Resiliency

Resiliency and Trauma

Title: Heroes in the nursery: Three case studies in resilience.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Rak, Carl F.

Source/Citation: Journal of Clinical Psychology: Special Issue: A second

generation of resilience research.; Vol 58(3) Mar 2002, US: John Wiley &

Sons; 2002, 247-260

Abstract/Review/Citation: This article examines the therapeutic work in three

cases ( an 11 yr old boy, a 17 yr old girl, and an adult male) to study the

impact of a supportive and nurturing parent early in life upon the development

of resilience. The close analysis of the clinical material of each client's

personal narrative is the primary source. The metaphor of "heroes in the

nursery" is posited as a vehicle for enhancing understandings of the

development of resilience and a continuum from defense through adaptation to

resilience. Each case provides additive meaning to recent studies that elevate

the importance of the memories of parents to the development of resilient

responses of children later in life. Each case reveals specific dimensions of

the impact of heroes in the nursery which extend our understandings of

resiliency in children and adolescents as a proactive response to stress,

trauma, and loss.

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Title: The psychological consequences of community violence exposure: What

variables protect children in urban settings?

Author(s)/Editor(s): Ulschmid, Nancy Kaczmarek

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 62(7-A) Feb 2002, US: University Microfilms

International; 2002, 2354

Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined the psychological consequences of

community violence exposure in 121 students (11-15 years of age) attending

public school in a Midwest urban area. The results indicate that students had

been exposed to significant levels of community violence in their lifetime

that included hearing about or witnessing violence, or direct victimization.

Violent events ranged from beatings and serious threats to stabbings,

shootings, and killings. Consistent with earlier studies, community violence

exposure predicted trauma symptomology in both boys and girls. In general,

girls reported a wider range of trauma symptomology than boys. Community

violence exposure also predicted a wider range of self-reported psychological

maladjustment in girls including sensation-seeking, atypicality, somatization,

social stress and inadequacy. Surprisingly, community violence exposure was

not predictive of teacher-rated problems, including externalizing,

internalizing, or learning problems. Using a model of stress, risk and

resiliency, a few risk factors were identified that appear to increase degree

of symptomology. Being female and repeated exposure to community violence

appeared as important risk factors. Other demographic variables did not appear

influential, although being African-American predicted nearly all

teacher-rated problems. Protective or resiliency factors including individual,

familial and external factors appeared to influence degree of symptomology as

well. A high level of self-reported personal resources (self-reliance,

interpersonal relations, and relations with parents) predicted a lower level

of trauma symptomology. In addition, attitude toward life, school and self

effected level of symptomology. Specifically, negative attitudes were

predictive of greater PTSD symptomology. Further analyses were conducted to

examine possible moderating or mediating effects of these variables. The

results suggest that self-reported personal resources had a direct and

separate effect on trauma symptomology regardless of violence exposure. In

contrast, self-reported negative attitudes about life, school and self appear

to have mediated the effects of community violence exposure on trauma

symptomology. Study limitations and implications for intervention are discussed. ========================================

Title: The relational trauma of incest:  A family-based approach to treatment.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Sheinberg, Marcia; Fraenkel, Peter

Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press; 2001, (xx, 220)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents an understanding of incest and a family-based

approach to treatment. The authors suggest that while not all incestuously

abused children experience the classic diagnostic symptoms of trauma,

virtually all do experience "relational trauma"--disruptions in the

sense of safety, security, loyality, and trust that may block connection and

communication with nonoffending family members. Combining individual and

family sessions, the relational treatment model focuses on strengthening the

child's protective relationships, mobilizing the family to help resolve the

child's emotional and behavioral symptoms, and building the family's

resiliency. Integrating social constructionist, feminist, and systems

concepts, this book provides insights and tools for family therapists, child

psychologists and psychiatrists, social workers, and other frontline

practitioners working with families.

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Title: Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to

political violence.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Qouta, Samir; El-Sarraj, Eyad; Punamaeki, Raija-Leena

Source/Citation: International Journal of Psychology; Vol 36(1) Feb 2001, United

Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2001, 1-7

Abstract/Review/Citation: The research focused on mental flexibility versus

rigidity in explaining psychological adjustment in the violent conditions of

Intifada, and in more peaceful times 3 years later, among 86 Palestinian

children (aged 10-12 yrs). A picture test based on E. Brunswik (1949) was

applied to measure flexible-rigid cognitive style, and neuroticism,

self-esteem, emotional disorders, and PTSD were used as outcome variables.

Results revealed a moderating role of mental flexibility by showing that

children were protected from negative long-term consequences of traumatic

events if their perception indicated mental flexibility. However, in the midst

of violence mental flexibility was not associated with good psychological

adjustment. Mental flexibility was, in turn, determined by environmental and

cognitive factors: The more intelligent and the less exposed to traumatic

events children were, the higher mental flexibility they showed. ========================================

Title: Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political

violence among Palestinian children. .

Author(s)/Editor(s): Punamaeki, Raija-Leena; Qouta, Samir; El-Sarraj, Eyad

Electronic Access:

http://rosina.catchword.com/vl=47674711/cl=18/nw=1/rpsv/catchword/psych/0165025

4/v25n3/s7/p256

Source/Citation: International Journal of Behavioral Development: Special Issue:

Vol 25(3) May 2001, United Kingdom: Psychology Press; 2001, 256-267

Abstract/Review/Citation: The effects of cognitive capacity, perceived

parenting, traumatic events, and activity, which were first measured in the

midst of the political violence of the Intifada in 1993, were examined on

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), emotional disorders, school performance,

and neuroticism 3 yrs later in more peaceful conditions among 86 Palestinian

children (mean age 14.04 yrs). The results showed, first, that PTSD was high

among the children who had been exposed to a high level of traumatic events

and had responded passively (not actively) to Intifada violence. Discrepant

perceived parenting was also decisive for adjustment: children who perceived

their mothers as highly loving and caring but their fathers as not so showed a

high level of PTSD. High intellectual but low creative performance was also

characteristic of the children suffering from emotional disorders. Second, the

hypothesis that cognitive capacity and activity serve a resiliency function if

children feel loved and nonrejected at home was confirmed. Third, neuroticism

decreased significantly over the 3 yrs, especially among the children who had

been exposed to a high number of traumatic events. ========================================

Title: Healing qualities of relationships:  Voices of women survivors of

interpersonal trauma.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Bradway, Pat A.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(9-B) Apr 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2001, 4971

Abstract/Review/Citation: A phenomenological analysis of 17 archival interviews

was conducted to elicit the perceptions of women who were currently struggling

with the impact of interpersonal trauma on their lives. All participants were

living in a rural county, had a history of both interpersonal violence and

substance abuse, and had recent contact with mental health, trauma, or

substance abuse services. Healing through relationship has been a dominant

theme in trauma treatment models. These models often include an emphasis on

healing in the context of the therapist-client relationship, and on helping

women develop social support networks outside of therapy. The perspectives of

researchers and mental health professionals has been privileged in these

descriptions. Researchers have begun to draw from the perspectives of trauma

survivors to understand healing. Valentine and Feinauer (1993) have identified

the ability to find emotional support outside the family as one resiliency

theme for survivors of childhood sexual abuse. The present study deepens the

understanding of support by identifying qualities of relationship that promote

healing in both formal and informal networks. Themes extracted from interviews

with survivors suggest that healing relationships are anchored in shared

experiences, which are marked by their mutuality, authenticity, continuity,

and attunement to the individual. Healing relationships also have patience

with the process of recovery and provide hope, help to make sense of

experiences, provide opportunities to demonstrate competencies, attend to

practical needs, and provide opportunities to expand the social network and to

learn about relationships. In addition, the majority of participants directly

report using both peers and professionals in their recoveries. They emphasize

the value of sharing with and being supported by women who have had similar

experiences. Many women express that healing takes place both through

receiving support, and through giving support. The healing qualities of

relationship identified in this study have implications for treatment.

Reflecting on their interactions with formal support systems women express a

desire for more choice, more continuity, and to work more cooperatively on

their recoveries.

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Title: Cognitive factors as sources of vulnerability in the development of PTSD

following exposure to a traumatic event.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Gray, Matthew James

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(9-B) Apr 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2001, 4983

Abstract/Review/Citation: Although the experience of traumatic events is

unfortunately and surprisingly prevalent, a substantial majority of trauma

victims do not ultimately develop Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Accordingly, it is incumbent upon researchers to identify factors associated

with vulnerability and resiliency following exposure to a traumatic event.

This investigation sought to investigate the relationship between attributions

for different types of life events and PTSD symptoms. Narratives and

attributions for traumatic, pleasant, and unpleasant (nontraumatic) life

events were obtained from twenty-nine individuals experiencing significant

symptoms of PTSD and twenty-nine individuals who experienced similar traumatic

events but were largely free of post-trauma psychopathology. The PTSD group

offered life event attributions that were rated as being significantly more

global and stable than did the non-PTSD group. This investigation also sought

to evaluate a recently proposed operationalization of trauma-specific memory

deficits. Consistent with past research, individuals experiencing significant

trauma-related distress produced narratives that were less complex and more

poorly articulated (as evidenced by reading levels of the narratives) than did

similarly trauma-exposed non-PTSD individuals. However, these differences may

be more parsimoniously accounted for by more generalized (i.e., not

trauma-specific) cognitive differences, as observed differences in narrative

articulation were strikingly similar across life event narratives. Moreover,

these differences did not persist after controlling for relevant verbal skills

and abilities. Implications for etiological models of PTSD are discussed.

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Title: Strategies d'adaptation des victimes d'abus sexuels resilientes et

toxicomanes./ Adaptation strategies for resilient and drug-addicted victims of

sexual abuse.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Dufour, Magali H.; Corbiere, Marc; Nadeau, Louise

Source/Citation: Revue Quebecoise de Psychologie; Vol 22(1) 2001, Canada: Revue

Quebecoise de Psychologie; 2001, 149-162

Abstract/Review/Citation: Studied coping strategies used by 20 female adult

victims of sexual abuse (aged 22-48 yrs) with a history of drug abuse and 20

female adult victims of sexual abuse (aged 22-48 yrs) with no history of drug

addiction (resilient). Data on sociodemographic variables, clinical and

psychological symptoms, and drug consumption history were obtained by

semistructured interview. The Quebec Health Index of Psychological Distress

(M. Preville, 1992), The Trauma Symptom checklist (J. Briere et M. Runtz,

1989), the Self-Esteem Scale (E. F. Vallieres et R. J. Vallerand, 1990), the

Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Interview (A. Bifulco et al, 1994) and

the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (S. Folkman and R. S. Lazarus, 1988) were

administered. Cluster analysis and other statistical tests were used to

analyze data. The results indicate that both drug-addicted and resilient Ss

used social support and positive reappraisal and planning problem-solving

techniques but that 70 percent of drug-addicted Ss used distancing and

avoidance strategies while 70 percent of resilient Ss used low avoidance

strategies. Implications for developing intervention programs are discussed.

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Title: A qualitative inquiry exploring resiliency in six women in the process of

transformation in their lives.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Plaskett, Victoria E.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(11-B) Jun 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2001, 6166

Abstract/Review/Citation: The present research is a qualitative analysis of the

life histories of six women undergoing life transition. Research questions

explored participants' inner characteristics and supports around them

contributing to resiliency, through reflection and articulating personal

narratives. Questions also asked participants to reflect on the process of

talking about resiliency and whether that changed their perceptions, and to

reflect on what they believe constituted their own personal resiliency. 

Results revealed that there are a wide range of inner characteristics and

supports in place for women who are resilient. The findings of this research

are the influence of one key person, the ability to self-reflect, articulate

experiences and as a result move to another level of development. Other

commonalities are an independent spirit, and previously overcoming stress or

conflict in an earlier age. The women in this study described resilience as

'bouncing back.' The literature reviewed for this research focussed on life

change as well as adaptation to major life crises such as war, as well as

other risk factors associated with trauma, mental illness or major

socio-economic changes. It is questionable whether resilience literature

dealing with severe trauma reflect the experience of women in this study.

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Title: Cultivating resiliency in youth.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Bell, Carl C.

