Spirituality

Spirituality and Mental Health

Title: Living single:  A phenomenological study of the lived experience of
never-married professional African American women.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fuller, Patricia Anne
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
& Social Sciences; Vol 62(4-A) Oct 2001, US: University Microfilms
International; 2001, 1592
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study is a phenomenological investigation into
the lived experience of singlehood as perceived by 10 professional African
American women who had never married. Participants were interviewed, and
transcriptions were analyzed following phenomenological methods and
procedures. The qualitative software program NUD*IST 4 was used to organize
and analyze data. Eleven themes emerged consistent with this group of women's
experiences: (a) Singleness as Freedom and Independence, (b) Singleness as
Burdensome Self-Reliance, (c) Singleness as Stigma, (d) Singleness as Blaine,
(e) Singleness as Loss and Grief, (f) Singleness as Faith and Spirituality,
(g) Singleness as a Catalyst for Growth and Opportunity, (h) Singleness as
Choice, (j) Singleness as Pressure, (k) Singleness as a Temporary Life-Stage,
and (l) Singleness as Self-Acceptance and Well-Being. These themes addressed
the personal dynamics and issues faced by professional African American women
who had never married. The study found that never-married women are aware of
the advantages and disadvantages of living as a single woman, as well as the
internal and external factors that attribute to their singleness. However,
regardless of their desire to marry or remain single, the participants described their lives as very satisfying and meaningful.
========================================

Title: Trauma, consciousness, and spirituality:  Toward a theory of trauma in
its spiritual dimension.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nace, Robert Frederick
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
& Engineering; Vol 62(4-B) Oct 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;
2001, 2071
Abstract/Review/Citation: This theoretical exploration of psychological trauma
developes the thesis that spirituality is an essential element in a
comprehensive understanding of the nature, the effects, and the process of
recovery from traumatic experience.  A review of the trauma literature in
psychology reveals a body of work demonstrating interactions between trauma
and spirituality or religion. However, definitions of spirituality and
religion used in this research vary substantially, and this variance raises
contentious ontological and axiological issues for research and theory in
psychology.  An exposition of Danial Helminiak's process theory of
spirituality as a specialization within psychology serves as the basis for
understanding spirituality as a dimension of psychological trauma.
Spirituality, here, is radically differentiated from religion. Equating human
spirit with human consciousness, Helminiak argues that human spirituality is
explained by an analysis of human consciousness as bimodal and as dynamically
structured by four operations: experiencing, understanding, judging, and
deciding. Human spirituality is conceived as the process-intrinsic to
consciousness-of generating structures of meaning and value. It is through
this process that trauma and spirituality interact.  The application of
Helminiak's theory of spirituality to the issue of trauma allows exploration
of the interactions of spirituality and trauma, provides a basis for
describing characteristic alterations in spirituality as a result of trauma,
and supports a three-stage model of recovery in the spiritual dimension.
========================================

Title: Intrinsic religiosity, religious affiliation, and spiritual well-being as
predictors of treatment outcome among women with eating disorders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Smith, Faune Taylor
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
& Engineering; Vol 62(4-B) Oct 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;
2001, 2079
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to empirically
investigate the relationship of religious orientation, religious affiliation,
and spiritual well-being with treatment outcomes for women with eating
disorders within the context of a spiritually affirming, ecumenically based
treatment program. More specifically, this study examined whether intrinsic
religious devoutness and religious affiliation at admission were predictive of
therapeutic outcomes. In order to minimize the effects of confounding
variables, predictors that have been shown in other studies to be associated
with positive treatment outcomes were included in the statistical analyses.
This study also examined whether improvements in spiritual well-being were
associated with improvements in psychological well-being and eating disorder
symptoms among these women.  The participants in this study were 251 women
suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not
otherwise specified (NOS), who received in patient treatment at the Center for
Change, in Orem, Utah between 1996 to 2000. Gain scores on the Eating
Attitudes Test, Body Shape Questionnaire, Outcome Questionnaire 45.2, and
therapist ratings of global improvement, were used as measures of therapeutic
outcome. Multiple regression statistical analysis revealed that neither
intrinsic religiosity nor religious affiliation were significantly associated
with reductions in eating disorder symptoms, improvements regarding body
image, or improvements in psychological health. Pearson correlation analyses
revealed that increases in spiritual well-being were significantly associated
with positive gains in eating attitudes, less body shape concerns, and
positive psychological functioning. The findings of the current study suggest
that regardless of patients' religious orientation and affiliation at the
beginning of treatment, if they experience spiritual growth during the
program, they are more likely to experience reductions in eating disorder
symptoms and psychiatric distress. This finding provides some empirical
support for the possibility suggested by some clinicians and patients that
spiritually-oriented treatment approaches may facilitate healing and recovery
for women suffering from eating disorders.
========================================

Title: The Hindu mental health: Conceptual inquiry.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Singh, Chandra B. P.
Source/Citation: Abhigyan: Special Issue:  Indian ethos in management.; Vol
19(2) Jul-Sep 2001, India: Foundation for Organizational Research &
Education; 2001, 55-61
Abstract/Review/Citation: The author conducts a conceptual inquiry into
"the Hindu mental health." He begins by contrasting the Hindu
concept of mental health with that of Western ideologies, the former
portraying ideal characteristics of a healthy person and the latter focusing
more on social realities. The author describes the 3 Gunas, the Sankhya school
of Indian philosophy, the Srimad Bhagvatam, and men of Tamasic disposition. He
also describes the 4 Margs--4 broad types of nature--and the response to them
in 4 types of social living. He acknowledges current social realities and
concludes with a description of the Hindu quality of mental health. This he
sees as a system in which 3 dimensions--the biological, the psychological, and
the spiritual--are inextricably blended with each other and work together in a
symbiotic fashion to achieve mental health.
========================================

Title: Self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ellermann, Caroline R.; Reed, Pamela G.
Source/Citation: Western Journal of Nursing Research; Vol 23(7) Nov 2001, US:
Sage Publications; 2001, 698-713
Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that self-transcendence has been found to be an
important correlate of mental health in older adults and adults facing the end
of life. This study examines the relationship of transcendence and other
transcendence variables to depression in 133 middle-age adults (aged 25-64
yrs). P. G. Reed's Self-Transcendence Scale, the Center for Epidemiological
Studies-Depression Scale, and measures of parenting, acceptance and
spirituality were administered. Findings indicating significant inverse
correlations between self-transcendence and depression, as well as between
other measures of transcendence and depression support Reed's theory. Multiple
regression analysis indicated that acceptance may be another significant
correlate of depression. Significant gender differences and age-related
patterns of increased levels of self-transcendence were found. Study results
illuminate the need to continue research into developmentally based
transcendence variables related to various experiences of health and
well-being across the life span.
========================================

Title: The characterological nature of Bill W. and Alcoholics Anonymous as
depicted in the film "My Name is Bill W."
Author(s)/Editor(s): Huber, Michael G.
Source/Citation: Journal of Ministry in Addiction & Recovery; Vol 7(2) 2001,
US: Haworth Press; 2001, 11-35
Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that "My Name is Bill W." reveals the
characterological structure of Bill Wilson himself and of the Alcoholics
Anonymous (AA) organization when examined through the lens of the Enneagram
typology system. This examination exposes, refutes, and clarifies many
commonly held misunderstandings within AA groups and 12 step programs such as
the effects of alcoholism on character structure, the "dry drunk,"
the place of spirituality and God in AA, responsibility vs the "disease
concept," "powerlessness" and the original vision, and
experience of AA vs the evolved form of many AA groups today. The film is
correlated to the actual writings of Bill W. himself as found in the Big Book
of AA and found to be reasonably accurate representation of Bill W.'s
personality and his history as related to the founding and growth of AA. In
addition, the counterphobic version of the type 6 give insight into
problematic therapeutic encounters in treatment settings and offers solutions
to control and authority difficulties.
========================================

Title: Aging, mental health and the faith community.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Brat, Paul
Source/Citation: Journal of Religious Gerontology; Vol 13(2) 2001, US: Haworth
Pastoral Press; 2001, 45-54
Abstract/Review/Citation: Mental health problems, especially depression and
dementia, are common among the elderly. The faith community is well positioned
to assist elders with these disorders, but to do so, clergy will need to
recognize these disorders and know when referral to a mental health
professional is warranted. Studies have shown that religious faith allows
elders to cope more effectively with mental health problems. The author
describes ways in which pastors can help the elderly with mental health
problems, issues of abnormal bereavement, and even Alzheimer's disease,
perhaps using competent lay people to assist with their duties of visiting
shut-ins and nursing home residents.
========================================

Title: Spiritual and religious coping in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's
disease.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Shah, Amit A.; Snow, A. Lynn; Kunik, Mark E.
Author Affiliation: Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Ctr, Houston Ctr for
Quality of Care & Utilization Studies, Health Services Research &
Development Service, Houston, TX, US Baylor Coll of Medicine, Huffington Ctr
on Aging, Houston, TX, US
Source/Citation: Clinical Gerontologist; Vol 24(3-4) 2001, US: Haworth Press;
2001, 127-136
Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated the prevalence of religiously based
coping mechanism use in Alzheimer's caregivers (aged 41-87 yrs) who use
support groups and the correlation between the use of these coping mechanisms
and caregiver mental health. Caregivers completed scales measuring depression,
burden, religiosity, and religious coping. Caregivers reported high levels of
spirituality and religious coping mechanism use. Those caregivers that felt
anger or distance from God and who questioned their faith or religious beliefs
were significantly correlated with increased depression and perceived burden.
Other measured subscales did not show significant correlations with mental
health variables.
========================================

Title: A body-mind-spirit model in health: An Eastern Approach.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Chan, Cecilia; Ho, Petula Sik Ying; Chow, Esther
Author Affiliation: U Hong Kong, Dept of Social Work & Social
Administration, Hong Kong, China City U of Hong Kong, Dept of Applied Social
Studies, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Source/Citation: Social Work in Health Care; Vol 34(3-4) 2001, US: Haworth
Press; 2001, 261-282
Abstract/Review/Citation: Under the division of labor of Western medicine, the
medical physician treats the body of patients, the social worker attends to
their emotions and social relations, while the pastoral counselor provides
spiritual guidance. Body, mind, cognition, emotion and spirituality are seen
as discrete entities. In striking contrast, Eastern philosophies of Buddhism,
Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine adopt a holistic conceptualization of
an individual and their environment. In this view, health is perceived as a
harmonious equilibrium that exists between the interplay of 'yin' and 'yang':
the 5 internal elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), the 6
environmental conditions (dry, wet, hot, cold, wind and flame), other external
sources of hann (physical injury, insect bites, poison, overeat and overwork),
and the 7 emotions (joy, sorrow, anger, worry, panic, anxiety and fear). The
authors have adopted a body-mind-spirit integrated model of intervention to
promote the health of their Chinese clients. Research results on these
body-mind-spirit groups for cancer patients, bereaved wives and divorced women
have shown very positive intervention outcomes. There are significant
improvements in their physical health, mental health, sense of control and
social support.
========================================

Title: Spiritual care of children and parents.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Thayer, Paul
Source/Citation: Hospice care for children (2nd ed.)., London: Oxford University
Press; 2001, (xviii, 416), 172-189
Source editor(s): Armstrong-Dailey, Ann (Ed); Zarbock, Sarah (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter explores the spiritual care of children
with serious illness and their parents. Topics discussed include an overview
of children's spirituality, and providing spiritual care to children and to
parents.
========================================

Title: Incorporating spirituality and the strengths perspective into social
practice with addicted individuals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nosa Okundaye, Joshua; Smith, Pamela; Lawrence-Webb, Claudia
Author Affiliation: U Maryland, School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, US U
Maryland, Social Work Dept, Baltimore, MD, US
Source/Citation: Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions; Vol 1(1)
2001, US: Haworth Press; 2001, 65-82
Abstract/Review/Citation: In the last two decades, the social work profession
began to confront the professional avoidance of alcoholics and other drug
addicts, and discussions of spirituality. While acknowledging the importance
of 12-Step Programs of Alcoholics/Narcotics Anonymous, we also acknowledge
that spirituality is a major aspect of addiction and recovery from an
addiction. The authors present the Strengths Perspective and apply key
concepts to Steps 1-3 of the 12-Steps to increase our understanding of
addiction and recovery from alcoholism and other drug addiction. The article
concludes that social workers must continue to increase their understanding of
the recovery and spiritual issues of alcoholics and other drug addicts.
========================================

Title: Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
clients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Perez, Ruperto M.; DeBord, Kurt A.; Bieschke, Kathleen J.
Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000,
(xvi, 484)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Since 1975, when the American Psychological
Association (APA) supported the removal of homosexuality from the official
list of mental disorders, APA has encouraged mental health professionals to
provide affirmative and appropriate services to lesbians and gay men. This
handbook is a comprehensive volume that educates readers about the identity,
challenges, and choices of lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Practicing
professionals in psychology, counseling, and social work will find it an
indispensable guide.
Notes/Comments:  List of contributors Foreword [by] Laura S. Brown Acknowledgments Introduction: The challenge of awareness, knowledge,
and action [by] Ruperto M. Perez, Kurt A. DeBord, and Kathleen J. Beischke I:
Social and theoretical perspectives Constructing identity: The nature and
meaning of lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities Ellen M. Broido Coming out:
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity development Amy L. Reynolds and William F.
Hanjorgiris "Somewhere in Des Moines or San Antonio": Historical
perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual mental health Esther D. Rothblum
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color: Understanding cultural complexity
and managing multiple oppressions Mary A. Fukuyama and Angela D. Ferguson
Applying counseling theories to lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: Pitfalls
and possibilities Ruth E. Fassinger II: Counsling and therapy First do no
harm: Therapist issues in psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
clients Susan L. Morrow Individual therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
clients Sari H. Dworkin Group counseling theory and practice with lesbian,
gay, and bisexual clients Kurt A. DeBord and Ruperto M. Perez Potential
counseling concerns of aging lebian, gay, and bisexual clients Augustine Baron
and David W. Cramer Issues in counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual
adolescents Scott L. Hershberger and Anthony R. D'Augelli Focus on lesbian,
gay, and bisexual families Connie R. Matthews and Suzanne H. Lease
Relationship and couples counseling Shelly M. Ossana III: Relevant issues for
therapy, theory, and research Programmatic research on the treatment of
lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: The past, the present, and the course for
the future Kathleen J. Bieschke, Mary McClanahan, Erinn Tozer, Jennifer L.
Grzegorek, and Jeeseon Park Training issues and considerations Julia C.
Phillips Psychoeducational programming: Creating a context of mental health
for people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual Barry A. Schreier and Donald L.
Werden Lesbian, gay, and bisexual vocational psychology: Reviewing foundations
and planning construction James M. Croteau, Mary Z. Anderson, Teresa M.
Distefano, and Sheila Kampa-Kokesch Religion and spirituality Mary Gage
Davidson Health behavior relevant to psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and
bisexual clients Michael R. Kauth, Marcia J. Hartwig, and Seth C. Kalichman
Author index Subject index About the editors issues in counseling &
psychotherapy with homosexual & bisexual clients
========================================

