for attachment groups: insecure avoidant (IA), secure (SC), and insecure-resistant (IR) in reactivity and regulation. One SC subgroup showed low levels of distress and low levels of regulation, and another SC subgroup displayed high levels of NA and high levels of RBs during separation and reunion episodes. IAs displayed moderate amounts of distress and exhibited self-directed types of regulation, and IRs expressed intense levels of negative reactivity, exhibited some RBs during separation, but little regulation during reunion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Personality Traits Stranger Reactions Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 negative reactivity & attachment & regulatory behaviors during strange situation, 12 mo olds Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0163-6383 Vendor Numbers: 1992-19425-001 ======================================== Record #34. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (134 of 144)
Title: Family patterns of relationship in normative and dysfunctional families. Author(s)/Editor(s): Crittenden, Patricia M. Partridge, Mary F. Claussen, Angelika H. Paper Number: 19920901 Source/Citation: Development & Psychopathology: Special Issue: Attachment and developmental psychopathology; Vol 3(4) 1991, US: Cambridge Univ; 1991, 491-512 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Explored the relation among family relationships for couple pairings and parent-child dyads. In 53 maltreating and adequate poverty-level families, mothers' and male partners' quality of attachment (QOA) was compared with each other and with the QOA of their 1-4 yr old child. The parents were interviewed, and the children were assessed with M. D. Ainsworth's (1978) Strange Situation. Both concordance and discordance were found; in particular, a hypothesis of meshed adult relationships and parent-child transformations was supported. Results suggest the need for greater incorporation of regulation of affect in assessment procedures, greater theory development, and precision in validation and application of assessment procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Child Abuse Couples Mother Child Relations Behavior Disorders & Antisocial Behavior--3230 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 Preschool Age (2-5 yrs) 160 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 maltreatment status, quality of attachment with each other vs child, mother & male partner couples & their 1-4 yr olds Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0954-5794 Vendor Numbers: 1992-31537-001 ======================================== Record #35. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (135 of 144)
Title: Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Author(s)/Editor(s): Mikulincer, Mario Florian, Victor Tolmacz, Rami Paper Number: 19900601 Source/Citation: Journal of Personality & Social Psychology; Vol 58(2) Feb 1990, US: American Psychological Assn.; 1990, 273-280 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: The relation between attachment styles and fear of personal death was assessed. We classified a sample of Israeli undergraduate students into secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment groups and assessed the extent of, and the meaning attached to, overt fear of personal death as well as the extent of fear at a low level of awareness. Ambivalent subjects exhibited stronger overt fear of death than did secure and avoidant subjects, and both ambivalent and avoidant subjects showed stronger fear of death at a low level of awareness than secure subjects. Ambivalent subjects were also more likely to fear the loss of their social identity in death, and avoidant subjects were more likely to fear the unknown nature of their death. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of attachment styles on affect regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Death and Dying Fear Personality Traits & Processes--3120 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 secure vs ambivalent vs avoidant attachment style, fear of personal death, college students, Israel Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0022-3514 Vendor Numbers: 1990-14669-001 ======================================== Record #36. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (136 of 144)
Title: Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice. Author(s)/Editor(s): Zeanah, Charles H. Anders, Thomas F. Seifer, Ronald Stern, Daniel N. Paper Number: 19920601 Source/Citation: Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry & Child Development, US: Brunner/Mazel Inc; 1990, 5-33 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: (This reprinted article originally appeared in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1989, Vol 28[5], 657-668. The following abstract of the original article appeared in PA, Vol 77:7136.) Research on continuities and discontinuities in development, temperament, motivational systems in infancy, affect development and regulation, development of the sense of self, and infant-caregiver attachment are reviewed to examine the importance of early experiences for later development. Research on infant development underscores the importance of context in development and cautions about the limits of reductionistic thinking and theories. Also, a major paradigmatic shift away from the fixation-regression model of psychopathology and development is indicated. A new model that better fits available data is a continuous construction model in which there is no need for regression, and ontogenetic origins of psychopathology are no longer necessarily tied to specific critical or sensitive periods in development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Early Experience Infant Development Literature Review Psychodynamics Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 early experience, psychodynamics & development, infants, literature review Literature Review/Research Review 1300 ISSN: 0066-4030 Vendor Numbers: 1992-19276-001 ======================================== Record #37. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (137 of 144)