Source/Citation: Journal of Adolescent Health; Vol 29(5) Nov 2001, US: Elsevier

Science; 2001, 375-381

Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses characteristics of resiliency in adolescents

and young people, and the importance of strengthening resiliency and how to

build it. The neuropsychiatry of traumatic stress is discussed, including

effects on the catecholamine system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,

the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and the relationship with

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder (ADHD). Esoteric resiliency-building activities are discussed,

including cultivating a sense of "Atman" (a true or real self), the

meditative practice of attending, developing a fighting spirit ("building

heart"), building physiologic resiliency (exercise and

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) building), and building psychological

resiliency through Chi Kung exercises. ========================================

Title: From trauma to resiliency: Lessons from former runaway and homeless

youth.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Williams, Nancy R.; Lindsey, Elizabeth W.; Kurtz, P. David; Jarvis, Sara

Source/Citation: Journal of Youth Studies; Vol 4(2) Jun 2001, US: Taylor &

Francis/Carfax Publishing; 2001, 233-253

Abstract/Review/Citation: This exploratory study presents findings on resiliency

development in 5 former runaway and homeless youth (aged 18-25 yrs). Subjected

to chronic trauma, this unique population lacked the protective factors other

studies have associated with resiliency development. Five young women were

compared and contrasted in relation to the following questions: what factors

promote resiliency in runaway and homeless youth and how are resilient youth

differentiated from their peers who continue to exhibit high risk behaviors? A

multiple case study design was used to explore themes that emerged from

in-depth interviews with an original sample of 22 former runaway and homeless

youth. These themes included determination, meaning and purpose in life,

self-care and readiness to accept help. ========================================

Title: Post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology and

vulnerability/resiliency factors among sexually assaulted women.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Boatler, Jeannie Fredon

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 62(4-B) Oct 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2001, 2047

Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of the study was to evaluate a theoretical

model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology among sexually

assaulted women, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The model posited a

four-factor structure, with the trauma context and developmental precursors

(prior traumatic experiences and life crises) as the direct influences on PTSD

symptomatology. Two other factors, schemata and general mental health

(emotional problems and behavioral disturbances), reflected hypothesized

mediating influences, which could result in differing manifestations of PTSD

symptomatology and be considered vulnerability/resiliency factors. These two

mediating constructs were expected to show a significant direct influence on

the trauma context and an indirect influence on PTSD symptomatology.

Participants were 202 adult women, who reported exposure to sexual assault,

and who were seeking help at rape crisis centers, shelters, or similar

agencies. The participants completed the World Assumptions Scale (WAS), the

Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS), and a structured interview or

intake form. The goodness-of-fit estimate of the structural model indicated an

adequate fit of the hypothesized theoretical model to the data. Findings

revealed the major importance of the trauma context on PTSD symptomatology.

These findings also underlined the importance of the health construct

(behavioral disturbances and emotional problems) as a vulnerability factor on

both trauma context and PTSD symptomatology. The health construct and the

developmental precursors construct showed a significant interrelationship. The

schemata construct failed to show the anticipated resiliency effect.

Implications for theory, research, and practice were discussed, as well as the

limitations of this study and suggestions for further research. ========================================

Title: Loss and trauma:  General and close relationship perspectives.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Harvey, John H.; Miller, Eric D.

Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner-Routledge; 2000, (xxv, 415)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Many of the losses we experience in life are natural

losses--loss of friends, health issues, death, divorce, loss of employment,

prejudice, and stigmatization. These events tax us most, and the process of

searching for and creating meaning is pervasive to life itself. This process

is found in the chapters of this handbook-style collection by scholars of the

loss and trauma phenomena. This interdisciplinary and international

resource combines more subtle losses such as those of prejudice and

stigmatization with traumas, death, or the loss of a close relationship. In

this way, the volume reveals continua of major loss, grief, and traumatic

events, while also showing the innate ability of humans to grow stronger and

gain hope in pursuing the meaning behind the loss experiences. The book begins

with a general analysis of loss and trauma concepts and then moves into an

analysis of loss and trauma in specific populations. Treatments to address

these specific populations and traumas are included. Covered next is the

daunting loss and trauma associated in close, personal relationships--both

romantic and familial. The book concludes with a commentary that considers

both the book's content and loss and trauma research in general.

Notes/Comments: Preface Contributors' list

Part I: General perspectives on loss, trauma, coping, and the positive impacts

of loss From vulnerability to growth: Positive and negative effects of

stressful life events John A. Updegraff and Shelley E. Taylor The other side

of trauma: Towards a psychology of appreciation Ronnie Janoff-Bulman and

Andrea R. Berger Bereavement Beverly Raphael and Matthew Dobson Helping

victims of loss and trauma: A social psychological perspective Louis A.

Penner, John F. Dovidio and Terrance L. Albrecht Victim thinking Roy F.

Baumeister and Ellen Bratslavsky The ranking of personal grief: Death and

comparative loss Harvey Peskin Parallel selves as the end of grief work Aurora

Liiceanu Rational suicide David J. Mayo Part II: Loss and trauma associated

with specific populations The role of perceived control in coping with the

losses associated with chronic illness Suzanne C. Thompson and Diana J. Kyle

Coping as a "reality construction": On the role of attentive,

comparative, and interpretive processes in coping with cancer Dieter Ferring,

Sigrun-Heide Filipp Loss, adjustment, and growth after cancer: Lessons from

patients' children Beth Leedham and Beth Meyerowitz The few gains and many

losses for those stigmatized by psychiatric disorders Amerigo Farina The human

costs of organizational downsizing: The irrational effects of the justice

motive on managers, dismissed workers, and survivors Melvin J. Lerner

Transcending a lifetime of losses: The importance of spirituality in old age

Janet L. Ramsey and Rosemary Blieszner College student grief and loss Paul L.

Toth, Rex Stockton and Fredrick Browne On being homeless and mentally ill: A

multitude of losses and the possibility of recovery Gary A. Morse Part III:

Loss and trauma associated with close relationships Loss, resources, and

resiliency in close interpersonal relationships Stevan E. Hobfoll, Nicole

Ennis and Jennifer Kay Negotiating terminal illness: Communication, collusion,

and coalition in caregiving Carolyn Ellis Caregiver loss and quality of care

provided: Preillness relationship makes a difference Gail M. Williamson, David

R. Shaffer, and The Family Relationships in Late Life Project [University of

Georgia, Department of Psychology] Adjusting to infertility Antonia Abbey

Widowhood in later life Robert O. Hanson and Bert Hayslip, Jr. The loss of

loved ones: The impact of relationship infidelity Brock Boekhout, Susan S.

Hendrick and Clyde Hendrick Unyielding custody disputes: Tempering loss and

courting disaster Jacqueline L. Karkazis and Sharon L. Lazaneo Cognitive

interdependence and the experience of relationship loss Christopher R. Agnew

Part IV: Conclusion What's narrative got to do with it? Construction and

coherence in accounts of loss Robert A. Neimeyer and Heidi M. Levitt Index

prejudice & stigmatization & death & grief & general & lose relationship perspectives

on loss & trauma

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Title: Transcending a lifetime of losses: The importance of spirituality in old

age.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Ramsey, Janet L.; Blieszner, Rosemary

Source/Citation: Loss and trauma:  General and close relationship perspectives.,

Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner-Routledge; 2000, (xxv, 415), 225-236

Source editor(s): Harvey, John H. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: How does spirituality function in the lives of older

adults to enable them to cope successfully and age well? The authors suggest

that it is often helpful to interview strong and successful elderly survivors

themselves in order to learn the answer to this question. Such men and women

are models of resiliency whose lives can offer inspiration and encouragement

both to younger persons and to their contemporaries. They live among us as

persons who have transcended a lifetime of losses, learned to cope with

incredible difficulties, and gained deep understandings of life.  Topics

include: an illustrative study of spirituality and resilience; relationships

and spirituality in old age; and applications for clinical practice (cognitive

therapy, existential therapy, narrative therapy). ========================================

Title: Loss, resources, and resiliency in close interpersonal relationships.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Hobfoll, Stevan E.; Ennis, Nicole; Kay, Jennifer

Source/Citation: Loss and trauma:  General and close relationship perspectives.,

Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner-Routledge; 2000, (xxv, 415), 267-285

Source editor(s): Harvey, John H. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Most of the interpersonal theorizing on loss speaks to

the psychological and social attachments that are central and therefore likely

to be damaged if not lost entirely when loss of a loved one occurs. However,

theories have tended to address interpersonal loss as separate from other

kinds of losses, or apply theories of interpersonal loss to other kinds of

loss. Hence, theories might see loss of a loved one as qualitatively different

from retirement, loss of one's home, or job loss. Alternatively, some theories

might tend to extrapolate from interpersonal loss to these other categories.

In such instances, job loss is viewed in terms of grief and grief resolution

based on a model of interpersonal grief. ========================================

Title: Coping and community resources in children facing disaster.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Lahad, Shmuel; Shacham, Yehuda; Niv, Shulamit

Source/Citation: International handbook of human response to trauma., New York,

NY, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000, (xvi, 477), 389-395 The

Plenum series on stress and coping.

Source editor(s): Shalev, Arieh Y. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes an integrative model of coping with

individual and community stress developed by the Community Stress Prevention Center (CPSC) in Kiryat, Israel. Two studies are presented to illustrate the

implementation of this working model. The 1st focuses on the children

evacuated from their homes during military operation, and the 2nd evaluates

interventions in a school following 2 traumatic events involving children and

teachers alike. The central theme across the studies is that of resiliency and

the use of individual and community resources. The CPSC's working model draws

on systematic observations of individuals, groups, and communities under

prolonged threat. It emphasizes resiliency and focuses on ways in which people

survive and cope. It is argued that this model is appropriate for both

prevention and intervention following a disaster. ========================================

Title: Youth risk:  A prevention resource for counselors, teachers, and parents

(3rd ed.).

Author(s)/Editor(s): Capuzzi, David; Gross, Douglas R.

Source/Citation: Alexandria, VA, US: American Counseling Association; 2000,

(xvii, 526)

Abstract/Review/Citation: This text focuses both on strategic prevention efforts

with at-risk populations and on exploring destructive behavior from

individual, family, school, and community perspectives. This revision contains

new chapters on the identification and promotion of resiliency in youth and

the recent escalation of violence in schools. Updated topics include

dysfunctional family dynamics, stress, depression, eating disorders,

pregnancy, suicide, AIDS, gang membership, school dropout, and more.

Notes/Comments: Preface Acknowledgments About the authors Part one: Introducing the problem Defining youth at risk Douglas R. Gross and David Capuzzi Approaches to prevention David Capuzzi and Douglas R. Gross Resiliency: Pathway to protective factors

and possibilities for self-righting narratives Rossa E. Lewis Part two:

Examining the causes The impact of dysfunctional family dynamics on children

and adolescents Cass Dykeman and Valerie E. Appleton Who cares what I think:

Problems of low self-esteem Sandra S. Meggert Preventing and treating

depression in children and adolescents Benedict T. McWhirter, J. Jeffries

McWhirter, Rebecca S. Hart and Irit Gat Stress and trauma: Coping in today's

society Russell D. Miars Part three: Working with youth at risk: Prevention

and intervention The secret and all-consuming obsessions: Eating disorders

Kimberly Wright Children having children: Teenage pregnancy and parenthood

Ardis Sherwood-Hawes A future in jeopardy: Adolescents and AIDS Lizbeth A.

Gray, Reese M. House and Donna A. Champeau I don't want to live: The

adolescent at risk for suicidal behavior David Capuzzi and Douglas R. Gross I

am somebody: Gang membership Sonja Burnham and Mit Arnold Death in the

classroom: Violence in schools Michael T. Barta I can't live without it:

Adolescent substance abuse from a cultural and contextual framework Alberta M.

Gloria and Sharon E. Robinson Kurpius Nowhere to turn: Homeless youth Melissa

Stormont This isn't the place for me: School dropout James W. Kushman, Conrad

Sieber and Paula Heariold-Kinney Index individual & family & school

& community perspectives on destructive behavior & strategic prevention &

identification & promotion of resiliency, youth at-risk for disorders, prevention resource

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Title: Resilient response to battering.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Werner-Wilson, Ronald Jay; Schindler Zimmerman, Toni; Whalen, Dorothy

Source/Citation: Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal; Vol

22(2) Jun 2000, US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000, 161-188

Abstract/Review/Citation: Spouse abuse remains an important social problem.