Title: Explaining illness to African Americans: Employing cultural concerns with
strategies.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Stroman, Carolyn A.
Source/Citation: Explaining illness:  Research, theory, and strategies., Mahwah,
NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers; 2000, (xvi, 360),
299-316 LEA's communication series.
Source editor(s): Whaley, Bryan B. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter provides a framework for highlighting the
pivotal role of culture in the explanation and understanding of illness by
focusing on African Americans. Specifically, the chapter describes several
features of African-American culture that have particular relevance for
communicating about illness, with special attention focused on the role of
religion, spirituality, and social support. It examines extant research on
explaining illness to African Americans and offers communication strategies
for explaining illness and improving health outcomes. The chapter concludes
with suggestions for future research pertaining to illness explanation among
African Americans.
========================================

Title: Spirit releasement therapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wicker, Joseph
Source/Citation: Transpersonal hypnosis:  Gateway to body, mind, and spirit.,
Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press, Inc; 2000, (188), 131-139
Source editor(s): Leskowitz, Eric D. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses Spirit Releasement Therapy (SRT) is an
advanced therapeutic technique utilized with patients who have been diagnosed
with a spirit attachment. Hypnosis is usually necessary to have the patient
enter an altered state of consciousness to do this work. Thus, this technique
can be classified as a type of transpersonal hypnotherapy. This type of work
is done most appropriately by a qualified mental health professional who is
trained in psychotherapy, hypnosis and hypnotherapy, differential diagnosis,
and in the use of this technique specifically. This therapist should also be
knowledgeable in metaphysics and spirituality, and have a worldwide view and
belief system which can make this type of work understandable. Finally, the
therapist needs to have his own personal spirituality. There is a technique
for Remote Depossession. This is described in W. Baldwin's technique model and
I. Hickman's book. This technique involves the use of another person with
psychic abilities to facilitate the process with the therapist. The author
states that SRT is an important transpersonal, therapeutic technique which is
likely to gain greater acceptance in the near future.
========================================

Title: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richards, P. Scott; Bergin, Allen E.
Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000,
(xx, 518)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book provides practitioners with the information
they need to increase their competency in working sensitively with members of
each of the major faith communities in North America. This volume examines
over 2 dozen religious denominations and faith traditions in the context of
clinical practice. Chapter authors describe the unique history, beliefs,
rituals, and practices of the religion as well as commonly held views on
social and moral issues such as divorce, homosexuality, birth control,
abortion, suicide, and euthanasia. Worldviews, including conceptions of a
deity, life after death, and the purpose of life, are also discussed. 
Within the context of the particular faith, chapter authors describe the
therapeutic process, including building relationships with clients from that
tradition, assessment and diagnosis, common clinical issues, and interventions
most congruent with the faith. Additional resources that help psychotherapists
to deepen their understanding of a particular faith are also recommended. This
book helps all practitioners to more fully honor and make use of the unique
religious beliefs and spiritual resources of their clients.
Notes/Comments:  Contributors Preface Acknowledgments I. Introduction and overview Toward religious and spiritual competency for mental health professionals P. Scott Richards and Allen E. Bergin Religious diversity in North America Roger R. Keller II. Christianity Psychotherapy with Roman Catholics Edward P. Shafranske Psychotherapy with Eastern Orthodox Christians Tony R. Young Psychotherapy with mainline Protestants: Lutheran, Presbyterian, Episcopal/Anglican, and Methodist Michael E. McCullough, Andrew J. Weaver, David B. Larson and Kimberly R. Aay Psychotherapy with Evangelical and Fundamentalist Protestants Nancy Stiehler Thurston Psychotherapy with Pentecostal Protestants Richard D. Dobbins Psychotherapy with Latter-Day Saints Wendy L. Ulrich, P. Scott Richards and Allen E. Bergin Psychotherapy
with Seventh-Day Adventists Carole A. Rayburn III. Judaism Psychotherapy with Orthodox Jews Aaron Rabinowitz Psychotherapy with conservative and reform Jews
Lisa Miller and Robert J. Lovinger IV. Islam Psychotherapy with Muslims Zari
Hedayat-Diba V. Eastern traditions Psychotherapy with Buddhists Mark Finn and
Jeffrey B. Rubin Psychotherapy with Hindus Anu R. Sharma VI. Ethnic-centered
spirituality Psychotherapy with members of African American Churches and
spiritual traditions Donelda A. Cook and Christine Y. Wiley Psychotherapy with
members of Latino/Latina religions and spiritual traditions Maria Cecilia Zea,
Michael A. Mason and Alejandro Murguia Psychotherapy with members of Asian
American Churches and spiritual traditions Siang-Yang Tan and Natalie J. Dong
Psychotherapy with Native Americans: A view into the role of religion and
spirituality Alex Trujillo VII. Afterword Religious diversity and
psychotherapy: Conclusions, recommendations, and future directions P. Scott
Richards and Allen E. Bergin Author index Subject index About the editors
psychotherapy & religious diversity, clients from various faith
communities in North America
========================================

Title: Toward religious and spiritual competency for mental health
professionals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richards, P. Scott; Bergin, Allen E.
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 3-26
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: The alienation that has existed between the mental
health professions and religion for most of the 20th century is ending. The
influence of the naturalistic, antireligious assumptions that once gripped the
field have weakened, and there is now a more spiritually open  zeitgeist  or
"spirit of the times." During the 1990s, many articles on religious
and spiritual issues in mental health and psychotherapy were published in
mainstream journals. Numerous presentations on these topics were also given at
conventions of mental health organizations.  Topics include: a call for
greater competency in religious and spiritual diversity; attitudes and skills
of spiritually sensitive and competent therapists; some caveats; and plan of
the book.
========================================

Title: Psychotherapy with members of African American churches and spiritual
traditions.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cook, Donelda A.; Wiley, Christine Y.
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 369-396
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Before addressing the implications of African American
churches and Afrocentric spiritual traditions for counseling and
psychotherapy, the authors provide a historical context for understanding the
spiritual worldview of many African Americans as related to African culture
and the rise of African American Christian churches from slavery through the
present. Because of the rich oral tradition of African American culture, the
past is implicitly ingrained in racial identity development and other aspects
of mental health of African Americans today (N. Boyd-Franklin, 1989; J. E.
Helms & D. A. Cook, 1999; W. W. Nobles, 1972).
========================================

Title: Psychotherapy with members of Asian American churches and spiritual
traditions.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Tan, Siang-Yang; Dong, Natalie J.
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 421-444
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Although substantial differences exist between and
within Asian American groups, this chapter focuses primarily on the longer
term immigrant groups: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean church traditions and the
commonalities linking Asian American ethnic groups. The authors include
information on issues of particular relevance to specific groups of more
recent Asian American immigrants. The authors first provide an overview of
Asian American religious beliefs and practices, including both Christian
spirituality and more culturally traditional spiritual beliefs, practices, and
values. The authors then address cultural considerations for counseling and
psychotherapy, including common mental health and assessment issues. The
authors specifically address Christian spiritual interventions in the section
on treatment issues and approaches and provide a case example to illustrate
typical cultural and spiritual issues when working with Asian American
Christian clients.
========================================

Title: Psychotherapy with Native Americans: A view into the role of religion and
spirituality.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Trujillo, Alex
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 445-466
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this chapter is to provide clinically
relevant information to mental health professionals regarding the religion and
spirituality of the Native American. Maintaining cultural respect and dignity
for the Sacred is important in seeking ways in which the life of the Native
American may possibly gain and improve. In this chapter, religion and
spirituality are related to their application and implications for mental
health services so that the mental health professional may benefit from this
information and provide effective treatment for Native American clients and so
that religion and spirituality may be integrated into the clinical process to
address such areas as interviewing, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and
follow-up.
========================================

Title: Spiritual and religious issues in counseling: Ethicla considerations.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Frame, Marsha Wiggins
Source/Citation: Family Journal-Counseling & Therapy for Couples &
Families; Vol 8(1) Jan 2000, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2000, 72-74
Abstract/Review/Citation: More and more counselors are addressing religious and
spiritual issues in their clinical work. This article outlines some of the
ethical concerns that may arise when working with clients in this arena. A
case example of a marriage and family counselor in a community mental health
center is presented to illustrate ethical concerns in addressing religious and
spiritual issues.
========================================

Title: Caring for our own: Health care experiences of rural Hispanic elders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Magilvy, Joan K.; Congdon, Joann G.; Martinez, Ruby J.; Davis, Renel; Averill, Jennifer
Source/Citation: Journal of Aging Studies; Vol 14(2) Jun 2000, US:
Pergamon/Elsevier Science Inc; 2000, 171-190
Abstract/Review/Citation: Many rural elders find access to health care a serious
problem, and for ethnic minority rural populations such as Hispanics,
language, cultural, and economic barriers further compound the problem. Based
on a large longitudinal and 3 companion ethnographic studies of rural aging
and health care in which a large percentage of the participants were Hispanic,
this article describes results of analysis and interpretation of findings
across the 4 studies related to Hispanic families' experiences with health
care. Three themes were identified: (1) taking care of our own: Hispanic
families struggling to meet obligations; (2) spirituality as integral to life
and health; and (3) acceptance or prejudice: understanding cultural
differences. A description of observed patterns of utilization of specific
health care services by older Hispanics and their families is included, and
implications for health care delivery and research are addressed.
========================================

Title: Psychology and the church: An exemplar of psychologist-clergy
collaboration.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Benes, Kathryn M.; Walsh, Joseph M.; McMinn, Mark R.; Dominguez, Amy W.; Aikins, Daniel C.
Source/Citation: Professional Psychology: Research & Practice; Vol 31(5) Oct
2000, US: American Psychological Assn.; 2000, 515-520
Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite the increasing attention being given to
clergy-psychologist collaboration, many psychologists may wonder what
clergy-psychologist collaboration looks like in actual practice. The authors
describe an example of clergy-psychologist collaboration involving a careful
needs-assessment phase followed by the development of a wide spectrum of
preventive, consultative, and direct services. Current challenges include
funding, establishment of trust, and the integration of psychology and
spirituality. Implications for professional psychologists are discussed.
========================================

Title: Transpersonal psychiatry at a VA medical center.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Moran, Lisa A.
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Services; Vol 51(4) Apr 2000, US: American
Psychiatric Association; 2000, 530-531
Abstract/Review/Citation: A transpersonal care program has been developed at the
Veterans Administration Medical Center in San Francisco to provide mental
health care to veterans for whom spirituality is a significant focus in their
lives. Traditional psychiatry has often ignored pathologized religious and
spiritual issues. Transpersonal psychiatry recognizes spiritual growth as an
essential part of psychological health. This program has provided mental
health services to 100 veterans. Currently 50 clients are participating in a
variety of treatment modalities. They include individual psychotherapy,
medication clinics, and group therapy; among the therapy groups is one for
people with less developed ego strength. The program recognizes that human
consciousness is evolving, and clients' issues are framed in this context.
========================================

Title: Resilience and distress among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and
caregivers.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rabkin, Judith G.; Wagner, Glenn J.; Del Bene, Maura
Source/Citation: Psychosomatic Medicine; Vol 62(2) Mar-Apr 2000, US: Williams
& Wilkins Co.; 2000, 271-279
Abstract/Review/Citation: Assessed the prevalence of depressive disorders and
symptoms and their correlates in 56 34-78 yr olds with amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS) and 31 caregiver spouses (30-70 yrs old). Major measures were
the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Beck Depression Inventory,
the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death, quality of life,
spirituality, and degree of hopelessness. The ALS Functional Rating Scale,
measures of forced vital capacity, and the Karnofsky Performance Index
assessed physical status. Neither patients nor caregivers displayed
significant psychopathology with respect to either current depressive
disorders or on symptom scales. Depressive symptoms and distress were not
related to time since diagnosis, degree of disability, or illness progression.
More interest in hastened death was associated with greater distress, but
willingness to consider assisted suicide was not. Among caregivers, perceived
caregiver burden was significantly associated with finding positive meaning in
caregiving. Concordance between patient and caregiver distress was high,
suggesting that attention to the mental health needs of caregivers may
alleviate the patient's distress as well.
========================================

Title: Kaleidoscopes and epic tales: Diverse narratives of adult children of
alcoholics.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cable, Laura Chakrin
Source/Citation: Bridges to recovery:  Addiction, family therapy, and
multicultural treatment., New York, NY, US: The Free Press; 2000, (xii, 323),
45-76
Source editor(s): Krestan, Jo-Ann (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Placing the adult children of alcoholics (ACOA)
movement in historical context, the author applies C. J. Falicov's
multidimensional comparative approach to an exploration of the research
literature and to the self-help traditions within the ACOA movement.
Enunciating various themes as organizing principles for the material, the
author challenges the "tyranny of normality," celebrates resilience,
and relates postmodernism to the clinical treatment of adult children of
alcoholics. The author presents 10 interrelated themes concerning ACOAs from
diverse cultural backgrounds: (1) culture and substance abuse; (2) risk and
resilience: multiple factors; (3) the Eurocentric perspective; (4) "normality" and ACOAs; (5) underutilization of treatment resources by cultural minorities; (6) "the map is not the territory": a caution about cultural categories; (7) substance abuse and oppression; (8) migration and acculturation; (9) spirituality; and (10) cultural sources of resilience. Guidelines and practical implications for therapy are also discussed. ========================================