Title: Implications of research on infant development for psychodynamic theory and practice. Author(s)/Editor(s): Zeanah, Charles H. Anders, Thomas F. Seifer, Ronald Stern, Daniel N. Paper Number: 19900301 Source/Citation: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry; Vol 28(5) Sep 1989, US: Williams & Wilkins Co.; 1989, 657-668 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Research on continuities and discontinuities in development, temperament, motivational systems in infancy, affect development and regulation, development of the sense of self, and infant-caregiver attachment are reviewed to examine the importance of early experiences for later development. Research on infant development underscores the importance of context in development and cautions about the limits of reductionistic thinking and theories. Also, a major paradigmatic shift away from the fixation-regression model of psychopathology and development is indicated. A new model that better fits available data is a continuous construction model in which there is no need for regression, and ontogenetic origins of psychopathology are no longer necessarily tied to specific critical or sensitive periods in development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Early Experience Infant Development Literature Review Psychodynamics Developmental Psychology--2800 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Childhood (birth-12 yrs) 100 Infancy (2-23 mo) 140 early experiences, psychodynamics & development, infants, literature review Literature Review/Research Review 1300 ISSN: 0890-8567 Vendor Numbers: 1990-07136-001 ======================================== Record #38. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (138 of 144)
Title: Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Author(s)/Editor(s): Kobak, R. Rogers Sceery, Amy Paper Number: 19880601 Source/Citation: Child Development; Vol 59(1) Feb 1988, US: Blackwell Publishers Inc; 1988, 135-146 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: In 53 1st-yr college students, 3 kinds of working models of attachment were assessed: Dismissing of Attachment, Secure, and Preoccupied with Attachment. Affect regulation was evaluated with peer Q-sort ratings, and representations of self and others were assessed with self-report measures. The Secure group was rated as more ego-resilient, less anxious, and less hostile by peers and reported little distress and high levels of social support. The Dismissing group was rated low on ego-resilience and higher on hostility by peers and reported more distant relationships in terms of more loneliness and low levels of social support from family. The Preoccupied group was viewed as less ego-resilient and more anxious by peers and reported high levels of personal distress, while viewing their family as more supportive than the Dismissing group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Attachment Behavior Emotional Control Self Perception Social Perception Adolescent Development Emotional Maturity Peer Relations Separation Individuation Psychosocial & Personality Development--2840 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Adolescence (13-17 yrs) 200 Adulthood (18 yrs & older) 300 Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs) 320 attachment status, perceptions of self & peer relations & affect regulation, college students Empirical Study 0800 ISSN: 0009-3920 Vendor Numbers: 1988-16571-001 ======================================== Record #39. Source: PsycINFO Search Query: kw: affect regulation and attachment (139 of 144)
Title: Transference and information processing. Author(s)/Editor(s): Westen, Drew Paper Number: 19881001 Source/Citation: Clinical Psychology Review; Vol 8(2) 1988, US: Elsevier Science Inc/Pergamon; 1988, 161-179 Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250 Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines transference phenomena from an information processing perspective, delineates aspects of transference experience, and shows how experimental research documents processes involved in transference. It distinguishes between transference as person schemas/object representations, attachment, schema-triggered affect, interpersonal expectancies, scripts, and defenses, and argues for the importance of making such distinctions. The clinical utility of examining and working with transference phenomena in the alteration of dysfunctional schemas and maladaptive mechanisms of affect regulation is demonstrated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Subject Descriptors: Information Psychotherapeutic Transference Psychotherapy & Psychotherapeutic Counseling--3310 Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 transference phenomena from information |