Recent research has begun to explore resiliency in a variety of areas: Why,

despite harsh life circumstances, do some people survive and later thrive

after experiencing trauma? What are the processes associated with a successful

departure from abuse? The authors worked with a local shelter to identify 3

groups of women: (a) those currently at the shelter; (b) those who had been

away from an abusive relationship for at least 1 year; and (c) those who were

identified by shelter staff as having demonstrated a resilient response to

battering, and compared experiences and recommendations between groups and

discuss clinical and service implications. ========================================

Title: Pediatric and neonatal intensive care hospitalization as traumatic

stressor: Implications for intervention.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Peebles-Kleiger, Mary Jo

Source/Citation: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic; Vol 64(2) Spr 2000, US:

Menninger Foundation; 2000, 257-280

Abstract/Review/Citation: A substantial literature documents the psychological,

medical, and economic benefits of attending to the emotional needs of parents

whose children are hospitalized on the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or

neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Synthesizing the PICU/NICU literature

with findings from the field of psychotraumatology, the author addresses

PICU/NICU hospitalization as a potential traumatic stressor for families of

hospitalized children and considers that intensive care clinical staff are

vulnerable to symptoms of primary and secondary traumatic stress as well.

Guidelines are offered for recognizing, managing, and increasing resiliency to

the symptoms of normal traumatic stress responses in both families and

intensive care staff.

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Title: Rewriting resilience: A critical discourse analysis of childhood

resilience and the politics of teaching resilience to 'kids at risk'.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Martineau, Sheila Diane

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 60(7-A) Feb 2000, US: University Microfilms

International; 2000, 2372

Abstract/Review/Citation: This study is a critical analysis of the discourse on

childhood resilience and the politics of teaching resilience to 'kids at risk'

in inner-city schools. Resiliency research is rooted in the early psychology

studies of children's coping and competence. By the 1970s, researchers were

observing children who appeared invulnerable to traumatic events. These

children were later described as resilient, and resilience was defined as

bouncing back from adversity. Today, resilience has become an ideological code

for social conformity and academic achievement. My analysis problematizes

'childhood resilience' and 'teaching resilience' and examines two dangerous

shifts in the mainstream resiliency research over the past several decades. In

one shift, resilience slipped from an anomaly in the context of complex trauma

to being claimed as the social norm of the dominant society. In another shift,

the context of resiliency research slipped from traumatized to disadvantaged

populations. Consequently, teaching resilience in inner-city schools is a

popular topic among professional child and youth advocates in BC. But these

two shifts manifest as teaching socioeconomically disadvantaged children to

conform to the social norms of the dominant society and as rationalizing

social and educational programs that help children and youth at risk overcome

obstacles. Such programs do not work to challenge systemic inequalities. I

undertook a discourse analysis and an interpretive inquiry in identifying

three resiliency discourses: the first is a dominant expert discourse based on

quantitative studies; the second is a subordinate experiential discourse based

on qualitative stories; and the third is a professional advocacy discourse

that includes expert and experiential knowledge. The expert discourse derives

from psychometric studies of resilient-identified children, and the

experiential discourse emanates from the psychotherapeutic narratives of

resilient-identified adults. The advocacy discourse emerges from educators,

psychologists, and social workers who advocate on behalf of children and youth

at-risk. The data include resiliency texts, focused interviews, and relevant

fieldnotes. I developed criteria for critiquing and recognizing resilience,

explored potential intersections between the expert and experiential

discourses, and interpreted risk and resiliency themes in the advocacy

discourse. In challenging the dominant discourse, I argue that resilience is

not a fixed set of traits that can be reified and replicated. Moreover, I

argue that complex trauma and trauma recovery are essential to any construct

of resilience and that resilience is pluralistic, contingent, and always in

process. My study recommends collaborative resiliency research that focuses on

trauma and that values experiential knowledge and attends to class and

cultural diversity. It also recommends that the professional advocacy

community re-focus on risk and work toward developing social programs and

critical pedagogies that challenge structural oppression and systemic

discrimination.

========================================

Title: Posttraumatic stress intervention:  Challenges, issues, and perspectives.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Violanti, John M.; Paton, Douglas; Dunning, Christine

Source/Citation: Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher; 2000, (xvii,

225)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Since the 1980s, posttraumatic stress intervention has

focused primarily on psychological debriefings to help prevent posttraumatic

stress disorder. While debriefing is said to be important, mental health

professionals are uncertain about outcomes, and there is agreement that

debriefing may be somewhat hindered by its pathogenic nature rather than being

a positive method for preventing trauma stress. This book demonstrates the

need for alternatives to this prevailing model of posttrauma prevention,

providing a theoretically and ecologically sound intervention that facilitates

recovery and growth in those who have faced adversity. By concentrating on

alternative ways of thinking about patterns of interaction between people and

adversity, the adoption of a salutogenic paradigm for conceptualizing,

researching, designing, and delivering effective trauma intervention is

advocated. This paradigm offers opportunities for intervention to mitigate

traumatic stress reactions, develop resilience, and establish necessary

individual and organizational resources.  This book will be useful for

disaster workers, emergency worker counselors, police counselors, mental

health professionals, and any group or individual that works with people

exposed to trauma.

Notes/Comments: Preface Posttraumatic stress intervention: Challenges, issues, and perspectives Douglas Paton, John M. Violanti and Chris Dunning Challenging the mainstream: From pathogenic to salutogenic models of posttrauma intervention Cynthia Stuhlmiller and Christine Dunning The integration of traumatic experiences: Culture and

resources Gisela Perren-Klingler Brief prevention programs after trauma I. V.

E. Carlier and B. P. R. Gersons There are no simple solutions to complex

problems Richard Gist and Joseph Woodall The effects of traumatic disclosure

on physical and mental health: The values of writing and talking about

upsetting events James W. Pennebaker Hardiness as a resiliency factor for U.S.

forces in the Gulf War Paul T. Bartone Early posttraumatic interventions:

Facilitating possibilities for growth Lawrence G. Calhoun and Richard G.

Tedeschi Scripting trauma: The impact of pathogenic intervention John M.

Violanti The future is always brighter: Temporal orientation and adjustment to

trauma Malcolm D. MacLeod Work-related traumatic stress: Risk, vulnerability

and resilience Douglas Paton, Leigh M. Smith, John M. Violanti and Liisa

Eraenen Posttrauma stress intervention: Pursuing the alternatives Douglas

Paton, John M. Violanti and Christine Dunning Author index Subject index

approaches to posttraumatic stress interventions that facilitate recovery

& growth, people who have faced adversity

========================================

Title: There are no simple solutions to complex problems.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Gist, Richard; Woodall, S. Joseph

Source/Citation: Posttraumatic stress intervention:  Challenges, issues, and

perspectives., Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher; 2000, (xvii,

225), 81-95

Source editor(s): Violanti, John M. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Suggests that the foundation of critical incident

stress debriefing (CISD) and similar pathogenic models for coping with stress

is their assumption that exposure to any traumatic event disrupts the capacity

of those involved to function normally. The premise that these exposures, if

not contravened through direct and focused rapid interventions, will lead to

posttraumatic stress disorder and related psychiatric maladies, has become so

ubiquitous that this assumption, rather than any critical scientific

evaluation of response and intervention effectiveness, has been the platform

for advocating its adoption. Contemporary scientific debate challenges

fundamental assumptions of CISD in the arena of immediate crisis response,

suggesting that the principal assumption of immediate intervention may inhibit

the distancing needed in the aftermath of traumatic disruption. This chapter

emphasizes the need to explore alternative mechanisms for enhancing resiliency

in those exposed to trauma, and discusses developing constructions of

occupational stress resilience.

========================================

Title: Scripting trauma: The impact of pathogenic intervention.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Violanti, John M.

Source/Citation: Posttraumatic stress intervention:  Challenges, issues, and

perspectives., Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher; 2000, (xvii,

225), 153-165

Source editor(s): Violanti, John M. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter approaches the process of traumatic

stress intervention from the perspective that individuals to a large extent

control their own destiny when it comes to dealing with trauma. The individual

is thus an active agent in the process of healing, along with supportive help

of professionals or peers. If we attempt to script individuals into a passive

sick role, we adhere too closely to pathogenesis and may overwhelm the

positive strength of the individual. This chapter first outlines attributes of

current popular pathogenic intervention techniques. Second, it discusses how

individual adoption of the sick role is facilitated by pathogenic approaches.

Third, there is a discussion of salutogenic approaches to intervention and how

individual qualities such as coping abilities, hardiness, and resiliency may

affect trauma exposure outcomes. Last, the impact of positive individual

coping in reducing traumatic stress is covered. ========================================

Title: Mitigating discontents with children in war: An ongoing psychoanalytic

inquiry.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Apfel, Roberta J.; Simon, Bennett

Source/Citation: Cultures under siege:  Collective violence and trauma., New

York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 2000, (xiv, 285), 102-130

Publications of the society for psychological anthropology.

Source editor(s): Robben, Antonius C. G. M. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: An intergenerational perspective on the transmission

of resilience is necessary to understand what mitigates discontents for

children in war and what modifies and transforms the traumatic effects of

violence and loss. Looking at the intergenerational transmission of trauma and

resiliency allows an alternative way of conceptualizing 'Civilization and its

Discontents.' The pressure for aggression is not civilization vs instinctual

expression, but rather the pressure for each generation to transmit the

experience of its own trauma to the next generation.  This thesis frames

the data in this paper, data derived from open-ended interviews by 2

psychoanalysts with a group of 10 Israeli children and a group of 10

Palestinian children over a period of 8 yrs around the issues of war and

peace.  Topics discussed include: psychoanalysts studying violence;

developmental observations: shifts over time in the nature of political

awareness; gender differences; ways of processing unpleasant realities;

empathy and awareness of the 'other;' the role of elders and generational

continuity; the role of school in the lives of these children; illustrative

cases; a dramatic contrast: youth who resort to extreme political violence;

and an opening to an anthropological-psychoanalytic dialogue. ========================================

Title: The dialectic of trauma:  Trauma symptoms and resiliency in older women.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Higgins, Anne Bechtle

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2000, 1084

Abstract/Review/Citation: Interpersonal violence impacts the lives of many women

in our society. Child sexual abuse, rape and domestic violence are now

recognized as significant social problems. Research shows that the scope of

violence against women is wide and that its effects may be long lasting.

However, despite the proliferation of research in this area, there is limited

information about the impact of interpersonal trauma experiences across the

life span. The current study investigated specific relationships between a

history of interpersonal trauma and subsequent adjustment difficulties

including psychological distress, physical health problems, and coping. The

current study used a community sample of 102 women over the age of 60.

Seventy-three percent of the sample reported experiencing at least one form of

interpersonal trauma during their lifetime. The development of psychological

distress was conceptualized within the theoretical framework of experiential

avoidance.  Findings from the current study demonstrate the importance of

investigating the relationship between historical life events and current

functioning. It was demonstrated that interpersonal trauma experiences have a

significant impact on later life functioning. Additionally, the presence of

multiple victimization experiences was a critical factor in determining which

individuals manifested long term symptoms related to their trauma.

Furthermore, the results of this study highlight the complexity of the

development of psychological distress later in life. Several significant

findings indicated that the type of coping behavior used by the individual may

have a substantial impact on the expression of trauma sequelae. Factor

analyses were conducted on both the avoidance coping and constructive coping

measures. Two factor solutions were found for both of the coping constructs.

The avoidance constructs consisted of a generalized avoidance coping and

specific avoidance responses. Constructive coping factors consisted of a

willingness coping factor and a growth related coping factor. Results

indicated that a heavier reliance on generalized avoidance coping strategies

was associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Additionally,

willingness coping seemed to function as some protection for the expression of

psychological symptoms. Theoretical ties to experiential avoidance theory are

explored. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.

========================================

Title: Exploration of the emergence of child symptomatology associated with

parental acute and chronic distress.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Weeks, Theresa M.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2000, 1100

Abstract/Review/Citation: The transmission of trauma across generations is a

relatively new topic in the research literature. An extensive literature

review examines the components of trauma research, including trauma

definition, acute versus chronic trauma, and descriptions of adult, child and

familial responses to trauma. This literature indicates the lack of a cohesive

trauma model that can be applied to a range of traumatic contexts.

Transgenerational transmission of trauma research reveals some evidence that

trauma responses are not confined to the traumatized generation. This research

is based largely on data from a clinical population of Holocaust survivors and

veterans and their families. Trauma symptoms in this population can vary

between generations, but the intensity of dysfunction appears to be similar.

The literature review concludes with discussions of cancer trauma and general

coping and resiliency. A model of transgenerational transmission of trauma is

offered, incorporating the efficacy of coping as a significant factor in

trauma transmission. An empirical study is proposed, based on the

self-reported trauma symptoms of acute and chronic adult cancer patients and

their 8- to 16-year-old children. Length of time post-trauma (either more or

less than six weeks) was chosen to determine chronicity of trauma. The Trauma

Symptom Inventory/Checklist for Children and the Impact of Event Scale will be

used to assess number and intensity of trauma symptoms. It is expected that

most adult and child subjects will report at last one trauma symptom. The

intensity of trauma symptoms is expected to correlate between generations of a

family. A stepwise discriminative function analysis should find at least one

function that discriminates between the acute and chronic groups.