Title: The healing way:  A journal for cancer survivors.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Davis, Margie
Source/Citation: Boston, MA, US: Element Books Ltd.; 2000, (xii, 148)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book is a structured writing journal that
encourages cancer patients and survivors to express their deepest thoughts and
feelings, from diagnosis to treatment and recovery. This therapeutic tool
includes over 60 topics that prompt people with cancer to privately ponder
far-reaching issues. Accompanying each topic are thought-provoking questions
and brief mediations to encourage people with cancer to write about this
physical and psychological journey. In the back of the book is a Personal
Resource Section, with space to retain important medical facts. This section
is intended for the recording of questions to ask doctors and for filling in
the answers at medical appointments. In addition, there are special sections
to keep track of medical tests and results, treatment schedules, and contact
names and phone numbers. Written in consultation with medical and mental
health professionals, the book gives cancer patients an area of control in
their lives that is creative, constructive, and pro-active, even if they have
never written in a journal before.
========================================

Title: Primary care patients' opinions regarding the importance of various
aspects of care for depression.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cooper, Lisa A.; Brown, Charlotte; Vu, Hong Thi; Palenchar, Deena R.; Gonzales, Junius J.; Ford, Daniel E.; Powe, Neil R.
Source/Citation: General Hospital Psychiatry; Vol 22(3) May-Jun 2000, US:
Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 2000, 163-173
Abstract/Review/Citation: The objectives of this study were to 1) ascertain the
importance of various aspects of depression care from the patient's
perspective and 2) select items and scales for inclusion in a new instrument
to measure primary care patients' attitudes toward and ratings of depression
care. The sample included 76 patients (mean 34.8 yrs). 46% had visited a
mental health professional in the past. The top 30 items for the overall
sample came from the following domains: 1) health care providers'
interpersonal skills, 2) primary care provider recognition of depression, 3)
treatment effectiveness, 4) treatment problems, 5) patient understanding about
treatment, 6) intrinsic spirituality, and 7) financial access to services.
Scales comprising items from these domains show adequate internal consistency
as well as convergent and discriminant validity.
========================================

Title: The influences of race, ethnicity, and poverty on the mental health of
  children.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Samaan, Rodney A.
Source/Citation: Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved; Vol
  11(1) Feb 2000, US: Sage Publications Inc; 2000, 100-110
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this literature review is to gain a
  better understanding of the positive and negative influences of socioeconomic
  factors, cultural and ethnic characteristics, and racial differences on the
  mental health of children. A review of the literature on the influence of
  race, ethnicity, and poverty on the mental health of children found that (1)
  children whose parents are in poverty or who have experienced severe economic
  losses are more likely to report or be reported to have higher rates of
  depression, anxiety, and antisocial behaviors; and (2) after controlling for
  socioeconomic status, African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics are
  less likely to report or be reported to have such mental health problems. A
  theoretical construct for this protective effect is related to cultural
  factors, such as perceived social support, deep religiosity/spirituality,
  extended families, and maternal coping strategies as buffers against
  psychological distress.
========================================

Title: From self-help to professional care: An enhanced application of the
  12-step program.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ronel, Natti
Source/Citation: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science; Vol 36(1) Mar 2000, US:
  Sage Publications Inc; 2000, 108-122
Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the process of an enhanced application of
  the spiritual self-help 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous in a
  professional counseling approach. Two integrated enhancements are outlined.
  The 1st is the enhancement of the addressed problem as applied by several
  12-step self-help groups. Assuming a 3-dimensional view of human existence
  (physical, mental and spiritual) called Grace Therapy, it is argued that a
  more far-reaching program is obtained when the problem is defined as
  originating primarily in the mental dimension, but the most inclusive 12-step
  program may be defined by emphasizing the problem's definition as originating
  in the spiritual dimension. Second is the program's expansion from self-help
  to professional practice. Although in the past this trend derived mainly from
  the addiction-treatment field, it is argued that professionals can practice a
  more inclusive 12-step program, Grace Therapy. Basic assumptions of this
  program as reflecting a theory of applied spirituality are outlined and
  supported by clinical illustrations.
========================================
Title: Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know.
Author(s)/Editor(s): George, Linda K.; Larson, David B.
  Koenig, Harold G.; McCullough, Michael E.
Source/Citation: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology: Special Issue:
  Classical Sources of Human Strength: A Psychological Analysis; Vol 19(1) Spr
  2000, US: Guilford Publications; 2000, 102-116
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spirituality and religion have been seen as
  beneficial, harmful, and irrelevant to health. The authors examine the recent
  research on this topic. The article focuses on (1) defining spirituality and
  religion both conceptually and operationally; (2) the relationships between
  spirituality/religion and health; and (3) priorities for future research.
  Although the effect sizes are moderate, there typically are links between
  religious practices and reduced onset of physical and mental illnesses,
  reduced mortality, and likelihood of recovery from or adjustment to physical
  and mental illness. The 3 mechanisms underlying these relationships involve
  religion increasing healthy behaviors, social support, and a sense of
  coherence or meaning. This research is based on religion measures, however,
  and it should be emphasized that spirituality may be different.
========================================

Title: Religion, culture and psychopathology: Cultural-psychological reflections
  on religion in a case of manslaughter in The Netherlands.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Belzen, J. A.
Source/Citation: Pastoral Psychology; Vol 48(6) Jul 2000, US: Human Sciences
  Press Inc/Plenum Publishing Corp; 2000, 415-435
Abstract/Review/Citation: During one of the religious gatherings which for some
  time had been taking place in the evening at the home of farmer Martin
  Schroevers around 1900 in the Dutch village of Betuwe, Schroevers killed his
  own farmhand Peter, inasmuch as the latter was thought to be possessed by the
  devil. Approximately a dozen persons--men, women, and children--were present
  at the scene, some of whom horribly maimed and mutilated the body. Martin was
  thereupon proclaimed the Messiah and taken in triumphal procession by his
  psalm-singing adherents from Betuwe, where he lived, to Diedenhoven, where he
  was acclaimed by his mother and his brothers as God's Chosen One. Early in the
  morning Martin, along with his adherents, returned to Betuwe, where he was
  arrested by the police and brought to prison. Three other involved persons
  were taken to psychiatric institutions, to which Martin was later transferred
  as well. The present author explains this narrative account to point to its
  significance for psychological analysis, and discusses the role of religion,
  culture, and psychopathology that may have led to the events that occurred in
  this case.
========================================

Title: Some reflections on spirituality, religion, and mental health.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Carr, Wesley
Source/Citation: Mental Health, Religion & Culture; Vol 3(1) May 2000, US:
  Carfax Publishing/Taylor & Francis; 2000, 1-12
Abstract/Review/Citation: For both religion and psychiatry, context is becoming
  more important. Object relations theory, and especially the concept of a
  transitional object, may be a means of linking religious thinking and
  psychoanalysis together. The distinction between religion and spirituality is
  important, though not absolute. Two factors emerge from this engagement: (1)
  critical questioning at the boundary of each discipline; and (2) both
  spirituality and mental health are related to life in a specific society. The
  link between religion and irrational behavior is important, religion being a
  primary means of acknowledging the irrational facets of everyday life. But
  delusion must not be confused with illusion: between these two imagination,
  art and religion flourish. Each of these is dangerous, since they connect the
  "normal" with the "riskily marginal." In a multicultural
  society, behavior which may be acceptable in one context may in another be
  regarded as a sign of illness. This is particularly true of religious
  behavior. Three key issues are examined in this article: (1) the social
  function of spirituality and religion; (2) the idea of personal wholeness; and
  (3) the link between external and internal validation of the individual's
  spirituality.
========================================

Title: Correlates of spirituality and well-being in a community sample of people
  living with HIV disease.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Somlai, Anton M.; Heckman, Timothy G.
Source/Citation: Mental Health, Religion & Culture; Vol 3(1) May 2000, US:
  Carfax Publishing/Taylor & Francis; 2000, 57-70
Abstract/Review/Citation: While the past several years have witnessed an
  increase in the amount of research examining the spiritual perspectives of
  people living with HIV/AIDS, this literature is still insufficient to guide
  the conceptualization and development of spiritually based interventions to
  improve the life quality of people living with HIV illness. The present study
  assessed a community sample of 275 persons (aged 19-64) living with HIV
  disease to examine relationships among their spirituality, quality of life,
  perceptions of social support, active problem solving, life satisfaction, and
  gender and race with higher levels of spirituality among people living with
  HIV/AIDS. Mental health providers may need to routinely include assessments of
  spirituality and religious practices. Caregivers, faith communities, and
  mental health providers will need to assist in developing supportive
  environments that enhance the spiritual life and social well-being of people
  living with HIV infection. Additionally, caregiver training programs will need
  to focus on spiritual practices as a means of establishing a support system
  that increases the psychosocial well-being of people living with HIV/AIDS.
 
========================================

Title: Leisure and spiritual well-being: A social scientific exploration.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Heintzman, Paul Alexander
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(7-A) Feb 2000, US: University Microfilms
  International; 2000, 2674
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this thesis was to develop a model of
  leisure and spiritual well-being and to investigate, from a social science
  perspective, the relationships between various dimensions of leisure style
  (activity, motivation, setting and time) and spiritual well-being, as well as
  the processes linking leisure and spiritual well-being. Study 1 involved
  secondary analysis of data from the 1996 Ontario Parks Camper Survey which
  asked a question concerning the degree to which introspection/spirituality
  added to satisfaction with the park experience. It was found that more natural
  settings, participation in nature-oriented activities and being alone in these
  settings and activities were more likely to be associated with
  introspection/spirituality adding to the satisfaction with the park
  experience. Study 2, in-depth interviews with eight people who had an
  expressed interest in spirituality, explored the relationship between leisure
  and spiritual well-being. There was unanimous agreement that participants
  associated their leisure activities and experiences with their spiritual
  well-being. Participants saw leisure as providing the time and space for
  spiritual well-being. An attitude of openness, balance in life, nature
  settings, settings of personal or human history, settings of quiet, solitude
  and silence, and 'true to self' activities were all conducive to spiritual
  well-being while busyness, noisy settings and activities, and incongruent
  activities were detrimental to spiritual well-being. Study 3 was a survey (n =
  248) which explored the relationships between the various dimensions of
  leisure style and spiritual well-being, and the processes linking them. There
  were significant relationships between spiritual well-being and the following
  leisure style components: personal development activities, cultural
  activities, outdoor activities, hobbies, overall leisure activity
  participation, intellectual motivations, stimulus-avoidance motivations,
  overall leisure motivation, leisure settings of quiet urban recreation areas
  and one's own home, and solitary leisure activity participation. Stepwise
  regression analyses showed that participation in personal development
  activities was the best predictor of spiritual well-being, followed by
  stimulus-avoidance motivations and a setting of one's own home. Through
  cluster analysis it was discovered that a leisure style of low leisure
  activity participation and low leisure motivation (Mass Media Type) was
  associated with lower spiritual well-being. A 'Sports/Social/Media' leisure
  style, characterized by stimulus seeking, was associated with a moderate level
  of spiritual well-being. More than one type of leisure style ('Personal
  Development' and 'Overall Active') was associated with higher levels of
  spiritual well-being. A Leisure-Spiritual Processes (LSP) Scale, developed
  from the literature review and findings of the first two studies, examined the
  12 processes (grounding, working through, time and space, sacralization,
  attitude, busyness, being away, nature, sense of place, fascination,
  compatibility, and repression) hypothesized to link leisure with spiritual
  well-being.
========================================

Title: Spirituality and religiosity and their relationship to the quality of
  life in oncology patients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Borman, Patricia Diane
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3557
Abstract/Review/Citation: As the efficacy of cancer treatments has improved and
  the life span for cancer patients has extended, interest in patients' quality
  of life has increased. Assessing patients' quality of life continues to gain
  importance as it impacts numerous facets of oncology. Similarly, interest in
  spirituality and religiosity have increased as they become recognized as
  resources for healing in health care. This study examined spirituality and
  religiosity and their relationship with quality of life in cancer patients.
  Additional variables such as age, gender, and stage of cancer were also
  examined for their relationship to quality of life in cancer patients. A
  stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if
  spirituality, religiosity, age, gender, and stage of cancer are predictors of
  cancer patients' quality of life. The analysis indicated that patients with
  higher levels of spirituality tend to experience better quality of life, and
  patients with more advanced stages of cancer tend to experience lower quality
  of life. Religiosity, age, and gender were not predictors of cancer patients'
  quality of life.
========================================

Title: Phenomenological ethnographic interviews with men who have battered and
  their intimate partners: The intervention experience and the transition from
  battering to nonbattering. (domestic violence).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Southers, Linda Ruth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3580
Abstract/Review/Citation: The researcher used an ethnographic research
  methodology to consider the experiences of former batterers, and their
  intimate partners, as the male partner transitioned from battering to
  nonbattering. Subjects participating in the study completed a 24 week violence
  intervention program and, thereafter, maintained physical nonviolence for at
  least six months. In addition, subjects remained with the same intimate
  partner throughout the entire battering to nonbattering process. This study
  addresses the important question of what influences men to stop battering. The
  self-reported experiences and perspectives of men who have stopped battering
  were investigated to determine how the men succeeded in changing their
  battering behaviors. The female partners of these men, who have experienced
  the men as batterers and nonbatterers, were also interviewed. Perceptions of
  change were explored with four former batterers and three female partners. The
  researcher analyzed interview information for significant content themes. This
  analysis resulted in the following major content themes contained in the
  experiences of the former batterers: (a) increased levels of self-awareness
  and self-acceptance, (b) decreased need to exert control over their female
  partners, (c) moved from feeling a lack of control of their angry behavior to
  actively considering and making more suitable behavioral choices, (d) moved
  from attempting to deny their battering behavior to becoming the nonviolent
  person they felt they were inside, (e) were raised in families who utilized
  physical punishment to discipline, (f) stated they were influenced by their
  family of origin, (g) drank alcohol and used drugs during the period of time
  they were violent, (h) described being happier, safer and more cared about by
  their partners after completing violence intervention, (i) initially resisted
  violence intervention, became comfortable with the leader and others in the
  group, then participated actively in the program, and (j) experienced
  increased spirituality after violence intervention. Men who successfully omit
  battering behavior harbor important clues to the ability to change complex and
  deeply rooted behaviors. The results of this study are intended to be the
  basis for further research.
========================================

Title: Effects of the hare krsna maha mantra on stress, depression, and the
  three gunas. (spirituality, yoga).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wolf, David Brian
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3584
Abstract/Review/Citation: The author conducted a 3-group study on the effects of
  chanting the  hare krsna maha mantra on stress, depression, and the three
  modes of nature-sattva, rajas, and tamas -described in the Vedas as the basis
  for human psychology. Sixty-two subjects, self-selected through newspaper
  advertisements in a Southeastern university town, completed the study. Average
  age was 24.63 years, with 31 males and 31 females participating. Stress was
  measured with the Index of Clinical Stress, depression was measured with the
  Generalized Contentment Scale, and the modes of nature, or gunas, were
  measured with the Vedic Personality Inventory. Subjects were tested at
  pretest, posttest, and followup, with testing times separated by four weeks.
  Participants were randomly assigned to a maha mantra group, an alternate
  mantra group, and a control group. Subjects in each of the chanting groups
  chanted their mantra approximately 25 minutes each day. The researcher
  concocted a mantra as the alternate mantra, though subjects in the alternate
  group thought it was a genuine Vedic mantra. Primary hypotheses of the study
  were based on Vedic theory, and stated that the maha mantra group would
  increase sattva, and decrease stress, depression,  rajas and tamas,
  significantly more than the other two groups. ANCOVA results, controlling for
  gender and age, supported these hypotheses at p <.05 for all dependent
  variables except rajas , with effect sizes (eta2) for the four variables whose
  results supported the hypothesis ranging from.21 to.33. The author suggests
  that the maha mantra has potential for utilization in clinical areas similar
  to those where other interventions of Eastern origin have been successful,
  such as treatment of stress, depression, and addictions. Further, it is
  recommended that the maha mantra be integrated into a spiritual approach to
  client care in social work and related fields. Suggestions for further
  research include applying path analysis to the data of this study to ascertain
  causal relationships, and application of Hierarchical Linear Models to the
  data to combine single-system analysis and group analytical methods for
  extracting the maximum amount of information. Additionally, further studies on
  the maha mantra are warranted, with various populations and in various
  settings.
========================================

Title: A revision of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. (ceiling effects).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Endyke, Peter David
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3560
Abstract/Review/Citation: Research results indicated the Spiritual Well-being
  Scale, developed by Ellison and Paloutzian (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982;
  Ellison, 1983) suffered from ceiling effects (Ledbetter, et al, 1991). This
  suggested the Spiritual Well-being Scale might not adequately measure the
  construct of spiritual well-being, which has implications for the usefulness
  of the instrument. The purpose of this study was to show that spiritual
  disciplines are an essential part of spiritual health. Thus, the inclusion of
  aspects of the spiritual disciplines in the Spiritual Well-being Scale would:
  (1) reduce the ceiling effects of the scale, (2) increase the variability of
  the scale, and (3) improve the validity of the scale. Results showed that
  responses to the spiritual discipline questions included in the Spiritual
  Well-being Scale - Revised reduced the ceiling effects significantly.
  Variability of the scale was also improved. Factor analysis revealed two main
  factors, religious well-being and existential well-being, with spiritual
  discipline items loading heavily onto the religious well-being factor.
========================================

Title: Addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling African
  Americans: Implications for counselor training and practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Constantine, Madonna G.; Lewis, Erica L.;
Conner, Latoya C.; Sanchez, Delida
Source/Citation: Counseling & Values; Vol 45(1) Oct 2000, US: Assn for
  Spiritual Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling; 2000, 28-38
Abstract/Review/Citation: Addressing spiritual and religious issues in the
  context of counseling relationships may be beneficial to many African American
  clients. The authors discuss various roles and functions of spirituality and
  religion in the lives of many African Americans, with particular attention to
  the impact of these issues on their mental health functioning and willingness
  to seek formal mental health services. The importance of academic training
  programs that prepare counselors to address potential spiritual and religious
  issues with their clients is also highlighted.
========================================

Title: Psychosocial issues in antiretroviral treatment.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Forstein, Marshall
Source/Citation: New directions for mental health services:  What mental health
  practitioners need to know about HIV and AIDS., San Francisco, CA, US:
  Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2000, (136), 17-24
Source editor(s): Cournos, Francine (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Places the HIV epidemic in its historical context and
  describes the implications of the latest developments for a biopsychosocial
  approach to treatment. Also discussed are issues that may require mental
  health intervention such as issues with: relationships, sexuality, substance
  abuse, mental illness, feeling productive and useful to society, economic
  security, and spirituality.
========================================

Title: Scott and White Grief Study--Phase 2: Toward an adaptive model of grief.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Gamino, Louis A.; Sewell, Kenneth W.;
Easterling, Larry W.
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 24(7) Oct-Nov 2000, US: Taylor &
  Francis; 2000, 633-660
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: The current study was a dual investigation focused
  both on the pathogenesis of grief responses and on factors associated with
  personal growth as a bereavement outcome in a heterogeneous sample of 85
  mourners (mean age 50.9 yrs). To examine the pathogenesis of grief, the
  authors tested the ability of several high-risk factors to predict mourners'
  subsequent emotional intensity on 2 dependent measures: the Grief Experience
  Inventory and the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Results show that
  situational variables (traumatic death, younger age of decedent, and
  Perception of preventability) as well as 2 mourner liabilities (history of
  mental health treatment and greater number of other losses) were associated
  with higher subjective grief misery scores. When using personal growth as a
  positive outcome following bereavement, the authors identified 4 behavioral
  correlates of adaptive grieving: ability to see some good resulting from the
  death, having a chance to say goodbye, intrinsic spirituality, and spontaneous
  positive memories of the decedent. The advantages of an adaptive model of
  grief for generating treatment implications are discussed.
========================================

Title: Shared grace:  Therapists and clergy working together.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Bilich, Marion; Bonfiglio, Susan;
Carlson, Steven
Source/Citation: Binghamton, NY, US: The Haworth Pastoral Press/The Haworth
  Press, Inc; 2000, (vii, 230)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book recounts the experiences of a collaboration
  between a psychologist and a Christian minister in working with a woman,
  "Teresa", with dissociative identity disorder who survived severe
  abuse. The book is aimed at three groups: therapists and other mental health
  professionals, ministers, and survivors of severe abuse who want to add a
  spiritual dimension to their psychotherapy. After briefly examining some basic
  terms and some clinical and spiritual premises upon which the collaboration
  was based, the authors review Teresa's background and the healing process. The
  use of a Benevolence Model is described, which is a set of principles that
  transcends any particular religious beliefs held by the therapist and the
  minister, but which are consistent with commonly held spiritual beliefs. These
  spiritual premises, relating to God and love, constitute a model of loving
  that is different from the one in which most survivors of severe abuse have
  been raised. The authors describe how they used The Benevolence Model in their
  collaboration to enhance the psychotherapeutic process and promote emotion and
  spiritual healing in Teresa.
Notes/Comments:  Acknowledgments Our story: Beginnings Healing the
  effects of severe childhood abuse The Benevolence Model Implementation of The
  Benevolence Model I: Transforming images and experience Implementation of The
  Benevolence Model II: Healing through relationship Working together:
  Guidelines for therapists/clergy collaboration Establishment of support groups
  Healing interventions Therapists and clergy growing together Appendix A:
  Teresa's personality structure Appendix B: Resources for therapists Appendix
  C: Resources for clergy Appendix D: Resources for support group members
  Appendix E: Resources for survivors Appendix F: Resources for guided imagery
  References Index collaboration between psychotherapist & Christian
  minister & application of spiritual Benevolence Model, treatment of female
  survivor of severe child abuse with dissociative identity disorder
========================================

Title: Assessing problems with religious content: A comparison of rabbis and
  psychologists.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Milstein, Glen; Midlarsky, Elizabeth; Link, Bruce G.; Raue, Patrick J.;
  Bruce, Martha L.
Source/Citation: Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease; Vol 188(9) Sep 2000,
  US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000, 608-615
Abstract/Review/Citation: Measured distinctions made by a sample of clergy and
  mental health professionals in response to 3 categories of presenting problems
  with religious content: mental disorder, religious or spiritual problem, and
  "pure" religious problem. A national, random sample of 111 rabbis
  and 90 clinical psychologists provided evaluations of 3 vignettes:
  schizophrenia, mystical experience, and mourning. The participants evaluated
  the religious etiology, helpfulness of psychiatric medication, and seriousness
  of the presenting problems. The rabbis and psychologists distinguished between
  the 3 diverse categories of presenting problems and concurred in their
  distinctions. The results provide empirical evidence for the construct
  validity of the new Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) category religious or
  spiritual problem. Use of the V code allows for more subtle distinctions among
  the variety of problems that persons bring to clergy and mental health
  professionals. These distinctions may also provide a foundation for the
  initiation of co-professional consultation.
========================================

Title: Religious involvement and professional practices of psychiatrists and
  other mental health professionals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Shafranske, Edward P.
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Annals; Vol 30(8) Aug 2000, US: SLACK Inc; 2000,
  525-532
Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated how the variable of religiosity is
  treated within psychiatric clinical practice and the extent to which religious
  and spiritual resources are used, considered, or supported in psychiatric
  treatment. Self-administered surveys were completed by 111 psychiatrists (aged
  33-83 yrs). Results show that 49% of the respondents reported that religious
  or spiritual issues were involved in psychiatric treatment often or a great
  deal of the time. The personal religious orientation of the clinician was not
  found to contribute to the perception of the frequency of religious or
  spiritual issues in treatment. The religious dimension was addressed through
  implicit integration, in which spiritual resources were not directly employed,
  or explicit integration, an overt approach in which religious issues were
  directly and systematically addressed and spiritual resources were included.
========================================

Title: An examination of spirituality among African American women in recovery
  from substance abuse.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Brome, Deborah Ridley; Owens, Michelle Deaneen;
  Allen, Karen; Vevaina, Tinaz
Source/Citation: Journal of Black Psychology; Vol 26(4) Nov 2000, US: Sage
  Publications Inc; 2000, 470-486
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined spirituality and its relationship to mental
  health outcomes (self-concept and coping style), family attitudes (family
  climate and attitudes toward parenting), and satisfaction with social support
  among African American women in recovery from substance abuse. Using the
  Spiritual Well-Being Scale as a measure of spirituality, the median split
  method was used to divide a sample of 146 African American women (mean age
  33.11 yrs) in recovery from substance abuse into high and low spirituality
  groups. The results indicate women in the high spirituality group expressed a
  more positive self-concept, active coping style, perceptions of family
  climate, and attitudes toward parenting than women in the low spirituality
  group. In addition, the high spirituality group expressed greater satisfaction
  with their social support than women in the low spirituality group. The
  implications of these results were discussed in light of the potential
  benefits that spirituality offers in the lives of African American women in
  recovery from substance abuse.
========================================

Title: Being Indian: Strengths sustaining First Nations peoples in Saskatchewan
  residential schools.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Hanson, Isabelle; Hampton, Mary Rucklos
Source/Citation: Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health; Vol 19(1) Spr
  2000, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press; 2000, 127-142
Abstract/Review/Citation: This qualitative study asked the question: what were
  the strengths that contributed to the survival of First Nations peoples during
  their stay in residential schools? Six elders who are survivors of residential
  schools in southern Saskatchewan were asked to respond in narrative form to
  this research question. Analysis of interviews revealed that, drawing on
  community-building skills of First Nations cultures, they created their own
  community with each other within the confines of this oppressive environment.
  The strengths they identified are consistent with sense of community
  identified in community psychological literature, yet are also unique to First
  Nation cultures. These strengths are: autonomy of will and spirit, sharing,
  respect, acceptance, a strong sense of spirituality, humour, compassion, and
  cultural pride. It is suggested that community-based mental health initiatives
  which identify traditional sources of strengths within First Nations
  communities will be most effective in promoting healing from residential
  school trauma.
========================================

Title: Care for the caregivers: A program for Canadian military chaplains after
  serving in NATO and United Nations peacekeeping missions in the 1990s.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Zimmerman, George; Weber, Wesley
Source/Citation: Military Medicine; Vol 165(9) Sep 2000, US: Assn of Military
  Surgeons of the US; 2000, 687-690
Abstract/Review/Citation: Evaluated the Care for the Caregivers program to help
  participants deal with stressful events experienced directly or vicariously
  from the NATO and United Nations military missions. The objectives were to
  improve the skills of support personnel and to reduce the distress that some
  caregivers experienced. 31 male chaplains (aged 34-58 yrs) who had been
  exposed to stressful military operations participated in 5 workshops. These
  educational 4-day small-group workshops covered topics such as PTSD, vicarious
  traumatization, coping techniques, spirituality, self-care, and family issues.
  Outcomes included reports of professional and personal benefits, requests for
  additional programs, local education initiatives, and referrals to mental
  health professionals. Having met its objectives, the program has become a
  normal concluding part of stressful deployments.
========================================

Title: Optimal Living Profile: An inventory to assess health and wellness.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Renger, Ralph F.; Midyett, Steven J.;
  Mas, Francisco G. Soto; Erin, Terri D.; McDermott, Harry M.;
  Papenfuss, Richard L.; Eichling, Phillip S.; Baker, Dan H.
  Johnson, Kathleen A.; Hewitt, Michael J.
Source/Citation: American Journal of Health Behavior; Vol 24(6) Nov-Dec 2000,
  US: PNG Publications; 2000, 403-412
Abstract/Review/Citation: Attempted to develop an instrument to assess
  environmental, emotional, spiritual, physical, social, and intellectual health
  and wellness. Reliability was assessed using 102 respondents who completed the
  Optimal Living Profile on 2 occasions. Concurrent validity was assessed using
  a second sample of 34 respondents and a panel of 6 experts. The results showed
  that most items had high test-retest correlation coefficients. Each dimension
  had high internal consistency (i.e., high Cronbach Alphas). Independence of
  items in each dimension suggested good divergent and convergent validity.
 