Discrimination between the generations of the acute/chronic groups (i.e.

between acute adult and acute child groups) is not anticipated, as intensity

of symptoms is expected to be similar within a family. These predicted results

are congruent with Horowitz's (1979) model of trauma and provide support for

the concept of trauma (and coping) transmission across generations. Future

research should consider the impact of variables such as gender, age, race,

marital status, socioeconomic status, education, social support and

parent-child attachment on transgenerational trauma transmission. ========================================

Title: Stress, hardiness, social support network orientation, and trauma-related

symptoms in police officers.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Wellbrock, Kathleen Drake

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(3-B) Sep 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2000, 1687

Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to examine the

relationship between stress and trauma-related symptoms in a sample of police

officers. In addition, the role personality hardiness and social support

network orientation plays in predicting trauma-related symptoms was also

investigated.  Participants in this study were 163 police officers from

several small urban law enforcement agencies in Southern California. Data was

gathered by means of a questionnaire. The packet included: (a) a consent form

requesting participation and a brief summary about the research; (b) a

sociodemographic survey; (c) the Dispositional Resiliency Scale; (d) the

Police Stress Survey; (e) The Urban Life Stress Scale; (f) Network Orientation

Scale; (g) Perceived/Received Social Support Scale; (h) Impact of Event Scale.

This study employed a correlational design. It was hypothesized that; (a)

police specific stressors would be a significant predictor of trauma-related

symptoms; (b) personality hardiness would significantly contribute to the

explained variance in trauma-related symptoms; and (c) social support network

orientation would significantly contribute to the explained variance in trauma

related symptoms.  To test each of these hypotheses hierarchical multiple

regression analyses were used. Police stress was the only variable that

significantly contributed to the explained variance in trauma-related

symptoms. Exploratory stepwise regression analyses demonstrated that, gender

and police stress were the best predictors of trauma-related symptoms.

Exploratory analyses also indicated interesting gender and ethnic differences.

Female officers reported more trauma-related symptoms than the male officers.

In addition, the female officers reported feeling that they do not fit in well

with the law enforcement community and reported feeling that they are treated

unfairly This was also true for the African American officers. Further, female

officers reported using friends who are not officers as a source of support

more than the male officers. The results of this study demonstrated that

police specific stress is related to trauma-related symptoms in police

officers. Personality hardiness and social support were moderately related to

trauma-related symptoms in bivariate correlations. However, after accounting

for stress they did not emerge as predictors of trauma-related symptoms.

Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed. ========================================

Title: Patient and family psychosocial adjustment during the first week

following traumatic injury.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Ketchum, Kathy M.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2000, 2472

Abstract/Review/Citation: Nurses who care for trauma patients should understand the interrelated dynamics between patient and family member adjustment. This

descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational study examined family variables

which affected the psychosocial adjustment of patients and family members

within one week of traumatic injury. Purposes of the study were to examine the

(a) effect of actual injury severity and the family member's accumulation of

stressors and strains, stressor appraisal, social support, and coping on the

psychological and social adjustment of both trauma patients and family

members; (b) relationship between patient and family member psychosocial

adjustment; (c) demographic variables related to patient and family member

psychological and social adjustment; and (d) analyze relationships related to

actual and perceived injury severity. The theoretical framework for the study

was the adjustment phase of the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment,

and Adaptation.  Fifty trauma patients and fifty family members completed the

study between days two through seven after admission. Instruments included the

Family Inventory of Life Events (FILE), Injury Severity Visual Analog Scale

(ISVAS), Social Support Index (SSI), Family Crisis Oriented Personal

Evaluation Scales (F-COPES), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and the McMaster's

Family Assessment Device: General Functioning Subscale (FAD:GFS). There were

significant correlations between patient's and family member's perceptions of

social adjustment (r = .44, p le; .001) and stressor appraisal (r = .46, p le;

.001). Family member race was the only demographic variable which impacted

adjustment. Caucasian family members had significantly higher psychological

mood disturbances than African-American family members (t = -2.34, p <

.05). Regression analysis failed to find a significant relationship between

the predictor variables and patient and family psychological adjustment. 

While the findings suggest that there was no relationship between the

predictor variables and criterion variables in this sample, there was a

significant correlation between patient and family views of their family

social system. In addition, patients and family members perceived injury

severity similarly. Future research studies, with larger samples, may be able

to identify the interrelated dynamics of family variables and trauma patient

and family adjustment.

========================================

Title: The Pedro Pan experience:  An analysis based on attachment theory.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Gondra, Maria Pilar

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;

2000, 2760

Abstract/Review/Citation: A research study was implemented in order to determine

if attachment styles influence the impact of a traumatic situation. The

participants were a group of Cuban adults who were sent to the United States

from Cuba unaccompanied, by their parents, between 1960 and 1962. These, then

children, were placed in foster and group homes until their parents were able

to leave the island. There were 72 participants in the research, 44 male and

27 females, one subject's gender was not identified. The range of ages at time

of separation ranged between 4 years and 18 years old.  The participants were

asked to fill out three questionnaires, the first one asking demographic

questions, the second one was an attachment style questionnaire and the third

one was the Symptoms Checklist 90-R.  Three hypotheses were tested. Hypothesis

1 proposed that due to life interruptions, elevated symptomatology was

expected. Specifically, it was expected that subjects would demonstrate

elevations in anxiety and depression. Results indicated that although subjects

demonstrated elevations in both scales, more prominent in the Depression

scale, these elevations did not correlate with the trauma of life

interruptions. Hypothesis 2 stated the following assumption, compared to the

normative group, we would see an over-representation of insecure attachment

style in this whole population. When compared to results of studies by Hazan

and Shaver (1987) and Feeney and Noller (1990), the incidence of Pedro Pan

non-optimal attachment was not higher than the normative group, Finally,

hypotheses 3 was tested, this hypothesis proposed that the higher the degree

of disruption, such as earlier separation and multiple placements, would be

related to non-optimal attachment and greater symptomatology. Surprisingly,

the age of separation and time of separation did not correlate significantly

with symptomatology. There was a significant correlation, however, between the

age of reunion with the parents and dismissing attachment style. The older the

reunion, more dismissing styles were noted. Significant correlations were

identified between non-optimal attachment styles and psychopathology,

inferring that secure attachment acts as an insulator against future trauma.

The high resiliency of this group could be the result of the sample obtained,

they may have been a higher functioning group. In addition, the construct used

to measure attachment may have been an influence to these results. It is

impossible to measure childhood attachment with adults, one must rely on

instruments measuring adult romantic relationships. It would be interesting to

further study this group using other means of attachment style measurement.

========================================

Title: The emotional aftermath of the Waco raid: Five years revisited.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Solomon, Roger M.; Mastin, Peter

Source/Citation: Police trauma:  Psychological aftermath of civilian combat.,

Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher; 1999, (xxiv, 327), 113-123

Source editor(s): Violanti, John M. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: The authors give an inside view of psychological

trauma at the Waco, Texas incident. While being the worst tragedy in the

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms history, the fact there has been only

one medical retirement among agents involved points to the resiliency and

strength of the agents. They also discuss how organizational activities (e.g.,

critical incident program, leadership, peer support) contributed to emotional

recovery. Topics include: primary reason (the existence of a critical incident

program, program utilization, concerned leadership, peer support,

reinforcement of group cohesion and support, an opportunity to mourn);

multifaceted intervention (immediate availability of peer support and

psychological services, psychological services upon returning home, the

availability of specialized psychological services, access to the facts,

alleviating agents of blame, an opportunity to remember, support from the law

enforcement community and concerned citizens, learning from it). ========================================

Title: Post-intervention strategies to reduce police trauma: A paradigm shift.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Dunning, Chris

Source/Citation: Police trauma:  Psychological aftermath of civilian combat.,

Springfield, IL, US: Charles C Thomas, Publisher; 1999, (xxiv, 327), 269-289

Source editor(s): Violanti, John M. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: The author discusses the current controversy

surrounding debriefing. She contends that current debriefing methods have

their roots in the theoretical orientation of learned helplessness based on a

pathogenic model. As an alternative, she proposes that interventions be based

on a Wellness or Salutogenic paradigm that incorporates research and theory on

hardiness, resiliency, and learned resourcefulness. ========================================

Title: With the phoenix rising:  Lessons from ten resilient women who overcame

the trauma of childhood sexual abuse.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Grossman, Frances Kaplan; Cook, Alexandra B.; Kepkep, Selin S.; Koenen, Karestan C.

Source/Citation: San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 1999, (xi,

258)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Untold numbers of women have suffered severe childhood

abuse and yet show remarkable strength in their ability to persevere in their

relationships with themselves and others. This book tells the stories of 10

women who have successfully integrated the experience of traumatic childhood

sexual abuse into their lives. Their lessons provide hope for fellow survivors

and give clinicians the insight they need to help encourage such resiliency in

women with similar histories.  The authors interviewed and studied 10 women

over the course of several years to learn what contributed to their

resiliency. Their stories have been integrated into a framework essential for

mental health professionals who assess and treat women with severe trauma

histories. Clinicians will gain insight into the resilient strategies--setting

boundaries, utilizing coping techniques--and looking out for the mind and

body--used by these women and how these traits can be developed in their

clients.

Notes/Comments: Preface Part I: Setting the stage Resiliency The women's stories

Part II: Safe havens, important relationships School and work Intimate

relationships Relationships with children Relationships outside the family

Part III: Processes and strategies for developing resiliency The role of

psychotherapy The management of feelings The importance of self-care Making

sense of the abuse Part IV: A lifelong process Revisiting the participants

Appendix: Research methodology References About the authors Index strategies

for development of resilience & coping techniques for overcoming trauma,

adult females sexually abused in childhood  ========================================

Title: Adaptation to prolonged separation and loss in institutionalized

children: Influences on the psychological capacities of adults 'orphaned'

throughout childhood.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Batchelor, Judith

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 59(8-A) Feb 1999, US: University Microfilms

International; 1999, 3205

Abstract/Review/Citation: This exploratory study drew primarily upon narrative

interviews and secondarily on corroborative archival data from a small sample

of adults who were institutionalized throughout childhood. The purpose of the

study was to explore how, over their life course, these individuals adapted to

prolonged separation and loss, considering their institutional upbringing. The

data were assessed using psychoanalytic case study methods and the Scales of

Psychological Capacities, which were modified and used qualitatively. The

study yielded extensive clinical data, with repetitions organized around

idiosyncratic preoccupations associated with childhood trauma and losses which

shaped individual adaptations and capacities. Subjects were intensely

object-seeking, with most attaining increasing relational satisfactions over

time. They internalized the institutional experience as replacement phenomena,

maintaining resiliency through work and order, while sustaining hope through

religious ideals. While subjects achieved remarkable functional stability,

their internal psychological world reflected the profound way that childhood

losses and separations continued to reverberate deeply. ========================================

Title: The roles of sense of coherence, spirituality, and religion in responses

to trauma.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Racklin, Joseph Michael

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1999, 5106

Abstract/Review/Citation: This study investigated the salutogenic or

health-causing roles of sense of coherence, spiritual orientation, and the

importance of organized religion in responses to traumatic exposure. Sense of

coherence determines to what extent an individual is capable of understanding

the nature of stressors, believes appropriate coping resources are available,

and finds coping worthwhile. Path analysis was employed to examine the causal

relationships between traumatic exposure, sense of coherence, spiritual

orientation, and the importance of organized religion on the relative presence

or absence of PTSD symptoms following traumatic exposure. Hypotheses were

derived from theory and research pertaining to sense of coherence,

spirituality and religion, and the emerging literature on trauma resiliency.

An ethnically-diverse sample of 210 adults completed the Traumatic Events

Questionnaire, the Orientation to Life Questionnaire, the Spiritual

Orientation Inventory, the Religious Importance Scale, the PTSD Checklist, and

a demographic questionnaire that inquired about religious affiliation,

religious attendance, and spiritual practice. Statistical analyses found

positive correlations between sense of coherence and spiritual orientation;

neither was significantly associated with religious importance. Sense of

coherence and religious importance were inversely related to PTSD symptoms,

and spiritual orientation was positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Path

analysis was conducted and a non-recursive, causal model of PTSD resiliency

was proposed. Sense of coherence was found to mitigate PTSD symptoms after

traumatic exposure. Increased levels of traumatic distress caused increases in

spiritual orientation and decreases in religious importance. Fostering

spiritual orientation decreased traumatic distress by buttressing sense of

coherence. Religious importance without an intrinsic spiritual component did

not strengthen sense of coherence and thus did not lower traumatic distress.

Ancillary analyses found that 85.7% of the sample experienced at least one

traumatic event in their lifetime. The lifetime PTSD prevalence for the sample

was 22.4%. No gender or ethnicity differences were noted for traumatic

exposure or PTSD symptoms. Sense of coherence did not differ by gender or

ethnicity. Spiritual orientation was significantly higher among women, but no

ethnicity differences were observed. Religious importance was significantly

higher for non-Caucasian subjects, but no gender differences were found. These

findings suggest that the adverse effects of traumatic exposure are mitigated

by stronger sense of coherence levels. If distressed by traumatic symptoms,

however, turning toward spirituality reduces traumatic distress by reinforcing

sense of coherence levels. The study provides evidence for the inclusion of

spirituality in models of health, prevention strategies, and treatment

interventions. Clinical and public policy implications are addressed.

Limitations are discussed and recommendations for further study are offered.

========================================

Title: Adolescent exposure to violence: Antecedents and consequences.

(victimization, resiliency).

Author(s)/Editor(s): Morsi, Deborah Susan

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 59(10-B) May 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1999, 5312

Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to examine the

relationship between adolescents' exposure to violent and non-violent

traumatic life events and psychological factors and the effects of demographic

and prosocial resiliency factors on this relationship. A secondary analysis of

data from a study with a large sample of white and black adolescents (grades

9th and 10th) from three high schools was performed. Of the total eligible

population, 89% participated in the survey (N = 1684). The adolescents' ages

ranged from 13 to 18 years; 54% were black and 46% white; and 50% of the

adolescents were female. One out of five adolescents was exposed to violence

as a victim of a violent traumatic life event and there was greater exposure

in black and male adolescents. The overall mean exposure to non-violent

traumatic life events was 4.95. These data suggested that there is a

relationship between traumatic life event exposure and anger total,

depression, and mental distress in a large diverse sample of adolescents.

Victimized female and white adolescents reported more depressive and mental

distress than male and black adolescents. Exposure to violent traumatic life

events in adolescents was a significant predictor of anger total (p<.01),

depression (p<.01), and mental distress (p<.01). Prosocial resiliency

factors (self-efficacy, social support, and hope) moderated the exposure to

violent traumatic life event exposure. Higher self-efficacy and social support

and more hopeful about the future were protective and ameliorated the

detrimental effects of exposure to violent traumatic life events in

adolescents. These findings support the importance of identifying adolescents

exposed to violence and intervening to address the associated psychological

symptoms. Further, prosocial resiliency can be used to decrease the

deleterious effects and are potential avenues for prevention strategies.

========================================

Title: Predictors of explanatory style among Holocaust survivors. (survivor

syndrome, optimism).

Author(s)/Editor(s): Orenstein, Susan W.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 59(10-B) May 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1999, 5583

Abstract/Review/Citation: Typically, Holocaust survivors have been characterized

as a dysfunctional group suffering from 'survivor syndrome,' a collection of

psychological symptoms including anxiety, chronic depression, impaired

familial relationships, psychosomatic disease, and personality changes such as

'masochistic life patterns' (Krystal, 1980). These characteristics were

thought to result from the trauma suffered during the Holocaust. More recent

studies which use non-clinical samples of subjects have found that many

Holocaust survivors were able to rebuild their lives with few symptoms. They

developed successful careers, stable marriages, and caring families after the

war. The objective of these studies has been to identify the characteristics

that enabled many survivors to cope with past traumas and adjust to new

environments. Optimism is one quality proposed to account for the resiliency

found among this group. Optimism may enable a person to cope more effectively

with stress. In this study, the investigator examined a related concept,

called explanatory style: the way individuals habitually explain negative

events. According to the reformulated learned helplessness theory (Abramson,

Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978), explanatory style determines whether

individuals exhibit learned helplessness, characterized by passivity,

decreased motivation, and feelings of hopelessness in response to

uncontrollable events in their environment. Those who explain negative events

using external, unstable, and specific attributions will exhibit an optimistic

explanatory style, while those using internal, stable, and pervasive

attributions exhibit a pessimistic explanatory style. The goals of this study

were to identify the explanatory style of survivors and determine which

variables could predict this construct. The explanatory style of each survivor

was measured by coding the transcripts of their interviews, using the CAVE

technique (Peterson, Luborsky, & Seligman, 1983). The potential predictor

variables included characteristics of the trauma as well as characteristics of

the survivor and his or her social context. These variables include: the

condition of persecution during the war, the survivor's age when the war

began, religious background, the presence of social support in the form of

famiiy members' presence during the worst trauma, and the survivor's current,

preferred coping style, as measured by the COPE Scale (Carver, Scheier, &

Weintraub, 1989). The data from this study revealed that the survivors

overwhelmingly held an optimistic explanatory style for negative events.

Twelve percent of these survivors' explanatory style was accounted for by the

social support variable; i.e., those with family members present during the

worst trauma of the Holocaust exhibited a more optimistic explanatory style

than those who did not have this type of social support. Dyadic social

relationships may have provided emotional support and resources during times

of extreme duress, which helped the Holocaust survivors preserve an optimistic

explanatory style and prevent them from demonstrating learned helplessness.

Surprisingly, the other predictor variables (condition, age, religious background)

========================================

Title: Association between exposure to community violence and children's

perceptions of safety.  (violence, safety).

Author(s)/Editor(s): Collins, Kathryn S.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 60(4-A) Oct 1999, US: University Microfilms

International; 1999, 1327

Abstract/Review/Citation: There is an abundance of literature that recognizes

the impact of violence on children; however, there is little to direct

researchers and practitioners in developing effective solutions to the

long-lasting effects of such violence. Experts agree that establishing safety

is the first, and foremost, aspect of working with children who are faced with

violence and trauma. Perceptions of safety, interwoven in the fabric of a

child's life from birth, mediate coping skills and resiliency as well as aid

in growth, learning, and interpersonal relationships. The purposes of this

study have been to explore the frequency and degrees of children's exposure to

violence in a sample of school children and to extend knowledge about

children's perceptions of safety. Understanding this association may provide

knowledge needed to create more comprehensive and effective prevention,

treatment, education, and policy initiatives that addresses the impact of

violence exposure on children. A research design combining quantitative and

qualitative methods was used. The Children's Report of Exposure to Violence

(CREV) (Cooley, Turner, and Beidel, 1995) served as a screening device to

provide a sample of participants from an overall pool of 139 children ages

nine to 12 with various levels of exposure to violence for a second sample of

participants. The second sample of 30 children who participated in in-depth

interviews were classified into two groups based on their responses to the

CREV: the top 25 percent and the bottom 25 percent of exposure to violence

groups. The interview data were analyzed through thematic analysis utilizing

the constant comparative method. The experiences that children have with

exposure to violence influences the dimensions of children's perceptions of

safety. Through analysis, these perceptions are found to consist of five

dimensions. Safety for these children depends on: (1) Knowing the types of

harm or danger that jeopardize their safety, (2) Knowing who the specific

people are in their lives who help them to feel safe, (3) Relying on these

individuals for protection from harm and danger, (4) Identifying places of

safety, and (5) Self reliance.

========================================

Title: Surviving well: Decision-making and resiliency of African-American and

Euro-American women who have successfully left loved and dangerous partners.

(dangerous relationships).

Author(s)/Editor(s): Wilson, Janet Sullivan

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 60(5-A) Dec 1999, US: University Microfilms

International; 1999, 1796

Abstract/Review/Citation: Literature to date has focused on women's reasons for

staying/leaving dangerous relationships and has yet to conceptualize this

dichotomy as a primary and active decision making process. As a result,

education, healthcare, and counseling services are built upon literature that

assumes women fail to make decisions or they make decisions not in their best

interest. This 'damage' or pathology approach creates a blame-and-fix

assumption that camouflages women's decision-making perspectives and

resiliencies. Women's developmental learning theories suggest that women's

relational ties, evaluated within the context of male developmental models,

create moral and existential dilemmas that affect women's judgments.

Psychological, developmental, and educational resilience theories support that

adversity such as abuse need not be disabling, but can increase personal

competency, especially when those competencies are recognized, given value,

and are supported. The purpose of this study was to focus on diverse women's

perspectives about their decisional process and resiliencies in the context of

life histories. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used in which

three hour interviews were tape recorded and transcribed with 9 women from 2

different racial groups who successfully left loved and dangerous partners.

The interrelation of life histories, ethnicity, resiliencies and

decision-making perspectives was explored. Eight phenomena emerged: decisional

difficulties, realization, abuser tactics, role socialization of

responsibility for relationships, decisional strategies, turning points, final

resolve, and self sense/resiliencies. Racial differences were seen in the

self, role socialization, and realization categories. For the majority of

women in this study decision making was a difficult process fraught with

danger to self and children. Realization they were in a 'world of hurt' was

immediate, but was directly sabotaged by batterer's tactics and consequent

trauma. Indirectly, but most profoundly, a cultural onslaught of

overemphasized female role responsibility to care, fix, endure, and sacrifice

self for the good of the family further undermined the women's choices. With

increased threats to self-survival the women devised decisional strategies to

form plans and actions. Knowledge not taught by the larger culture evolved as

the women integrated autonomous functioning within the context of new

relationships. Resiliency traits of autonomy, hard work, tenacity, fortitude,

focus, flexibility, and loyalty were found in all the women. Resiliency

abilities to keep connections, recruit help, devise strategies, make meaning

from their adversity, and use survival skills in new relationships were also present. ========================================

Title: Dealing with stress and trauma in families.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Kiser, Laurel J.; Ostoja, Ewa; Pruitt, David B.

Source/Citation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America;

Vol 7(1) Jan 1998, US: WB Saunders Co; 1998, 87-103

Abstract/Review/Citation: Traditional models of individual adaptation to stress

increasingly are being supplemented with family-based conceptualizations of

stress appraisal, coping, and resiliency. This article begins with a brief

description of a theoretic framework for understanding how families evaluate

stressors and their own coping resources and how this process guides their

response to stress. Characteristics associated with successful family

adaptation to stress then are outlined in relation to a number of both

normative and unexpected stressors. Most families at some point experience

stress in the context of normative transitions, such as changes in family

composition through birth, maturation, or family break-up. Severe unexpected

stressors that place significant strain on family functioning include serious

illness, death, violence, and both natural and man-made disasters.

Recommendations for therapeutic interventions with families are provided.

========================================

Title: Spirituality, resilience, and narrative: Coping with parental death.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Angell, G. Brent; Dennis, Brent G.; Dumain, Lisa E.

Source/Citation: Families in Society; Vol 79(6) Nov-Dec 1998, US: Manticore

Publishers; 1998, 615-630

Abstract/Review/Citation: This article considers the therapeutic use of

reminiscence and storytelling in the bereavement process of an adult-child

adjusting to the death of a parent. Founded on the client's journey of

adjustment, the work looks at how the individual reconfigures and incorporates

the trauma of loss into a narrative of personal and spiritual resiliency

wherein the goal is discovery rather than recovery. ========================================

Title: Using sports to strengthen resiliency in children: Training  Heart.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Bell, Carl C.; Suggs, Hayward

Source/Citation: Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America:

Special Issue: Sports Psychiatry; Vol 7(4) Oct 1998, US: WB Saunders Co; 1998,

859-865

Abstract/Review/Citation: The authors describe how a particular aspect of sports

can nurture resiliency. They delineate principles for encouraging the

development of heart (the characteristic that causes a person to be firm in

his/her beliefs and to have determination to accomplish goals) in youth. By

encouraging children and adolescents to go the extra mile in a sports context,

youth practice calling up emotional reserves until they trust that they have a

stockpile of conviction. Building heart in youth is a preventive public health

strategy designed to inoculate against the potentially negative effects of

stress and trauma. Accordingly, it is an essential tool in the primary

prevention of stress-related disorders in youth. A case vignette of a boy

"building heart" is presented.