========================================

Title: Palliative and end-of-life care in the African American community.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Crawley, LaVera; Payne, Richard; Bolden, James;
  Payne, Terrie; Washington, Patricia; Williams, September
Source/Citation: JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association; Vol 284(19)
  Nov 2000, US: American Medical Assn; 2000, 2518-2521
Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses palliative and end-of-life care in the
  African American community.  The authors discuss the barriers to palliative
  care and end-of life-care. The main topics discussed are (1) history and
  heritage; (2) religion and spirituality; (3) socialization; (4) education; (5)
  bioethical issues; (6) breach of trust; (7) health policy and reimbursement
  issues.  The authors conclude by discussing opportunities for improvement in
  the system and setting an agenda for change.
========================================

Title: Spiritual and religious problem-solving in older adults: Mechanisms for
  managing life challenge.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nelson-Becker, Holly Beth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(8-A) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 3138
Abstract/Review/Citation: Older adults face many challenges as they move through
  this later life stage. One support that older adults may apply to manage
  unwelcome change is spiritual and/or religious. Such a support may address an
  individual's relationship to a power that transcends the self and can include
  a connection to other individuals and places in a way regarded as sacred. The
  problem-solving perspective and critical application of a practical theology
  perspective inform this study. This was a descriptive and correlational study
  that utilized interviews with an available sample of 79 low-income older
  adults residing in four subsidized housing facilities in a large midwestern
  city. Two sites (37 respondents) elicited primarily Caucasian and Jewish
  residents and two sites (42 respondents) elicited primarily African American
  residents. Qualitative questions focused on the nature of life challenges and
  responses to these challenges, personal definitions of religion and
  spirituality, and application of religious and spiritual problem-solving
  strategies by study participants. Quantitative measures included exploratory
  analysis of an 18-item Spiritual Strategies Scale for older adults developed
  from a review of the literature and clinical observations. These items were
  refined prior to this study in a field test. Respondent life satisfaction and
  mental health status were assessed using the Life Satisfaction Index
  (Neugarten, Havighurst, & Tobin, 1962) and the Geriatric Depression Scale
  (& Yesavage, 1983). Finally, the Problem Solving Inventory (Heppner &
  Petersen, 1982) was administered to determine self-appraisal of
  problem-solving ability. Because many older adults in the current cohort of
  elders are grounded in religion, further research should center on specific
  ways older adults engage spirituality and religion as resources for
  resilience. Initial analysis of the Spiritual Strategies Scale shows promise
  for use in behavioral assessment.
========================================

Title: A study of the effects of spiritual commitment and intervention on
  communication apprehension.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Trammell, Martin Gil
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(8-A) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 2740
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined the effects of spiritual
  commitment and intervention on communication apprehension (CA). An integrated
  quantitative and qualitative treatment was used to determine whether or not a
  spiritual intervention and aspects of commitment to spiritual activities like
  prayer, church attendance, and Scripture reading would help students in an
  introductory speech course lower their self-reports of CA. Results from a
  pretest-posttest control group experiment and a case study were analyzed in
  order to examine the effectiveness of the spiritual intervention and the
  relationship between spiritual commitment and CA. Participants were recruited
  from first year speech courses at a private Christian liberal arts college in
  the northwest. A total of 107 students completed the Registrar's Report (which
  described the specifically Christian background of the population), the
  Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (an instrument developed to
  measure CA levels), a Short Background Information Sheet, and a Spiritual
  Commitment Scale. The qualitative results indicated that students believed
  they experienced lower levels of CA when they prayed and when they thought
  about passages of Scripture. In addition, the quantitative results showed a
  positive relationship between student scores on the PRCA-24 and their
  responses to statements that measured levels of spiritual commitment. An ANOVA
  and  t-tests showed that the intervention did not produce significant effects.
  The summary presents practical suggestions for CA counselors and speech
  teachers and recommends further investigation of the relationship between
  spirituality and CA.
========================================

Title: Psychotherapists who are passionately committed to their work: A
  qualitative study of their experiences.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Dlugos, Raymond F.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(8-B) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4216
Abstract/Review/Citation: Cochran (1990) suggested that 'for those with a sense
  of vocation, life is shaped in a way that lights up one's existence in an
  elevated story that person lives' (p. vii). The goal of the study was to allow
  the stories of passionately committed psychotherapists to be told from within
  the lived context of their experiences. For purposes of this study, a
  passionately committed person was defined as continually energized, renewed,
  and reinvigorated by working-for the work itself and for the rest of life's
  experiences. Twelve psychotherapists nominated by local colleagues as
  displaying passionate commitment participated in a semi-structured interview
  based on a model of optimal experience, or 'flow' (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990),
  models of burnout and burnout prevention among psychotherapists and other
  helping professionals (Cherniss, 1995; Grosch & Olsen, 1994), and a
  person-environment exchange model of commitment (Marks, 1979). Questionnaire
  data were also obtained about openness to experience, work salience, job
  satisfaction, and burnout. The narrative interview data were analyzed using
  grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) and consensual qualitative
  methods (Hill, Thompson, & White, 1997). The qualitative results revealed
  remarkable consistency with 4 common factors characterizing the experiences of
  all 12 participants: Balance, Adaptiveness/Openness, Transcendence/Humility,
  and Intentional Learning. Examples of categories within these factors included
  creating physical and psychological boundaries between professional and
  nonprofessional life, using leisure activities to provide relief, recognizing
  that economic forces threaten passion and commitment, viewing obstacles as
  challenges, finding diverse activities at work to provide freshness and
  energy, continually seeking feedback and supervision, taking on social and
  communal responsibilities, and experiencing a strong sense of spirituality.
  Despite many commonalities, each participant was unique in the ways he or she
  expressed, felt, and maintained the passionate commitment that his or her
  peers recognized as exceptional. The findings are discussed in light of the
  conceptual models underlying the study, testimonial validity (i.e.,
  participants' feedback), and limitations. Implications for theory, research,
  and practice are also presented.
========================================

Title: Approaching the spiritual and religious dimension in psychotherapy: A
  resource for clinical training.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Smith, Judith Ann
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(8-B) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4252
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation explores the spiritual and religious
  dimensions of individuals and how these dimensions can be incorporated into
  psychotherapy. The material presented is meant to provide a relative knowledge
  base for clinicians who practice psychotherapy in secular settings. The
  diversity of meanings and significance of spiritual and religious issues and
  an overview of spiritual/religious traditions of those living in the United
  States is presented. In addition, the historical relationship between
  psychology and religion, and the major theoretical contributions of earlier
  and contemporary theorist are briefly described. Moreover, an overview of
  current literature and issues regarding the status of incorporation of
  spiritual and religious issues into psychotherapy contributes to the
  foundations aspects of this topic. Finally, a practical framework for
  assessment and intervention is proposed, and suggestions for training are
  given.
========================================

Title: From surviving to thriving: A mind,body, spirit perspective in treating
  adults who have experienced childhood sexual abuse.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Casaccio, Eileen M.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts

 International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(8-B) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4207
Abstract/Review/Citation: Individuals healing from childhood abuse face very
  difficult psychological and physiological effects as a result of the abuse.
  These areas have been well documented in the literature. A less well
  documented area is that of spirituality in the healing process of childhood
  abuse survivors. The purpose of this study is to suggest that spirituality
  plays an extremely important part in healing. Spirituality is important not
  only as a way to cope with the devastating effects of abuse, but also to help
  the individual move beyond surviving to finding meaning in their suffering and
  in their lives.
========================================

Title: The relationship between religion and psychological adjustment in gay men
  and lesbians.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Chew, Christine M.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(8-B) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4208
Abstract/Review/Citation: Religion and adjustment among gay men and lesbians was
  investigated while taking into account gender, church type and stage in the
  coming out process. A national sample of 102 male and 101 female participants
  were administered the Personal Religiosity Inventory, (PRI: Lipsmeyer, 1984),
  Langner Symptom Survey (LSS: Langner, 1962), General Health Questionnaire
  (GHQ: Goldberg, 1972), and Flanagan's (1978) Life Satisfaction Questionnaire.
  Results indicated that approximately three-fourths of the participants
  endorsed a belief in God or a 'transcendent force or energy,' the majority
  believed in life after death, and approximately one-fourth attended church on
  a regular basis. The percentages of participants endorsing high, moderate or
  low levels of religion across the nine PRI scales were consistent with
  previous studies of presumably heterosexual participants (Crawford et al.,
  1989). Likewise, the data from the adjustment measures suggest levels of
  psychological adjustment consistent with those found in the general
  population. Although the gay men and lesbians that participated in the current
  study appeared to be similar to other adult populations in terms of religion
  and adjustment, the positive relationship between religion and adjustment that
  has previously been observed was not apparent in the current study.
  Furthermore, the intercorrelations between PRI scales were different for this
  population than for others. A significant interaction effect for type of
  church by participant's stage in the coming out process by gender was also
  observed. Males from welcoming churches who were in the private and public
  stages of the coming out process tended to report a stronger belief in and
  feelings of closeness to God, and tended to use prayer more often than males
  from non-welcoming churches. Females from welcoming churches did not show the
  same trend toward becoming less religious as they moved through the coming out
  stages that was seen among women from non-welcoming churches. Future research
  needs to focus on collecting a current heterosexual adult sample against which
  to compare the homosexual sample, should explore broader definitions of
  religion and spirituality, and should attempt to include more individuals from
  the early stages of the coming out process.
========================================

Title: The path to wholeness: Effective coping strategies of African-American
  adult survivors of childhood violent experiences.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Bryant, Thema Simone
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(8-B) Mar 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4205
Abstract/Review/Citation: Far too many African-American children have been
  victims and witnesses of physical and sexual violence. A retrospective
  exploratory study of African-American adult survivors of childhood violent
  experiences was conducted to determine the effectiveness of various coping
  strategies. Seventy participants were recruited to form a community sample of
  African-American adults. The coping strategies focused on were community
  support, spirituality, creativity, and activism. While trauma history was
  predictive of psychological adjustment, utilization of community support as a
  coping strategy was predictive of lower symptoms of distress. Qualitative
  analyses provided insight into the use of coping strategies and contextualized
  their helpfulness within the theoretical framework of 'thriving'. The
  investigator speaks to cultural influences on the body of trauma recovery
  research, as well as cultural issues in methodology and interpretation. This
  study provides an opportunity for the voices of African-American survivors to
  be heard as they tell about their quest toward renewal and restoration.
========================================

Title: The impact of counseling battered women on the mental health of
  counselors.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Bell, Holly
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(9-A) Apr 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 3525
Abstract/Review/Citation: Research to date has suggested that counselors who
  work with trauma survivors are susceptible to secondary trauma, a form of
  work-induced PTSD. This qualitative study focuses more broadly on how a
  specific group of trauma counselors experienced their work, both positively
  and negatively.  Thirty counselors of battered women, with a variety of
  educational backgrounds, were asked about their experiences in a
  semi-structured format in two interviews, approximately one year apart.
  Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the constant
  comparative method of grounded theory, whereby thematic material is compared
  across subjects until theory emerges which best describes the aggregate data.
  Only a few counselors seemed to be distressed at any given time. Five of the
  thirty counselors seemed very stressed at the time of the second interview.
  Six counselors seemed to be unfazed by stressful experiences. The majority of
  counselors, nineteen in all, could name stressors, but felt they had adequate
  personal and interpersonal resources for dealing with them. They identified
  both positive and negative reactions to their work. Factors in counselors'
  personal lives appeared to be at least as important as work stressors in
  determining overall counselor stress. Further, counselors' perceived stress
  was not static, but changed over time. Four counselors seemed less stressed at
  the time of the first interview compared with the second; two seemed more.
  Factors that seemed to make a difference in how stressed counselors described
  themselves to be included their motivation for their work, how they appraised
  stressors, how competent they felt coping with stress, how their
  worldview/philosophy of life/spirituality functioned to buffer them from
  stress, and how supported they felt. Several historical factors such as
  personal experience and resolution of trauma and early role models of coping
  also emerged. Finally, several demographic differences, such as ethnicity,
  marital status, and childrearing status, emerged that correlated with stress
  level. Particular configurations of these factors at a given period of time
  contributed to counselor distress.  These factors suggest additional areas of
  research into how counselors experience their work and ways to improve
  screening, training, and supervising counselors of battered women.
========================================

Title: Spirituality in young adults at risk.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Schmidt, Cynthia Ann Wonsowicz
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(9-B) Apr 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4908
Abstract/Review/Citation: The literature largely supports the association
  between certain types of religiosity and low scores on measures of anxiety and
  depression. Specifically, intrinsic religiosity, a collaborative religious
  problem-solving style, and a nurturing concept of God (e.g., loving and
  merciful images) have been examined. This study examined the hypothesis that
  these types of religiosity would predict lower trauma symptoms of anxiety and
  depression, as well as lower disruptions in cognitive schemas, in young adults
  who were maltreated as children. An additional hypothesis was that endorsing a
  punitive concept of God (e.g., cruel and damning images) would be associated
  with greater trauma symptoms and greater disruptions in cognitive schemas. 370
  undergraduates participated in this study. Results partially supported the
  hypothesis that religiosity would help to protect mental health, based on
  positive associations between the religiosity variables and schemas about
  intimacy with others and esteem for others. Participants most strongly
  endorsing a punitive concept of God reported the highest scores on depression,
  after controlling for the extent of their childhood maltreatment. Endorsing a
  punitive concept of God was also associated with disruptions in cognitive
  schemas, both regarding oneself and regarding others, about safety, trust,
  esteem, intimacy, and control. Results also supported Pargament's (1997)
  coping mobilization hypothesis, that when individuals are experiencing the
  greatest stress (consequently reporting higher symptomatology), they increase
  their levels of religiosity to cope with their stressors. implications for
  psychologists and religious helping professionals are discussed in terms of
  identifying punitive thoughts about God as a 'red flag' that signals a need
  for collaboration between the two professions.
========================================

Title: Depression in women: Effects of life events, support, emotional abuse and
  self-silencing.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ali, Alisha Nadia
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(9-B) Apr 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4873
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to investigate the
  prediction that major life stress, support, emotional abuse and self-silencing
  function to influence depression in women. This study was also designed to
  explore new ways of conceptualizing and measuring the constructs of support
  and emotional abuse. Participants in the study were 40 women attending a
  women's therapy centre. These clients were assessed with the following
  measures: (a) a demographic information interview; (b) the Silencing the Self
  Scale; (c) a new semi-structured interview designed to assess available
  support in this study (derived from a pilot study of 53 women); (d) the Life
  Events and Difficulties Schedule - Short Version (SLEDS); (e) a
  semi-structured interview designed for this study to assess emotionally
  abusive experiences not covered by the SLEDS interview; (f) the Structured
  Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID) for the diagnosis of major depressive
  disorder; and (g) the Beck Depression Inventory for the measurement of a
  continuum of depressive symptoms. Results produced four main findings: (1)
  Major life stress was found to statistically predict the diagnosis of major
  depressive disorder; (2) Low income, high life stress, low support, and high
  self-silencing were found to predict the presence of depressive symptoms; (3)
  Emotional abuse (measured as a composite variable of emotionally abusive
  experiences reported on the SLEDS and on the emotional abuse interview) was
  associated with depressive symptoms and with major depressive disorder; and
  (4) Women in the study reported a range of support sources, including sources
  in the social domain (e.g. family, friends, intimate partners) as well as
  'self-support' sources related to creative expression, spirituality, and
  self-nurturance; women's satisfaction with these two types of support sources
  was associated with a decreased vulnerability to depressive symptoms as
  measured by the Beck Depression Inventory and to major depressive disorder as
  measured by the SCID. These findings are integrated into the formulation of a
  proposed socio-cognitive model of depression in women. This proposed model
  assumes a theoretical position which favours methodological and clinical
  emphasis on the interplay between women's social realities and cognitive
  self-perceptions In conceptualizing and treating depression in women.
========================================

Title: The personal and professional impact of client suicide on Master's level
  therapists.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Anderson, Ellen J.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(9-B) Apr 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4873
Abstract/Review/Citation: A qualitative study on the personal and professional
  impact of client suicide on Master's level therapists was conducted for the
  purpose of increasing knowledge and providing therapists, supervisors, and
  agencies with more information for providing support to therapists who
  experience client suicide. Seven Master's level therapists were interviewed to
  learn the answers to two research questions: What are the personal and
  professional impacts of the loss of a client by suicide among master's level
  therapists, and what coping skills do therapists use to resolve their personal
  and professional grief and loss issues?  Data was analyzed into codes.
  Meta-themes, themes, categories, and subcategories were developed. Three
  meta-themes emerged from the data: personal and professional impact of client
  suicide, coping skills used to manage the impact act of client suicide, and
  growth and change as a result of the suicide.  Results suggested therapists
  experienced strong emotional responses to client suicide including anger,
  sadness and grief, shock, fear, confusion, shame, guilt, and relief. Conflict
  arose between therapists' personal grief and professional responsibilities.
  Disrupted relationships with co-workers and supervisors occurred. Unlike
  previous studies, denial was not an important coping mechanism. However,
  participants were extremely reluctant to discuss the suicides with other
  professionals, believing they would be viewed as unprofessional or incompetent
  if they did not quickly work through their grief. Unwillingness to acknowledge
  grief to others may explain previous findings about denial of impact.
  Therapeutic culture was viewed by participants as unaccepting of grief.  A
  second finding concerned client population differences. A participant who
  worked with chronically mentally ill clients had less difficulty accepting and
  integrating the suicide than those who worked with an outpatient population.
  The impact of client suicide on Master's level therapists in this study was
  related to level of involvement with the client and personal factors rather
  than time. Integration and meaning making about the suicides was related to
  external support, cognitive analysis of the suicide, and spirituality.  All
  therapists noted changes after the suicide including increased awareness of
  personal limitations, increased empathy for suicidal clients and other
  therapists, and increased directness with suicidal clients.
========================================

Title: Making grace specific: The renewed chapter of spirituality in the history
  of white, mainline Protestant pastoral care in America.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Johanson, Gregory John
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(10-A) May 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 3695
Abstract/Review/Citation: This interdisciplinary inquiry involving pastoral
  theology, pastoral care and counseling, the sociology and psychology of
  religion, philosophy of science, linguistics, and history, brings some initial
  order and understanding to the recent (1970-90), unanticipated literature that
  integrates spirituality and pastoral care through providing historical
  perspective, critical analysis, and constructive appropriation. The most
  general thesis is that the literature represents a movement within pastoral
  care that progresses the field from its recent emphasis on self-realization to
  one of self-transcendence.  The opening methodological chapter draws heavily
  from Ken Wilber's philosophy of science, Juergen Habermas' theory of
  knowledge, and Theodore Jennings' conceptions of the linguisticality of
  experience and the religious imagination to define terms and issues, and
  situate the various disciplines in relation to one another. Spirituality is
  understood in terms of the self-transcendent desire for expanded contexts of
  agency-in-communion. Pastoral theology is understood in terms of the
  specificity it brings to mediating the universal specific of the Christian
  mythos, considered under the rubric of grace. Historical chapters trace the
  vicissitudes of the concept of spirituality within Western culture, the
  American experience, and pastoral care in particular, keeping in view the
  underlying dynamic of self-transcendence through a four-quadrant,
  full-spectrum lens. The historical review yields a critique of pastoral care
  circa 1970, followed by an analysis of the rise of spirituality within
  pastoral care.  The next chapters outline the typology of W. Paul Jones'
  Theological Worlds which is then applied to five major approaches to
  spirituality and pastoral care reflected in the literature, and how they view
  the concepts of grace and self-transcendence. An additional typology is
  offered of personal, characterological ways of viewing the world, with further
  implications for the pastoral work of making grace specific. A study is
  referenced designed to test the correlation of personal ways of viewing the
  world with theological ways. Jointly, the chapters honor and weave together
  the intentional, cultural, social, and behavioral aspects of holonic
  existence, as they apply to the phenomenon in question. A summary reflection
  is rendered on the significance of the twenty year-plus dialogue of
  spirituality with pastoral care.
========================================

Title:  Helping women recover: A comprehensive integrated treatment model.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Covington, Stephanie S.
Source/Citation: Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly; Vol 18(3) 2000, US: Haworth
  Press Inc; 2000, 99-111
Abstract/Review/Citation: This article offers a brief overview of the treatment
  history of women's addictions. It then provides a new model for treating women
  (the Helping Women Recover program) that incorporates three theories: theory
  of addiction; theory of women's psychological development; theory of trauma.
  The structure and content of this gender-responsive treatment program is also
  discussed with a focus on four areas: self, relationship, sexuality, and
  spirituality.Helping Women Recover   is designed to be used in both
  community-based and criminal justice-based programs for women.
========================================

Title: Realized religion:  Research on the relationship between religion and
  health.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Chamberlain, Theodore J.; Hall, Christopher A.
Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Templeton Foundation Press; 2000, (vi,
  239)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book documents over 300 scientific studies
  published by reputable scientific journals demonstrating that religion has an
  ameliorating effect on the survival rate of surgical patients, on depression
  and anxiety, on suicide rates, and on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. It
  is apparent that there is new and emerging interest in the study of the
  relationship of religion and health that reflects a desire to understand how
  spirituality influences life in an age characterized by the triumph of
  technological and scientific perspectives. Modern medicine has made huge
  strides in conquering disease through the application of pharmacology and
  technology. But the question of the soul, as it relates to the transcendent
  remains, causes us to wonder anew about the relationship of faith, hope,
  belief, commitment, and religious practice to both wellness and pathology. 
  Realized Religion  presents useful information to researchers, scholars, and
  interested readers who seek to understand the subtle connection between
  healing and spirituality.
Notes/Comments:  Acknowledgments
  Introduction: Realized religion defined Part One: The relationship of realized
  religion to prayer and healing The role of prayer in health and healing Faith
  healing Part Two: The relationship of realized religion to well-being Mental
  health Life satisfaction Mental disorders Marital satisfaction Suicide Alcohol
  use and abuse Part Three: The relationship of realized religion to future
  research The need for religious values in empirical research Christianity: A
  model of realized religion's relationship to health research on relationship
  between religion & health
========================================

Title: Impact of spirituality and religiousness on outcomes in patients with
  ALS.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Murphy, P. L.; Albert, S. M.; Weber, C. M.;
  Del Bene, M. L.; Rowland, L. P.
Source/Citation: Neurology; Vol 55(10) Nov 2000, US: Lippincott Williams &
  Wilkins; 2000, 1581-1584
Abstract/Review/Citation: The Project of Death in America Study at Columbia
  Presbyterian Medical Center enrolled 121 patients with amyotrophic lateral
  sclerosis (ALS) from 1996-1997, 46 of whom participated in a study assessing
  the effects of religiousness and spirituality (attachment to life, mental
  health, support group, health care proxy, and attitudes toward death) on
  outcomes (technology and death). Spirituality or religion influenced use of
  percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, noninvasive assisted ventilation,
  tracheotomy, and attitudes toward the dying process.
========================================

Title: Religious involvement, spirituality and personal meaning for life:
  Existential predictors of psychological wellbeing in community-residing and
  institutional care elders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fry, P. S.
Source/Citation: Aging & Mental Health; Vol 4(4) Nov 2000, United Kingdom:
  Carfax Publishing Ltd; 2000, 375-387
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the unique and combined contribution of
  specific dimensions of religiosity, spirituality and personal meaning in life
  as predictors of well-being in samples of 180 community-residing and 160
  institutionalized older adults (aged 60-90 yrs). The results showed that
  personal meaning, involvement in formal religion, participation in spiritual
  practices, importance of religion, degree of comfort derived from religion,
  sense of inner peace with self, and accessibility to religious resources were
  significant predictors of well-being for the combined sample. The pattern of
  associations between well-being and the preceding psychosocial dimensions was,
  however, stronger for the institutionalized elders. The findings confirmed
  that existential measures of personal meaning, religiosity and spirituality
  contributed more significantly to the variance in well-being than did
  demographic variables or other traditional measures such as social resources,
  physical health or negative life events. The importance of existential
  constructs of religiosity, spirituality and personal meaning in helping older
  adults to transcend old age stresses and sustain well-being are discussed.
========================================

Title: The role of the occupational therapist in addressing the spiritual needs
  of clients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Udell, Lorraine; Chandler, Colin
Source/Citation: British Journal of Occupational Therapy; Vol 63(10) Oct 2000,
  England: Coll of Occupational Therapists Ltd; 2000, 489-494
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the experiences and opinions of occupational
  therapists who have encountered spiritual needs in their practice. Three
  Christian occupational therapists participated in interviews concerning their
  understanding of spirituality and their experiences of spiritual needs in
  practice. Results show that Ss had some difficulty putting into words the
  concept of spirituality, but were able to identify spiritual needs in their
  clients. Ss considered spiritual counselling to be not appropriate for the
  occupational therapist, although recognizing the spiritual dimension of an
  individual was important. Findings suggest that the occupational therapy
  profession in the UK needs to develop further its view on spirituality in
  holistic care and the impact that it has on the health and well-being of its
  clients.
========================================
 

Title: Spiritual well-being in psychiatric patients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mountain, Deborah Ann; Muir, Walter J.
Source/Citation: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine; Vol 17(4) Dec 2000,
  United Kingdom: MedMedia Ltd; 2000, 123-127
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the spiritual well-being and religious
  practices, beliefs and psychological morbidity of 41 psychiatric patients
  compared to control groups of 40 patients with chronic medical conditions and
  39 community controls attending their GP. General Health Questionnaire-28
  (GHQ-28), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (consisting of religious and
  existential well-being subscales) and an open-ended Religious Survey
  Questionnaire were personally administered to the groups and information was
  supplemented by case note data. Although there were no differences between the
  groups on the measure of overall Spiritual Well-Being or on the subscale of
  Religious Well-Being, the psychiatric group scored lower on the Existential
  Well-Being subscale and had higher scores on the GHQ-28. The psychiatric group
  had increased frequency of private religious behavior (praying and reading the
  Bible) which were thought to be coping strategies. Existential Well-Being of
  the whole sample was positively correlated to religious beliefs and to
  religious practice.
========================================

Title: Stress and human spirituality 2000: At the cross roads of physics and
  metaphysics.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Seaward, Brian Luke
Source/Citation: Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback; Vol 25(4) Dec 2000,
  US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2000, 241-246
Abstract/Review/Citation: Although stress is defined as a perceived threat, the
  implications of stress go well beyond physical well-being. In the words of
  Jung, "Every crisis is a spiritual crisis." Western science, so
  strongly influenced by the Cartesian Principle of Reductionism, has ignored
  the essence and significance of human spirituality in the health and healing
  process. Holistic healing honors the integration, balance, and harmony of
  mind, body, spirit, and emotions, where the whole is greater than the sum of
  the parts. Stress (unresolved issues of anger and fear) chokes the human
  spirit, the life force of human energy, which ultimately affects the physical
  body. From the perspectives of both physics and metaphysics, stress is a
  disruption in the state of coherence between the layers of consciousness in
  the human energy field. The emerging paradigm of health reunites mind, body,
  and spirit, and considers health as a function of coherence among the energy
  levels of these components.
========================================

Title: Spiritual directors and clinical psychologists: A comparison of mental
  health and spiritual values.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Howard, Nicholas C.; McMinn, Mark R.;
  Bissell, Leslie D.; Faries, Sally R.; VanMeter, Jeffrey B.
Source/Citation: Journal of Psychology & Theology: Special Issue: Christian
  spirituality: Theoretical and empirical perspectives.; Vol 28(4) Win 2000, US:
  Rosemead School of Psychology; 2000, 308-320
Abstract/Review/Citation: The authors surveyed a total of 315 spiritual
  directors, psychologist members of the Christian Association for Psychological
  Studies (CAPS), and clinical psychologist members of the APA to determine
  their respective values on 10 mental health themes derived from J. P. Jensen
  and A. E. Bergin (1988), and 3 spirituality scales drawn from the writings of
  John of the Cross. All 3 groups endorsed the value of expressing feelings,
  personal autonomy and maturity, and integrating work and leisure. CAPS
  psychologists and spiritual directors endorsed more than APA psychologists the
  values of spirituality, forgiveness, and the 3 John of the Cross scales
  pertaining to spiritual development. Spiritual directors reported greater
  endorsement of the self-awareness and growth theme than did psychodynamic
  psychologists who, in turn, reported greater endorsement than
  cognitive-behavioral psychologists. The results are examined in light of the
  pre-Enlightenment paradigm and value system in which spiritual direction and
  Christian theology are rooted.
========================================

Title: Contemplative experience:  A phenomenological study of the spiritual and
  psychological dimensions of the mystical encounter.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Lyons, Mary Killeen
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 4060
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this phenomenological study has been an
  exploration of the essential characteristics of the lived experience of
  contemporary contemplative women. Its interest has focused on their 'reports,'
  the specific mystical encounters, meetings with God, prayer, and on their
  'narratives,' the container of their contemplative lives. This exploration has
  elicited information about the nature of the spiritual experience of six
  professed women religious and has placed it within the context of their
  personal histories.  The question being asked is: How do contemporary
  contemplative women perceive and describe their experience of God? A brief
  overview of the extensive literature in this field, aptly named 'mystics,' has
  included cursory considerations of the topics of mysticism, contemplation per
  se, solitude, monasticism, apophatic language and its depth psychological
  perspective, and the writings of mystical authors, past and present.  The
  research participants are all women who have been formed within the western
  Christian monastic tradition. They range in age from 47 to 65 years with an
  average age of 56; their professed commitment to religious life has ranged
  from 21 to 46 years with the average number of years equaling 33. Three of the
  participants are monks living within the monastery, a coenobitic community of
  solitaries; two are professed contemplatives living in a house of prayer; and
  one has been missioned to an eremitical life, living in the anchoritic
  enclosure of a hermitage. Their portraits, including the creative work of
  some, form the text of the dissertation results. The richness, depth, and
  beauty in these monastic-contemplative lives have been vividly brought forth
  through their descriptions, through their language, their images and dreams,
  and their connections with nature, with solitude, and with their varied
  teachers. Their profound considerations of the flavor and meaning of their
  spiritual experience may, indeed, enrich us all.
========================================