========================================

Title: An investigation of 'counterdissociation' phenomena in therapists

treating sexual abuse survivors.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Paulus, Lynn A.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 58(9-B) Mar 1998, US: Univ. Microfilms International; 1998, 5136

Abstract/Review/Citation: This study investigated 'counterdissociative'

phenomena. This term was coined by Shay (1992) to describe the defensive

process that therapists use to protect themselves from overwhelming affect in

the presence of survivors who describe traumatic experiences. Participants

were randomly selected from a mailing list of therapists belonging to the

International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Two hundred eighteen

participants met the criteria for inclusion. Each participant completed

demographic questions investigating therapists' professional training and

clinical experience. In addition, participants rated their exposure, both

personal and professional, to traumatic material. Finally, participants

completed the Impact of Events Scale (IES, Horowitz et al., 1979) and the

Trauma Symptom Checklist-40, Dissociative Subscale (TSC-40, Briere &

Runtz, 1992). Hierarchical Sets Regression Analyses of Variance were used to

investigate the relationship between therapist support factors (i.e.

supervision, peer group support, etc.), work setting variables, credentials

and training, personal trauma history and counterdissociative phenomena. No

significant correlations were found between predictor variables (i.e. support

factors, personal history of abuse factors) and the results on the dependent

measures. The sample of respondents proved to be a very homogeneous group. The

participants were primarily a group of seasoned therapists with 64% having

doctoral degrees and an overall mean of 12 years experience working with

sexual abuse survivors. Two thirds of the participants were male. Of those who

acknowledged a personal history of sexual abuse, 100% had engaged in their own

therapy and few reported symptoms of counterdissociation. The results of this

study are in contrast to other recent research which found that therapists'

caseload, professional support and personal history of trauma were positively

correlated with avoidant and intrusive symptoms using the IES Scale (Bober,

1995; Battley, 1995; Kassam-Adams, 1994; Monroe, 1991). The current study may

have important implications for understanding the resiliency of therapists who

continue to do this work effectively, and who function with minimal secondary

traumatization symptoms. More research is needed to understand how the

specifics of advanced clinical experience enhance therapists' work with

survivors while also preserving therapists' own mental health. ========================================

Title: An exploration of attributions of blame and psychological resiliency in

victims of incest perpetrated by alcoholic fathers.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Gravley, Michelle Ann

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 59(6-B) Dec 1998, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1998, 3057

Abstract/Review/Citation: Child sexual abuse can be a psychologically

overwhelming event that may produce significantly adverse, short or long-term

effects. However, some children are more psychologically resilient than others

in terms of the impact the abuse has upon them. By identifying and

understanding factors that influence resiliency in victims of sexual abuse,

especially factors related to attribution of blame, it may be possible to more

precisely focus treatment interventions so that the significantly adverse

sequelae are abated. This study explored attribution of blame as one important

factor that may influence resiliency in victims of incest perpetrated by

alcoholic fathers. A critical review of research and literature in the areas

of attribution theory, sexual abuse, children of alcoholics, resiliency, and

treatment was completed. The study examined, through a case study approach,

whether or not a child's attribution of blame for incest to the situational

factor of alcohol use by the perpetrator influenced psychological resiliency.

Three adolescent female victims participated in completing a protocol of

psychological assessment instruments that measured, among other factors,

symptomology and blame attribution. Results revealed that, in one case, when

alcohol use was identified as the 'major cause' of the abuse, the victim's

symptomology was actually more severe than that of other participants. Signs

of resiliency were more evident in the participant who attributed both

behavioral self-blame and blame to the perpetrator, suggesting that a

combination of internal and external blame may be an adaptive cognitive

response. However, additional factors related to the abuse experience, such as

relationship to the perpetrator, age at the time of the abuse, and duration

and severity of the abuse, may have influenced the impact of the trauma upon

the children. These issues are discussed as are limitations and implications

of the current study. A clinical case study was undertaken to demonstrate

clinical competency as well as to provide a narrative account of treatment

with an incest victim. The case involved sixteen months of treatment with a

latency-aged female who experienced sexual abuse by her alcoholic father. The

treatment involved abuse-specific therapy utilizing directive and

non-directive play therapy techniques. Critical incidents during the

treatment, apparent successes and failures, as well as measured progress were

discussed. Conjectures were made about the basis for observed outcomes

experienced by the child. Observed outcomes were discussed in relationship to

theories concerning the impact and psychological repercussions of incest and

psychological resiliency following such a trauma. ========================================

Title: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among firearm assault survivors: Risk and

resiliency factors in recovery from violent victimization.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Burnette, Sherry

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 59(6-B) Dec 1998, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1998, 3049

Abstract/Review/Citation: Firearm violence in the United States has reached

epidemic proportions, and yet little is known about the psychosocial impact of

firearm assault on its survivors. This study set out to: (1) determine the

rate of chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and (2) to identify

pre-assault factors, assault characteristics, and factors in the post-assault

recovery environment that serve as risk or protective factors for the

development of PTSD in a sample of firearm assault survivors. In addition, a

qualitative analysis drew upon in-depth interviews with six firearm assault

survivors about their recovery experience. Fifty-five firearm assault

survivors recruited from an urban trauma center completed a number of measures

assessing pre-assault factors, assault characteristics, factors in the

post-assault recovery environment, and PTSD symptomatology. Fifty-eight

percent of the sample met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD 3 to 36 months

post-assault. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis supported a model in

which negative change of outlook, assault severity, and adopting safeguarding

behaviors served as risk factors for the presence of PTSD after firearm

assault; while social support operated as a resiliency factor protecting

individuals from development of PTSD after severe violent victimization.

Qualitative analysis revealed a number of commonalities in the recovery

experience for both impaired and resilient survivors. The findings suggest

that firearm assault survivors are at high risk for the development of chronic

PTSD. Further, the use of a high-risk screening tool that assesses risk and

protective factors for the development of chronic PTSD may have important

clinical applications in identifying victims most in need of clinical intervention. ========================================

Title: Nine lives: Luck, resiliency and gratitude.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Mackler, Benard

Source/Citation: Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior; Vol 35(3-4) 1998, US:

Institute for Leadership and Organization Effectiveness; 1998, 50-52

Abstract/Review/Citation: This article discusses: how does one recover and, if

one recovers, what new life perceptions occur after a major emotional and/or

physical crisis? How does one deal with the present, past and future during

the recovery period and afterwards? Gratitude, humility and seeing one's life

anew are the major components of the reborn life. ========================================

Title: Contemporary Rorschach interpretation.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Meloy, J. Reid; Acklin, Marvin W.; Gacono, Carl B.; Murray, James F., et al

Source/Citation: Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers;

1997, (xvii, 596) The LEA series in personality and clinical psychology.

Abstract/Review/Citation: Within each section the editors and invited authors

have contributed a Rorschach case study that vertically cuts a character

pathology, personality disorder, or clinical diagnosis through that particular

level of personality organization.  The last section . . . charts the

enormously varied course of a Nobel laureate, the pain of trauma and

transvestism, and the Nazi perversion of youth, to the consensus Rorschach in

couples' therapy and cutting-edge work in neuropsychology.  [This book] is

written for both students and experienced practitioners of the Rorschach. 

[The authors] hope it will be especially useful to teachers of the Rorschach

to show advanced students how the method can be used in many different

clinical cases. The unselected chapters are journal reprints that were covered

by PsycINFO at the time of their original publication and may be found in the

PsycLIT or PsycINFO journal article database.

Notes/Comments: Foreword [by] Irving B. Weiner Contributors Introduction J. Reid Meloy and James F. Murray I.  Psychotic personality organization Psychodiagnosis of personality structure:  Psychotic personality organization Marvin W. Acklin A psychotic gynemimetic:  "I just had a pregnant thought . . ." Charles A. Peterson A psychotic

(sexual) psychopath:  "I just had a violent thought . . ." J. Reid Meloy and Carl B.

Gacono Toward a synthetic approach to the Rorschach:  The case of a psychotic child James F. Murray A fall from grace Mark J. Hilsenroth A psychotic and bulimic female adolescent Rebecca E. Rieger II.  Borderline personality organization Psychodiagnosis of personality structure:  Borderline personality organization Marvin W. Acklin The Rorschach search for the borderline holy grail:  An examination of personality structure, personality

style, and situation James F. Murray A borderline psychopath:  "I was basically maladjusted . . ." J. Reid Meloy and Carl B. Gacono A borderline policeman:  AKA, a cop with no COP Charles A. Peterson A Rorschach case study of stalking:  "All I wanted was to love you . . ." J. Reid Meloy White bird:  Flight from the terror of empty space Bruce L. Smith Borderline personality organization, psychopathology, and sexual homicide: 

The case of Brinkley Carl B. Gacono Revisiting the Rorschach of Sirhan Sirhan

J. Reid Meloy III.  Neurotic personality organization Psychodiagnosis of

personality structure:  Neurotic personality organization Marvin W. Acklin A

neurotic lawyer:  AIDS or Oedipus? Charles A. Peterson A neurotic criminal:

"I've learned my lesson . . ." J. Reid Meloy and Carl B. Gacono The Rorschach and diagnosis of neurotic conditions in children and adolescents:  A case study James F. Murray Bulimia as a neurotic symptom:  A Rorschach case study James H. Kleiger Personality factors in chronic fatigue syndrome:  Psychological assessment Robert Lovitt and Cynthia A. Claassen A Rorschach child single-subject study in divorce:  A question of psychological resiliency Donald J. Viglione, Jr. and Janet Kates An old neurosis in an old neurotic:   "I shouldn't have played with it" Charles A. Peterson and Cynthia Lindman Port IV.  Special Applications Vitamin C or pure C:  The Rorschach of Linus Pauling Carl B. Gacono, Clifford M. DeCato, Virginia Brabender, and Ted G. Goertzel He-she-it:  The construction and destruction of an illusory identity Marvin W. Acklin, Diana E. Wright, and Arnold R. Bruhn Baldur von Schirach, Hitler youth leader:  Perversion of boyish idealism Barry Ritzler He says, she says, they say:  The Consensus Rorschach Leonard Handler The neuropsychology of the Rorschach:  An M.D. with M.B.D. Susan C. Colligan Beyond personality assessment:  The use of the Rorschach as a neuropsychological instrument in patients with amnestic disorders William Perry and Eric G. Potterat Author index Subject index Rorschach interpretation in understanding & diagnosis of psychotic & borderline & neurotic personality organization & disorders

========================================

Title: Developmental perspectives on trauma:  Theory, research, and intervention.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante; Toth, Sheree L.

Source/Citation: Rochester, NY, US: University of Rochester Press; 1997, (xvii,

613) Rochester symposium on developmental psychology, Vol. 8.

Abstract/Review/Citation: The goal of this volume is to examine trauma and

development from a lifespan perspective. In addition to grappling with how

trauma itself is experienced at various stages of development, it is equally

necessary to understand how the experience of trauma during various

developmental periods affects adaptation over time.  Chapters span the

range from infancy through adulthood. Proximal experiences of trauma, such as

maltreatment and parental divorce, as well as more distal influences of

trauma, such as community violence and war, are examined. Moreover, the role

of early trauma in contributing to later difficulties in personal, social, and

biological functioning is discussed. Finally, specific therapies designed to

ameliorate the effects of having experienced trauma, as well as more

broad-based preventive efforts and recommendations for social policy

initiatives are among the intervention strategies discussed.

Notes/Comments:  List of contributors Preface A developmental perspective on the childhood impact of crime, abuse, and violent victimization David Finkelhor and Kathy Kendall-Tackett Toward an integrative theory of trauma: A dynamic-maturation approach Patricia McKinsey Crittenden Early interpersonal trauma and later adjustment: The mediational role of rejection sensitivity Geraldine Downey, Hala Khouri and Scott I. Feldman The effects of trauma on children: Conceptual and methodological issues Ariana Shahinfar and Nathan A. Fox Growing up in a socially toxic environment James Garbarino Community and domestic violence exposure: Effects on development and psychopathology Joy D. Osofsky and Michael S. Scheeringa Long-term effects of massive trauma: Developmental and psychobiological perspectives Margaret O'Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, Andrea Northwood and Jon J. Hubbard Child maltreatment as an illustration of the effects of war on development Dante Cicchetti, Sheree L. Toth and Michael Lynch How the experience of early physical abuse leads children to become chronically aggressive Kenneth A. Dodge, Gregory S. Pettit and John E. Bates

Characteristics of sexual abuse trauma and the prediction of developmental

outcomes Penelope K. Trickett, Allan Reiffman, Lisa A. Horowitz and Frank W.

Putnam Pathways to violence in teen dating relationships David A. Wolfe and

Christine Wekerle Incest, attachment, and developmental psychopathology Pamela

C. Alexander and Catherine L. Anderson The role of early trauma in males who

assault their wives Donald G. Dutton and Amy Holtzworth-Munroe Mediators of

the effects of child maltreatment on development adaptation in adolescence

Byron Egeland Some costs of coping: Stress and distress among children from

divorced families Robert Emery and Mary Jo Coiro Resiliency

partnership-directed intervention: Enhancing the social competencies of

preschool victims of physical abuse by developing peer resources and community

strengths John Fantuzzo, Kathleen Coyle Coolahan and Andrea DelGaudio Weiss

Intervention with children who experience trauma Lucy Berliner Children's

reports of personal events Stephen J. Ceci, Helene Hembrooke and Maggie Bruck

The sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: Implications of empirical research for

clinical, legal, and public policy domains Heather O'Bierne Kelly and N.

Dickon Reppucci The continuum of harm: Girls and women at risk for sexual

abuse across the lifespan Laura McCloskey Index of authors Index of subjects

developmental perspective on trauma experience & adaptation & intervention across the lifespan

========================================

Title: Resiliency partnership-directed intervention: Enhancing the social

competencies of preschool victims of physical abuse by developing peer

resources and community strengths.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Fantuzzo, John; Coolahan, Kathleen Coyle; Weiss, Andrea DelGaudio

Source/Citation: Developmental perspectives on trauma:  Theory, research, and

intervention., Rochester, NY, US: University of Rochester Press; 1997, (xvii, 613), 463-489 Rochester symposium on developmental psychology, Vol. 8. Source editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this chapter is to outline and

illustrate an approach for intervening with maltreated children and their

families that embodies the notion of maltreatment researchers utilizing a

strategy for maximizing the potency of natural resources that exist within the

community. This strategy, which we refer to as the Resiliency

Partnership-Directed Approach (RPD), involves accessing and activating the

capabilities of resilient individuals who are indigenous to the multiple

environmental systems that shape children's development. This approach calls

for researchers to form a collaborative research team with resilient community

members to plan, implement, and evaluate intervention methods at various

system levels for maltreating families.  We discuss the defining

characteristics of the RPD, as well as guidelines for using this approach in

research practice. Finally, the application of this approach is illustrated

through the description of intervention techniques at the community, family,

and child-peer system levels that were designed to enhance the social

functioning of maltreating families and child victims in an urban Head Start

program. Process and outcome data are presented that demonstrate the merits of

this approach for conducting scientifically rigorous maltreatment research

that is attentive to developmental and ecological influences upon parent and

child functioning. families

========================================

Title: The continuum of harm: Girls and women at risk for sexual abuse across

the lifespan.

Author(s)/Editor(s): McCloskey, Laura

Source/Citation: Developmental perspectives on trauma:  Theory, research, and

intervention., Rochester, NY, US: University of Rochester Press; 1997, (xvii,

613), 553-578 Rochester symposium on developmental psychology, Vol. 8.

Source editor(s): Cicchetti, Dante (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: The argument of this chapter is that sexual abuse of

children and women has common origins in the culture and psyche. Sexual abuse

colors the life trajectories of females in our own society. Sexual abuse is a

term that encompasses a wide span of experiences, but for girls and women it

has its roots in the sexualization of their humanity; transforming femaleness

to a fetish. The sequelae associated with sexual victimization are

inextricably tied to the culturally constructed categories of gender. 

Topics discussed include: perpetrators of child sexual abuse and rape against

women, sequelae of child sexual abuse and adult rape, longitudinal outcomes of

sexual abuse, resiliency among sexual abuse survivors, and multilevel

approaches to the study of sexual abuse. ========================================

Title: Resiliency group therapy for latency-aged sexually abused girls.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Powell, Nancy Cherylin

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 57(7-B) Jan 1997, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1997, 4721

Abstract/Review/Citation: Since the 1970's, researchers have examined the

negative effects of sexual abuse, the factors that influence the severity of

trauma and its effect on development. Studies to determine incidence and

prevalence rates of sexual abuse in the population have been conducted, and

treatment strategies have been designed to alleviate the negative effects of

abuse. Group therapy has been found to be the most effective modality of

treatment for the sexually abused child. Research in resiliency has attempted

to determine what variables offer children protection against stressors such

as poverty, alcoholism, and parental psychopathology. Recently, resiliency

research has focused on the abused child because almost every study on sexual

abuse has found a substantial number of victims who are asymptomatic following

sexual abuse. This research has identified several characteristics and skills

which appear to offer protection against the negative effects of abuse and are

capable of being used in treatment interventions to foster resiliency in these

children. However, most current treatment programs still focus on the damaging

effects of sexual abuse, and do not teach the skills necessary to promote

resiliency. There are few treatment programs designed for the latency-aged

child, although studies have shown that the most common age of the onset of

abuse occurs during the latency years. This doctoral project reviews the

current research on sexual abuse and resiliency, and offers a group therapy

program designed to foster resiliency in sexually abused, latency-aged girls.

========================================

Title: Victim-to-perpetrator process: Effect of trauma on incarcerated adult

male sex offenders.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Hulnick, Marjory Joan

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities

& Social Sciences; Vol 57(9-A) Mar 1997, US: University Microfilms

International; 1997, 3826

Abstract/Review/Citation: Trauma before age 16, and its relationship to adult

perpetration were investigated in 69 incarcerated adult male sex offenders

(primarily pedophiles and rapists), and a comparison group of 46 employed

working-class adult males. Physical, sexual, emotional, family, and general

trauma were expected to predict perpetration. Hypothesized as mediators of the

victim-to-perpetrator process were psychobiological sequelae of trauma, namely

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), dissociation, central nervous (limbic)

system dysregulation (CNS), and anger-rage. Substance abuse disinhibitors,

buffers such as help with traumatization, and protective and resilience

factors were anticipated modifiers. Supporting the study model and hypotheses,

negative outcome was predicted by the absence of buffers, and presence of

trauma, its sequelae, and disinhibitors. Incarcerated offenders experienced more

childhood trauma on all dimensions, higher levels of anger-rage, and

greater PTSD, dissociative, and CNS symptomatology. They received less help

with traumatization, had fewer protective and resiliency traits, and engaged

in more antisocial and non-sexual criminal acts as both juveniles and adults.

Chance results were unlikely, since significance levels ranged from p <01

to p =.01. Predictive of antisocial and non-sexual criminal behavior were:

anger-rage, PTSD, general abuse, and absence of sexual abuse, accounting for

43% and 50% of the variance on juvenile and adult levels respectively. These

adult behaviors were highly correlated with earlier acts as juveniles.

Anger-rage initially was the most important predictor of felon (versus

non-felon) group membership, but was replaced subsequently by PTSD, emotional

abuse, substance abuse, and absence of protective and resilience factors,

accounting for 51%. The presence of sexual abuse and absence of family

dysfunction were responsible for 21% of the shared variance in offender

subgroups, pedophile versus rapist. Limbic system dysregulation, anger-rage,

dissociation, physical abuse, and absence of both family dysfunction and

protective and resiliency traits accounted for 53% of the PTSD variance.

Though not causal, results were consistent with the concept that childhood

trauma and adult perpetration are strongly associated. ========================================

Title: Resiliency of young children: Self-concept, parental support, and

traumatic symptoms after sexual abuse.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Reyes, Carla Jean

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 57(10-B) Apr 1997, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1997, 6589

Abstract/Review/Citation: Child abuse is a major problem in the United States.

In 1994, the number of confirmed child abuse cases reached over one million.

To date, researchers have not identified a typical symptom profile of sexual

abuse. Few researchers have examined individual differences among sexually

abused children, with little attention being directed toward identifying protective

factors or factors that may influence a child's resiliency to abuse. The purpose of

this study was to assess children's reactions to sexual abuse and responsiveness to treatment. The study focuses on the variability in sexually abused children's (a) self-concept; (b) perceived parental support; and (c) traumatic experiences, initially, and over time while in treatment. Data were collected at a non-profit community based agency in Central California which serves abused children and adults. A total of 30 girls and 13 boys ranging in age between 7.3 to 16.6 years participated in the study. Data

were collected at three points in time while they were in treatment. This

study had a large attrition rate which was examined and discussed. Findings

indicate that sexually abused children vary in their self-concept, perceived

parental support, and experience of traumatic symptoms initially and over time

while in treatment. Furthermore, the children's overall levels of traumatic

symptoms decreased significantly by the 6 month evaluation. The children's

initial level of parental support and their frequency of abuse predicted the

amount of change in their perceived levels of overall trauma by the 3 month

evaluation period. Initial parental support and frequency of abuse seem to be

two important variables to consider in future research with sexually abused

children. Implications for future research are discussed. ========================================

Title: Childhood trauma: Its impact on attachment, psychosocial development, and symptomatology in women.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Escudero, M. Dolores

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 58(4-B) Oct 1997, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1997, 2117

Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to examine the

relationship between reported childhood trauma related to maltreatment,

developmental correlates of attachment and psychosocial development, and adult

symptomatology in women. Ninety six women between the ages of 24 and 55 (mean

age 38) participated in the study by completing several questionnaire

measures. Results were analyzed using structural equation modeling as well as

other conventional statistics. It was found that reports of early maltreatment

in the form of physical and/or emotional abuse were related to adult

symptomatology and that this relationship appeared mediated in a complex way

through attachment and psychosocial development. Sexual abuse was correlated

with physical and emotional abuse but was not as strongly correlated to

symptomatology as these other abuse variables. Furthermore, sexual abuse was

not correlated to attachment or to psychosocial development. Exploratory and

qualitative approaches were used to examine the results further and to discuss

issues of resiliency, change, and coping. ========================================

Title: Families in recovery:  Coming full circle.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Brooks, Carolyn SevalRice, Kathleen Fitzgerald

Source/Citation: Baltimore, MD, US: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co; 1997, (xvi, 333)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Sharing compelling family stories and key information

about child development, family systems theory, addiction, and recovery, the

authors demonstrate the effective, family-focused intervention techniques

developed in their combined 35 yrs of practice in early childhood education,

child development, substance abuse treatment, pediatric nursing, and

psychiatric nursing. Motivational techniques and stress reducers for

professionals are also provided.  This . . . book speaks to substance abuse

professionals, educators, policy makers, parents, and anyone else who works

with or cares about families.

Notes/Comments: About the authors Forewords [by] Norma Finkelstein and Steven Parker Preface For the reader Acknowledgments I: One in eight Addiction: A cunning and baffling disease The family as a system Through a child's eyes: A look at early childhood development The impact of addiction on the family Special issues in the addicted family system: In utero drug exposure, HIV infection, and the effects of violence and trauma II: Progress, not perfection Recovery: A journey of growth and change Everybody finds their

power: Supporting resiliency in children and families Treatment for substance

abuse and addiction Family-focused treatment: Interventions for families

affected by substance abuse "Burned out": Support for professionals

working with families affected by substance abuse A: Family diagram B: Taking

a history of substance use C: Bibliography of children's books D: Groups,

organizations, and resources E: The 12 steps of recovery Index family focused

interventions for substance abuse

========================================

Title: An ecological view of psychological trauma and trauma recovery.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Harvey, Mary R.

Source/Citation: Journal of Traumatic Stress; Vol 9(1) Jan 1996, US: Kluwer

Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1996, 3-23

Abstract/Review/Citation: This paper presents an ecological view of

psychological trauma and trauma recovery. Individual differences in

posttraumatic response and recovery are the result of complex interactions

among person, event, and environmental factors. These interactions define the

interrelationship of individual and community and together may foster or

impede individual recovery. The ecological model proposes a multidimensional

definition of trauma recovery and suggests that the efficacy of trauma-focused

interventions depends on the degree to which they enhance the person-community

relationship and achieve "ecological fit" within individually varied

recovery contexts. In attending to the social, cultural and political context

of victimization and acknowledging that survivors of traumatic experiences may

recover without benefit of clinical intervention, the model highlights the

phenomenon of resiliency, and the relevance of community intervention efforts.

========================================

Title: Changing course: Guiding treatment principles to break the child sexual

abuse victim-offender cycle in male adolescents.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Rowland, Anne M.