Title: The impact of perceived forgiveness on the self-concept and spiritual
  well-being of inmates at the Ohio State Penitentiary Correctional Camp.
Author(s)/Editor(s): York, Donald Ray
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 4048
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this dissertation was to evaluate the
  impact of a forgiving victim on the self-concept and spiritual well-being of
  inmates at the Ohio State Penitentiary Correctional Camp in Youngstown, Ohio.
  The inmates taking part in the study were given the Spiritual Well-Being Scale
  (SWBS) and the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale-2 (Short Form) (TSCS:2). Inmates
  received a questionnaire to identify those who felt they had been forgiven by
  their victim(s) and those who did not feel that they had been forgiven.  A
  post-test only control design was used to determine the impact of forgiveness
  or lack of forgiveness of the victim on the perpetrator. A comparison of the
  scores on the TSCS:2 and the SWBS was made between the inmates who stated they
  were forgiven and those who claimed they were not forgiven. A t-test was used
  to test for the significance.  Inmates that received forgiveness from their
  victims scored significantly higher on the SWBS and the TSC-2 than did inmates
  that did not perceive that they had been forgiven.
========================================

Title: Psychosocial factors that influence the psychological well-being of
  professional black women in midlife.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Lawson, Sandra Owens
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 4210
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined professional Black women's
  perceptions of the developmental stage of midlife to better understand the
  themes that enhance or undermine their psychological well-being. These themes
  are examined within the context of the risk and protective factors paradigm,
  developmental life span issues, and self-in-relation theory. Twenty women
  participated in the study. Based upon their responses to a set of questions on
  the interview guide and observations by the researcher during semi structured
  in-depth interviews about the life events and issues that shaped their lives,
  participants were identified as high and low scorers. The study found themes
  that undermine (risk factors) and enhance (protective factors) their
  psychological well-being. Positive and negative relationships to others were
  identified as the most significant risk and protective factor. Stressful life
  events, multiplicity of roles, and workplace issues were also significant risk
  factors. Social networks, mentors and spirituality were the most significant
  protective factors. Self discovery and self-esteem, problem solving and coping
  skills, internal issues, and external (environmental) protections and
  challenges were influenced by personal growth and maturation.  A discussion of
  developmental and cultural themes on this population suggested implications
  for health care professionals.
========================================

Title: Health, mental health, and spirituality in chronically ill elders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Burke, Kevin John
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 4184
Abstract/Review/Citation: The relationship of spirituality to health and mental
  health is not well understood or described. This relationship could provide
  for greater understanding of the issues associated with well being of
  chronically ill elders. In this study, 131 community dwelling chronically ill
  rural elders were interviewed in their homes by the author. Data were gathered
  specific to measures of health, mental health, role, and spirituality. 
  Findings include the very significant correlation between mental health and
  'closeness to God,' the distinctions between religiosity and spirituality as
  they relate to mental health, and the importance of spirituality while coping
  with pain in chronic illness. These findings suggest that spirituality is an
  important component in chronically ill elders coping with disease, disability,
  and pain. Possible interpretations of the data are offered. Implications for
  social work practice and education are addressed and discussed.
========================================

Title: The conceptualization of a model of spirituality.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Niederman, Randy
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 4186
Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite evidence supporting the relationship between
  spirituality and mental/physical health, very little research has examined the
  construct of spirituality itself. Specifically, there is no agreement as to
  what spirituality is. Such ambiguity threatens the validity of the increasing
  body of research regarding spirituality. A recognized model needs to be
  developed in order for social work professionals to incorporate spirituality
  into practice, research, policy, and education. The spirituality model
  proposed in this study is developed within a framework of cognitive-behavioral
  theory. This framework explains spirituality as a function of beliefs, values,
  behaviors, and experiences. The intent of this study was to conceptualize and
  refine a model of spirituality. The purposes of this study were fourfold: to
  examine dimensions of spiritual beliefs; to identify dimensions of spiritual
  beliefs; to conceptually define these dimensions, as well as their
  inter-relationships; and to produce a graphic illustration of a model of
  spirituality. The process of model building in this study used two research
  designs. The first was an exploratory design utilizing a series of five field
  trials (N = 380). These field trials gathered data using a Likert rated
  questionnaire and tested hypothesized models. The means for testing the model
  was via SPSS factor analyses and coefficient alpha reliability analysis. The
  series of field trials produced a four dimensional model. The second phase of
  the study was qualitative and used an interpretive case study design (N = 10)
  in order to elaborate, refine, and richly describe the dimensions produced by
  the series of field trials. The interpretive case study resulted in the
  modification of the spirituality model and produced a model involving beliefs
  in an Ultimate Other, spiritual self, and a connective relationship between
  the self and the Ultimate Other. A graphic model was developed that
  illustrates the dimensions of spiritual beliefs and their inter-relationships.
========================================

Title: Eating disorders:  A multiple-case investigation of the internet e-mail
  correspondence of women's lived experience.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Collins, Perry Lee
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(11-A) Jun 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 3916
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation examines the lived experiences of
  women with eating disorders. The data consists of several (n = 4)
  participants' written correspondence on a weekly basis over four months via
  electronic mail. Using an interpretive paradigm the data from this
  multiple-case study was analyzed using a constant comparative method that
  employed thematic analysis and axial coding. Any themes that emerged were
  explicated and explored further. Accounts of the participants' lived
  experiences indicated that many women with eating disorders perceive that
  precipitating events in their childhood such as sexual abuse, perfectionism
  and rigidity in the family, poor communication styles in the family, and
  external influences such as peer and societal values and beliefs have lead to
  the development of disordered eating patterns in their lives. Furthermore, the
  participants believe that since the development of their eating disorder,
  there are certain factors such as feelings of guilt, shame, and low
  self-esteem that continue to perpetuate their disordered eating patterns.  The
  participants' writings further indicated that their eating disorders affect
  every aspect of their lives including their relationships with family and
  friends, their behavior in work and school settings, their emotions and
  cognitions, their sexuality, spirituality, and body image. These women
  explored their daily routines in great detail, discussing the binge
  experience, purging through the use of laxatives, diuretics, and excessive
  exercise, and environmental cues that trigger disordered eating behaviors. The
  participants addressed their attempts at 'getting better' and described the
  various strategies that have employed.  Overall, the participants indicate
  that participating in this internet-based study via electronic mail
  correspondence was a positive experience for them. The results of this study
  provide a better understanding of the daily lived experiences of women with
  eating disorders. The implications of this study are emancipating for these
  women and should lead to more sensitive treatment approaches with those who
  have eating disorders. Further research is needed in gaining a better
  understanding of women with eating disorders. Finally, future research should
  continue to explore the viability of the Internet as a medium for data
  collection.
========================================

Title: Exposure to chronic community violence:  Formal kinship, informal
  kinship, and spirituality as stress moderators for African American children.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Saunders, Janine Michelle
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(12-A) 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 4333
Abstract/Review/Citation: In many African American communities, violence and
  poverty are often part of daily living. Due to exposure to chronically violent
  conditions, children are at risk for difficulties in all aspect of their
  lives, particularly their emotional well being. The purpose of this study was
  to explore the relationship between exposure to Chronic Community Violence
  (CCV) and the development of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD), a
  constellation of symptoms that occur as a result of repeated exposure to
  traumas. This issue was explored in the context of specific African American
  cultural beliefs and values that have the potential to moderate the
  development of maladaptive psychological functioning. Support through formal
  kinship support, informal kinship support, and spirituality are among a few of
  the coping mechanisms that are utilized by African Americans. It was
  anticipated that the coping mechanisms would act as stress moderators, or
  buffers, to the development of symptoms of C-PTSD.  Participants in the study
  included 71 African American children between the ages of 9 and 11. They were
  selected from 'neighborhood schools' in the midst of a high-crime,
  high-poverty community in Houston, Texas. Self-report questionnaires were
  orally administered to the children in the study. The self-report
  questionnaires provided indices of the following: (a) exposure to chronic
  community violence, (b) Complex PTSD, and (c) the coping mechanisms (formal
  kinship, informal kinship, and spirituality) used by African American
  children. Through multiple regression analyses, the coping mechanisms were
  investigated in the context of exposure to chronic community violence and the
  development of Complex PTSD. The results indicated that each of the coping
  mechanisms alone were not enough to moderate the symptoms of Complex PTSD.
  However, the combination of the three supports demonstrated buffering effects
  on exposure to violence. Secondary analyses using the caregivers perceptions
  of their child's supports revealed that utilizing formal kinship and
  spirituality were each strong enough to buffer the effects of violence such
  that fewer symptoms of C-PTSD were exhibited. The combination of the three
  supports also demonstrated moderating effects. Thus, the coping mechanisms,
  based in African American values, moderated the relationship between exposure
  to violence and C-PTSD.
========================================

Title: Associations between quality of life and the spiritual and religious
  beliefs and practices of men with prostate cancer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mytko, Johanna Jacoba
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(12-B) 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International; 2000,
  6376
Abstract/Review/Citation: Little is known about the relationships among
  religiosity, spirituality and quality of life in cancer patients. Stress
  related to the cancer experience may elicit reliance on religiosity and
  spirituality. Of the few published studies of religiosity and spirituality in
  cancer patients, most have found these variables positively related to quality
  of life and psychological well-being. Theoretical models of quality of life
  have often included religiosity and spirituality, yet until recently these
  variables have been neglected in quality of life measurement. This study was
  the first to measure religiosity, spirituality and quality of life in prostate
  cancer patients and to use several measures of each construct. The 150 men
  participating in the study endorsed levels of religiosity and spirituality
  comparable to other cancer patients and higher than healthy laypersons. A
  factor analysis of religiosity and spirituality items revealed two factors:
  (1) Beliefs and Practices and (2) Meaning and Peace. Consistent with prior
  research, married men reported more Meaning and Peace than unmarried men and
  African-American and Christian men reported higher levels of beliefs and
  practices than Caucasian or non-Christian men. Relationships between the
  Meaning and Peace and Beliefs and Practices subscales indicate that these
  factors overlap, but measure separate aspects of religiosity and spirituality.
  Subscales related to beliefs and practices were consistently associated with
  social and relational well-being, whereas most quality of life components,
  including physical well-being, were associated with the Meaning and Peace
  factor. In addition, Meaning and Peace contributed unique variance to global
  quality of life across three quality of life measures after controlling for
  demographic variables and quality of life subscales. These findings support
  prior research demonstrating a relationship between religiosity, spirituality
  and quality of life in cancer patients and suggest the need for future studies
  clarifying this complex relationship. In addition to the clinical implications
  of these findings, theoretical and methodological issues are discussed.
========================================

Title: An exploration of the effects of spirituality on psychologist burnout.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Persing, Jenifer Marion
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(1-B) Jul 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 545
Abstract/Review/Citation: The following study is an analysis of burnout
  experiences in 127 practicing psychologists. The research was designed to
  explore the effects of psychologists' spirituality on burnout syndrome, while
  assessing other possible predictors of burnout. The measures included the
  Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach & Jackson, 1981), the Spiritual
  Experience Index (Genia, 1996), a demographic survey and work environment
  questions. In a previous study, Raquepaw and Miller hypothesized that
  theoretical orientation, caseload, and years of experience may be important
  indicators of burnout syndrome. Results of this and other such studies have
  yielded somewhat incongruous data concerning these work environment issues,
  indicating a need for additional research.  The unique contribution of this
  study was an examination of the impact of psychologists' 'spiritual maturity'
  (Genia, 1991) on burnout. The concept of spiritual maturity derives from
  research conducted by Dr. Vicki Genia, who developed the Spiritual Experience
  Index (SEI) to measure 'optimal spiritual functioning' (1996). This optimal
  spiritual functioning, or spiritual maturity, is most simply defined as having
  firm spiritual convictions while also maintaining a high tolerance for a
  variety of beliefs (Genia 1996). The research utilized the SEI in order to
  discern the influence of strong, yet flexible spiritual convictions on the
  incidence of burnout among practicing psychologists. The results indicated
  that 45% of the psychologists were experiencing moderate to high levels of
  emotional exhaustion, with only 23% experiencing moderate to high levels of
  depersonalization. In terms of personal accomplishment, 100% of the
  psychologists scored in the high range, bringing the overall burnout rate down
  to levels similar to those reported in past studies. The study found
  satisfaction with both direct service hours and consultation time to be
  significant factors influencing emotional exhaustion.  Most important was the
  discovery of empirical evidence demonstrating a connection between
  spirituality and our well being. The research found a significant correlation
  between spiritual support and personal accomplishment. This finding suggested
  that psychologists who are more 'spiritually mature' may be more apt to feel
  accomplished in their work. It is hoped that the connection found here between
  spirituality and well being will encourage others to investigate the
  measurable influence spirituality may have on our lives.
========================================