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences

& Engineering; Vol 56(6-B) Dec 1995, US: Univ. Microfilms International;

1995, 3429

Abstract/Review/Citation: This project synthesizes information about child

sexual abuse victims and perpetrators from literature and from practicing

clinicians into guiding principles for treatment of male adolescent

self-identified victims of child sexual abuse. The principles are intended to

comprise the underpinnings of a treatment program that would specifically

address and deter the potential for victims engaging in perpetrating behavior,

thus reducing the incidence of child sexual abuse. The entrenched

victim-offender cycle that exists and perpetuates abuse is shown to be well

documented throughout the literature. Trauma theory, resiliency factors, male

socialization and adolescent development are reviewed to add further

understanding of the perpetration of sexual abuse by victims and by

non-victims, and why and how to prevent it at an early age. The rationale,

ideas and suggestions for the incorporation of the principles into a

preventative treatment program are drawn also from programs that treat victims

and that treat offenders, as well as from programs that teach skills needed to

prevent adolescent suicide, pregnancy and drug abuse. Four clinicians from

health clinics and independent practice who work with victims and perpetrators

were interviewed for their input, as well. The principles provide for the

focus of a program to be on the development of self-esteem, sense of

self-efficacy, interpersonal skills, and sexuality education, with particular

emphasis on normalization of the boys' feelings and inner experiences of being

adolescent. The guiding treatment principles are intended to be utilized

within a pro-active, skill-building program for 13-14 year old male victims,

and implemented by clinical psychologists. ========================================

Title: Helping the victims of disasters.

Author(s)/Editor(s): McFarlane, Alexander C.

Source/Citation: Traumatic stress:  From theory to practice., New York, NY, US:

Plenum Press; 1995, (xvii, 402), 287-314 Plenum series on stress and coping. Source editor(s): Freedy, John R. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: examines the various ways in which mental health

professionals can assist in the psychological care and rehabilitation of

disaster victims [discusses] the impact of trauma upon clinical judgment and

personal well-being of the professional / emphasizes the complex and evolving

nature of disasters by recommending that interventions can occur at 5 phases

in time ranging from before to following the disaster (planning, threat,

inventory and rescue, remedy, recovery) / states that the nature of

intervention will change in each time phase / discusses a biopsychosocial

model for individual mental health risk or resiliency that can be considered

in light of the 5 stages of intervention / appropriate assessment (interview

and self-report) and treatment strategies are considered / emphasizes both

prevention and treatment / [discusses] the common elements in successful

mental health treatment, emphasizing a flexible clinical approach that

integrates biological and psychosocial approaches / ends with a series of .

. . case examples that illustrate a range of clinical concerns (e.g., brief

interventions, control issues, death, family issues, depression, emergency

service personnel, and dissociative symptoms) ========================================

Title: Children's resiliency versus vulnerability to attachment trauma in

guardianship cases.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Milchman, Madelyn Simring

Source/Citation: Journal of Psychiatry & Law; Vol 23(4) Win 1995, US:

Federal Legal Publications Inc; 1995, 487-515

Abstract/Review/Citation: Reviews the scientific evidence regarding children s

ability to bond to new parents. In recent New Jersey termination of parental

rights cases, expert witnesses opined that children can be resilient,

recovering from loss of their psychological parents by rebonding to biological

parents. NJ Supreme Court judges concluded that there is a scientific conflict

between research on children's resiliency and research on bonding, a conflict

that raises doubt regarding the likelihood that severe and enduring harm is

caused by breaking bonds to psychological parents. However, resiliency and

bonding research do not support the opinion that children can recover without

lasting harm from loss of their psychological parents. Evidence regarding

bonding trauma is reviewed.

========================================

Title: Overcoming the odds.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Werner, Emmy E.

Source/Citation: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics; Vol 15(2)

Apr 1994, US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1994, 131-136

Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the results of a longitudinal study

investigating resiliency in high risk children exposed to both biologic and

psychosocial risk factors. 201 babies born on the Hawaiian island of Kauai in

1955 were identified as high risk and were followed from the perinatal period

to ages 1, 2, 10, 18, and 32 yrs. 72 high risk Ss grew into competent,

confident, caring young adults. None developed serious learning or behavior

problems in adolescence. They succeeded in school, managed home and social

life well, and expressed a strong desire to take advantage of opportunities

coming their way. Results suggest 2 primary trends: (1) the impact of

reproductive stress diminished with time, and (2) the developmental outcome of

virtually every biological risk condition was dependent on the quality of the

rearing environment. Overall rearing conditions were more powerful

determinants of outcome than was perinatal trauma. ========================================

Title: Childhood trauma and subsequent suicidal behavior.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Fish-Murray, Caroline C.

Source/Citation: Suicidology:  Essays in honor of Edwin S. Shneidman.,

Northvale, NJ, US: Jason Aronson, Inc; 1993, (xvii, 418), 73-92

Source editor(s): Leenaars, Antoon A. (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the effect of childhood trauma on later

suicidal behavior. effect of disasters on children [resiliency, negative

effects of disasters] / memory's role in adaptation and pathology / encoding /

storage and retrieval / memory: its developmental course

========================================

Title: Rising from the ashes: Modeling resiliency in a community devastated by

man-made catastrophe.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Rosenman, Stanley; Handelsman, Irving

Source/Citation: American Imago; Vol 49(2) Sum 1992, US: Johns Hopkins Univ

Press/Assn for Applied Psychoanalysis; 1992, 185-226

Abstract/Review/Citation: Celebrates the contribution to the revival of Jewish

spirit that narrators of their Holocaust experiences have made. Despite Jews

being spurred to engage in self-realizing behavior, they carry forever the

trace of a world that once sought to devitalize, then completely destroy them,

and that now seems utterly indifferent to this event. Narrators of their

Holocaust experiences serve the Jewish community by helping to put back

together a people ravaged by the catastrophe. The recounting of horrific

images and anguished memories endorses the purging of traumatic affects.

Survivors' offspring join narrators to become important models of adaptive

behavior for Jews subsequent to the Holocaust. ========================================

Title: Children of chemically dependent parents:  Multiperspectives from the

cutting edge.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Rivinus, Timothy M.

Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; 1991, (xxii, 364)

Abstract/Review/Citation: This book has evolved in response to a long-standing

need for adequate diagnostic nosology that considers trauma and the status of

being the child of a substance-abusing parent and their prognostic

significance in the child's development.  Comprehensive and informative,

the volume is divided into four parts--academic, diagnostic, treatment, and

public-policy perspectives.  From an initial exploration of the interaction

of genetics and psychosocial factors and how they influence the development of

children with addicted parents to later discussions of the relationship

between codependence and other personality disorders and the proposal of a new

diagnostic schemata--Chronic Trauma Disorder--the first half of the book

provides an essential foundation for further investigation.  Moving from

the general to the specific, Parts 3 and 4 speak to the diverse issues related

to treatment and public policy. Focused upon here are such topics as treatment

of adolescent females, psychotherapy aimed at breaking the addiction cycle for

individuals and families in crisis, short-term psychoeducational groups, the

self-help movement, preventative measures, the present needs of this

population, and the fate of the next generation.  In sum, this compelling

volume will fill a glaring gap in the literature, providing professionals from

a range of disciplines with current, clinically applicable information--and,

it is hoped, with an expanded repertoire for working with "Children of Chemically Dependent Parents."

Notes/Comments: Contributors Foreword by Sheila B. Blume Preface by Thomas W. Perrin Acknowledgments Introduction Part I. Academic perspectives Biological aspects of children of alcoholic parents  Loretta Young Silvia and Michael R. Liepman Forgotten no

longer: An overview of research on children of chemically dependent parents 

Jeannette L. Johnson Young children of substance-abusing parents: A

developmental view of risk and resiliency  Mary Ellin Logue and Timothy M.

Rivinus Children of chemically dependent parents: A theoretical crossroads 

Stephanie Brown Psychoanalytic theory and children of chemically dependent

parents: Ships passing in the night?  Timothy M. Rivinus Part II. Diagnostic

perspectives The relationship between codependence and narcissism  Timmen

Cermak Children in search of a diagnosis: Chronic trauma disorder of childhood

David Levoy, Timothy M. Rivinus, Marilyn Matzko and James McGuire Part III. Treatment perspectives The chemically dependent female adolescent: A treatment challenge  Dorothy M. Bianco and Susan D. Wallace Breaking the cycle: Treating adult children of alcoholics  David C. Treadway Short-term psychoeducational group for adult children of alcoholics: Catalyst for change  Michele Clark and Noel Jette Treatment of children of substance-abusing parents: Selected developmental, diagnostic, and treatment issues  Timothy M. Rivinus An ACOA substance-abuse counselor: Family-of-origin influences on personal growth and therapeutic effectiveness  Helga M. Matzko Part IV. Public-policy perspectives The growing impact of the children-of-alcoholics movement on medicine: A

revolution in our midst  Robert L. DuPont and John P. McGovern Policy, issues,

and action: An agenda for children of substance abusers  Migs Woodside The

effects of psychoactive substance abuse on the next generation: The epidemic

view Timothy M. Rivinus Name index Subject index discusses issues encountered

by children of chemically dependent parents from academic, diagnostic, treatment, & public-policy perspectives

========================================

Title: Resourcefulness in coping with severe trauma: The case of the hostages.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Frederick, Calvin Jeff

Source/Citation: Learned resourcefulness:  On coping skills, self-control, and

adaptive behavior., New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co, Inc; 1990,

(xxxv, 248), 218-228 Springer series on behavior therapy and behavioral

  medicine, Vol. 24.

Source editor(s): Rosenbaum, Michael (Ed)

Abstract/Review/Citation: let us take hostage-taking as an avenue through which

to pursue the issues under discussion / given the view that some victims of

severe stress evince positive outcomes to it, what motivates them toward

constructive action / can stress, per se, elicit immunization to further

stress / will treatment for psychic trauma produce immunization / is

resiliency innate or is it developed and enhanced after psychological trauma /

are characteristics of persons who display resistance to stress identifiable

and reproducible / what are the differences between persons who react

positively and those who respond negatively / growth through the experience

of stress / significant case examples / covictims ========================================

Title: Child survivors of the Holocaust: 40 years later.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Krell, Robert

Source/Citation: Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry; Vol 24(4)

Jul 1985, US: Williams & Wilkins Co.; 1985, 378-380

Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses differences between child and adult

survivors of the Holocaust in terms of the role of memories, methods of

coping, and long-term adaptation. It is observed that whereas adult survivors

were left with pleasant past memories of family, tradition, and family life

from years previous to the Holocaust, many child survivors have no memories of

parents or experience of family, resulting in feelings of shame and rage.

Results from several studies reveal many other manifestations of trauma in

childhood survivors (e.g., communication problems, apathy, isolation,

depression, insomnia, nightmares) but also indicate a remarkable resiliency.

========================================

Title: The terrorized patient as brutalized person.

Author(s)/Editor(s): Dublin, James E.

Source/Citation: Psychotherapy Patient; Vol 1(4) Sum 1985, US: Haworth Press

Inc; 1985, 75-85

Abstract/Review/Citation: It is asserted that the kind of brutalization that

leads to terror comes from 1 of 3 sources, including a single overwhelming

incident resulting in great shock or loss, a continuing parent-child or other

relationship that is brutalizing and from which there is no escape, and an

offensive atmosphere. These 3 sources result in 3 manifestations of terror

that are describable in 3 types of ego dysfunction: disruption of ego

functioning, failure of ego adaptation, and problems of ego resiliency that

lead to cognitive-interpersonal deficits. It is suggested that there is no one

best therapy system to apply to the treatment of a brutalized patient. Case

examples of patients who had each experienced 1 form of brutalization are

presented.

========================================

Title: EMOTIONAL TRAUMA IN RATS: AGE AS A FACTOR IN RECOVERY.

Author(s)/Editor(s): PETERS, JOHN E.; MURPHEE, ODDIST D.

Source/Citation: Conditional Reflex; 1(1) 1966, US: Transaction Periodicals

Consortium; 1966, 51-56

Abstract/Review/Citation: OLD (7 MO.) AND YOUNG (2 MO.) MALE RATS WERE DIVIDED

INTO GROUPS MATCHED FOR SPONTANEOUS EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY AND AGE. EXPERIMENTAL SS IN THE 2 AGE CATEGORIES WERE THEN TRAUMATIZED BY GIVING THEM A 90 V SHOCK TO THE FEET FOR 2 SEC. ON ONLY 1 OCCASION. IT WAS SHOWN THAT NEARLY ALL THE YOUNG SS RECOVERED FROM THE TRAUMA WITHIN 5 WK., AS MEASURED BY BRIEF EXPLORATORY ACTIVITY AND DEFECATION, WHILE AT THE END OF 6 MO. THE OLD RATS STILL HAD NOT RECOVERED. THESE RESULTS POINT UP THE GREATER RESILIENCY OF YOUNG ANIMALS, AND THE NEED FOR CAUTION IN INTERPRETING RESEARCH AND THEORIES ON EARLY EXPERIENCE.

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