Title: Addressing compulsive buying behavior:  A treatment program for
  self-identified compulsive buyers.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Parecki, David Mark
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(1-B) Jul 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 545
Abstract/Review/Citation: Millions of Americans encounter difficulty regulating
  their affects, and this has led many to high overspending habits, especially
  during the winter holidays. Some researchers have estimated that approximately
  6 percent of Americans-more than 15 million people-are compulsive buyers.
  Although many tend to be well-educated middle-class baby boomers who lose
  their self-control with their credit cards, they are included in all
  ethnicities and socioeconomic classes.  Of particular interest is the
  compulsive buyers' use of impulsivity to regulate their affects. To clarify
  this impulsivity, the present researcher compared the relative importance of
  five underlying psychological states: fantasy, anxiety, self-esteem,
  loneliness, and depression. In addition, the present researcher considered the
  relationship of advertising to compulsive buying.  To address this problem a
  14-week program for the treatment of male and female individuals, aged 18 and
  older, who self-identify as compulsive buyers was designed. The program shares
  certain similarities with other programs devoted to helping compulsive buyers,
  but it also differs from them in at least six ways. First, this program has
  psycho-educational lectures and exercises, whereas the others only have the
  latter. Second, although most of the other programs have weekly journal
  exercises, these are not explored in small working groups. Third, in terms of
  obtaining feedback from the participants, this is the only program that uses
  feedback forms for the facilitators to assess their program, as well as a
  valid and reliable objective measure, the Edwards Compulsive Spending Scale,
  to assess the members' progress. Fourth, this program emphasizes the buddy
  system more than most other programs do. Fifth, this program emphasizes
  spirituality more than most of the other programs do. Sixth, this program has
  two therapists, rather than one, which provides a balance of perspectives,
  especially since the viewpoints of both genders are represented. Other
  programs only have one therapist or none. The present researcher created this
  14-week treatment program to increase psychological awareness for individuals
  who have difficulty managing their spending habits especially during the
  winter holiday season. Once compulsive buyers learn to identify psychological
  states that influence their spending behavior, they will have sufficient
  opportunity to practice psycho-educational skills in a supportive group
  environment. The ultimate goal of this program is to aid compulsive buyers
  with achievement of self-control in order to help manage their daily living
  activities.
========================================

Title: An analysis of the effects of pastoral care on the spiritual health of
  bone marrow transplant patients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Quiett, Jeffrey Scott
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(2-A) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 648
Abstract/Review/Citation: The effect of pastoral care visitation on the
  spiritual health of bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients was the problem
  under investigation. Twenty subjects consented to participate in the study. A
  Spiritual Health Inventory (SHI) was given to all inpatient BMT participants
  in a pre-test, post-test, and post-wait format (Highfield, 1992). Participants
  received pastoral visitation in the experimental group, and patients in the
  control group received no visitation during their inpatient stay. Statistical
  analyses concluded that there was no significant difference between the
  spiritual health of those who received pastoral care and those who did not.
  Chi-square and correlational analysis, however, revealed that patients
  discussed certain topics less than expected, and some topics were related to
  other issues. Results indicate that topics discussed during chaplain
  visitation are related and predictive of other key issues.
========================================

Title: A naturalistic inquiry into the treatment dynamics of grief counseling
  and therapy:  Psychosocial and theological perspectives.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ahern, Robert William Jr.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(2-A) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 764
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation is an inquiry into the treatment
  dynamics of grief counseling and therapy. Ten co-participants were chosen who
  work in hospice settings. To study both psychosocial and theological
  perspectives, five of the co-participants were social workers and five were
  chaplains, and all do clinical work with adults who are experiencing loss.
  Naturalistic inquiry was the method used so as to gain an emic perspective.
  The instrument of data collection was the relationship which developed between
  the researcher and the co-participants. The human encounter of subjects, the
  dialogues with these ten individuals, was the core of this phenomenological
  study. Two interviews were done with each co-participant and a written review
  of the results was then sent to each co-participant for further feedback.
  Member checking was done throughout the process. Trustworthiness was
  established with attention to confirmability, dependability, credibility and
  transferability. This inductive approach discovered seven themes that emerged
  around the question of 'What do you do to help bereaved adults reconcile their
  grief?' The seven themes included therapeutic presence, clinical intuition,
  empathetic listening, formative experiences, meeting the client where he or
  she is, confrontation and spirituality.
========================================

Title: Strategies for survival through healing among Native American women:  An
  urban case study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mangelson Stander, Elon
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(2-A) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 780
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study of Native American women residing in two
  Utah cities was conducted to examine patterns of healing and recovery from
  several types of personal trauma. The research was conducted using
  ethnographic techniques including participant observation and in-depth
  open-ended interviews. In addition, a preliminary comparative analysis was
  made with a rural population on the Northern Cheyenne reservation in Montana.
  Domestic abuse, sexual abuse, substance abuse, cultural oppression, grief and
  rejection/abandonment were issues precipitating recovery among these American
  Indian women. The pattern of recovery emerging from the study is a four stage
  model. In Stage 1, women came to recognize the need for recovery. A parental
  imperative to care for dependent children was an important force for women's
  recognition of the need to change. A central motif of the model is a personal
  commitment to survival through healing. Coming to this decision represents
  Stage 2 and is essential for the recovery process to move forward.
  Constituting Stage 3, strategies to direct and support the commitment to
  recovery are then selected from resources available. Six strategies were most
  salient. Spirituality and religion seemed to be the most indispensable
  overall. Other strategies were education, formal recovery programs or
  counseling, significant others or social networks, relocation, and
  culture/roots. In Stage 4, recovery and healing results in self discovery,
  improved self-esteem and improved social skills. Women also found themselves
  taking on new roles as a result of recovery. Frequently, women in recovery
  turned to community. New personal strengths and skills were used to enhance
  community resources as they reached out to help others through a variety of
  avenues including involvement in the public schools, community outreach
  programs and those specifically targeting adult healing. Other issues
  discussed are power and control, patterns of cultural revitalization and
  resistance to cultural erosion and loss, generational patterns and urban
  identity issues. The urban-rural comparison showed, among other findings,
  variations in the pattern of religious affiliation. Higher percentages of
  rural women were involved with traditional spiritual practices. Recovery
  centers were more central to rural women's recovery compared to urban women.
  (traditional religion, Native American Church, power, urban, reservation.)
========================================

Title: Spirituality, self-transcendence and depression in young adults with
  AIDS.(immune deficiency).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Stevens, Darlene Deborah
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 785
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this research was to examine the
  relationships between spirituality, self-transcendence and depression in young
  adults with AIDS and to determine whether religion, ethnicity, gender and
  education had any relationship to and could be used as predictors of
  spirituality, self-transcendence or depression in this population. The sample
  consisted of 154 adults who lived in a large southeastern city of the United
  States. Respondents were between the ages of 20 and 45 years, had CD4 counts
  of <200 cells/mm3 and could read English. Each participant was administered
  a ten-question demographic questionnaire, Spiritual Perspective Scale,
  Self-Transcendence Scale and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression
  Scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics with p < .05 were used for
  data analysis. Significant findings were (1) a positive relationship between
  spirituality and self-transcendence, (2) a negative relationship between
  spirituality and depression, (3) an inverse relationship between active
  religious participation and spirituality, (4) an inverse relationship between
  active religious participation and self-transcendence, and (5) an inverse
  relationship between education and depression. No collinearity was found
  between spirituality and self-transcendence. No differences in spirituality or
  self-transcendence existed between the non-depressed and depressed groups.
  Therefore, spirituality, self-transcendence, religion, ethnicity, gender or
  education could be used as predictors of depression based on the results of
  this study. However, spiritual needs assessment and facilitation of
  spirituality in AIDS clients are vital components of nursing care. Quality
  nursing care can facilitate patients to reach higher levels of maturity,
  recognize and build on their spirituality and self-transcendence.
========================================

Title: Relating different types of christian prayer to religious and
  psychological measures of well-being.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cox, Robert John
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1075
Abstract/Review/Citation: This research explores whether persons who practice
  different types of Christian prayer can be differentiated according to
  measures of spiritual and clinical well-being. Building upon Poloma and
  Gallup's study (1991), this research conceptualizes prayer as a means of
  relating to the divine with increasing health related benefits occurring as
  one progresses spiritually through prayer-types (from conversational to
  meditative to contemplative). A theoretical paradigm for understanding the
  relationship among Christian prayer types and well-being is developed using
  relevant literature in psychology, medicine, biblical studies, theology,
  history of Christian spirituality, and psychology of religion.  In an
  empirical phase, 264 adults completed these nine measures assessing religious
  and psychological factors that might correlate with prayer type: the Prayer
  Questionnaire (Poloma and Gallup, 1991), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale
  (Ellison, 1983), the Mysticism Scale (Hood et al. 1993), the Richness of
  Prayer Experience Index (Poloma and Pendleton, 1989), the Bell Object
  Relations and Reality Testing Inventory (Bell, 1989), the Narcissistic
  Personality Inventory (Raskin and Hall, 1979), the Defense Mechanisms
  Inventory (Ihilevich and Gleser, 1986), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
  (Speilberger et al. 1983), and a demographic and religious questionnaire.  The
  findings partially support the hypothesis that there is a progression of
  prayer types. Conversational prayer, in comparison to meditation and
  contemplative prayer, was less highly correlated with existential well-being,
  mystical experience, and richness of prayer experience and most highly
  correlated with anxiety and unhealthy internal representations of
  relationships, namely insecure attachment and social incompetence. Meditation
  and contemplative prayer, in comparison to conversational prayer, were more
  highly correlated with existential well-being, mystical experience (meditation
  prayer with extrovertive mysticism and contemplation with introvertive
  mysticism), and richness of prayer experience and less highly correlated with
  anxiety and unhealthy internal representations of relationships. This
  interdisciplinary study suggests that future research on prayer needs to
  specify which types of prayer are being studied. This cross-sectional study
  further suggests that longitudinal studies can clarify whether people with
  lower levels of well-being are drawn toward lower levels of prayer type, or
  whether, over time, prayer type moves in a progression from lower to higher,
  with similar changes in well-being.
========================================

Title: Personality variables and self-transcendence in traditional and
  non-traditional spiritual practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Velazquez, Barbara League
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1099
Abstract/Review/Citation: The focus of this exploratory study was to investigate
  the personality characteristics associated with non-traditional spiritual
  practice. Using adult participants in traditional and non-traditional
  spiritual groups, the study first investigated whether certain demographic and
  personality variables, predicted levels of Self-Transcendence. The study then
  investigated whether certain demographic and personality variables, predicted
  membership in the non-traditional spiritual group.  This study presents the
  history and the study of the psychology of religion and highlights the fact
  that the bulk of empirical attention has been directed toward the
  investigation of traditional, institutional forms of religious practice. The
  empirical investigation of the non-traditional spiritual practitioner has been
  neglected. This study used age, education, Openness to Experience and
  Introversion as measured by the Five-Factor Model, operationalized by the
  NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992), to predict level of transpersonal
  orientation as operationalized by the Self-Transcendence subs-scale of the
  Temperament Character Inventory (Cloninger, Przybeck, Svarick & Wetzel,
  1994). The study also utilized education, age, Openness to Experience,
  Self-Transcendence, and Introversion to predict membership in a traditional
  vs. a non-traditional spiritual group.  The study next presents theoretical
  and empirical literature on the independent and dependent variables.
  Education, age, Introversion, Openness to Experience, and Self-Transcendence
  are reviewed empirically, and their connection with non-traditional spiritual
  practice is presented.  The study's methodology, the theoretical rationale,
  reliability and validity of the Temperament Character Inventory, and the
  NEO-PI-R are presented. The instruments' appropriateness for use in the
  present study is addressed. Participants were also administered a demographic
  survey designed specifically for the study.  The study utilized participants
  from two groups, the non-traditional (n = 38) and traditional spiritual
  traditions (n  = 59). The results of analysis on the data collected confirmed
  both hypotheses. As an exploratory study, a number of post-hoc tests were
  performed on the data. Participants in the non-traditional group were found to
  be more unconventional, less materialistic, more predisposed toward spiritual
  mysticism, relatively well adjusted, reserved, somewhat alienated from
  traditional values, altruistic, and tolerant. Limitations of the study and
  suggestions for future research are presented.
========================================

Title: The integration of spirituality and psychotherapy for people confronting
  cancer:  An outcome study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cole, Brenda S.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1075
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study tested the efficacy of a unique pilot
  psychotherapeutic intervention for cancer patients. The intervention
  integrated spiritual issues and resources and was formulated around four
  existential themes relevant to this population: control, meaning, identity,
  and relationships. To test this program, volunteer cancer patients took part
  in either a spiritually focused therapy group (SFT) or no-treatment control
  group (NTC). Pre, post, and two-month follow-up questionnaires were used to
  assess changes across three domains: physical, psychological, and spiritual.
  The results suggested that the treatment group tended to improve in
  functioning while the control group tended to decrease in functioning across
  almost all of the dependent variables. Repeated measure ANOVAs showed a
  significant interaction of time of measurement (pre and post-treatment) and
  condition for pain severity. Severity of pain decreased for the treatment
  group and increased for the control group. Analysis of follow-up data found a
  significant interaction for depression. The treatment group's level of
  depression remained relatively stable across time while the control group's
  level of depression increased. Pre-treatment correlations also supported the
  importance of religious coping activities. Specifically, surrendering control
  was predictive of lower levels of depression, anxiety, and pain severity,
  higher quality of life, and fewer physical symptoms. On the other hand,
  negative religious coping was predictive of depression, anxiety, and pain
  severity.  To further test the efficacy of the SFT condition it was compared
  to two other conditions using a cardiac sample: a cognitive behavioral therapy
  condition (CBT) that included the same intervention components but did not
  integrate spiritual issues and resources, and a no treatment control (NTC)
  group. The pattern of results was mixed with one salient significant
  interaction. The results suggested that the CBT condition was superior to the
  SFT condition in decreasing anxiety but not in its effect on other dependent
  variables. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the
  importance of designing spiritually framed interventions to match client
  characteristics.
========================================

Title: Religiousness, spirituality, and satisfaction with life:  A structural
  model of subjective well-being and optimal adult development.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Sink, John Robert
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1097
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study assesses contributions of spiritual
  experience and religious belief to satisfaction with life and positive affect
  which represent optimal development through mid-life. Using two different
  groups for study, a group of graduate students (N = 227; average age = 46) and
  a group of employees at a large treatment center (N = 287; average age = 42),
  participants' spiritual experience and religious beliefs are surveyed with
  several self-report instruments, including the Religious Orientation
  Inventory, the INSPIRIT, and the Spiritual Transcendence Scale. Additionally,
  participants' psychological resources were evaluated with the Life Orientation
  Test, the Hope Scale, and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and their
  well-being was assessed with the Satisfaction With Life Scale and the PANAS.
  Empirical evidence confirms a substantial relationship between spirituality
  and subjective well-being. This conclusion is established through
  correlational evaluations (correlations between spiritual transcendence and
  satisfaction with life, r = .23), exploratory factor analysis (correlations
  between factor of spirituality and factor of optimal well-being, r = .29), and
  a latent factor structural equation model (2 = 22.43; dF = 17; p = .05;
  Comparative fit index = 0.98). Spiritual experience was found to account for
  approximately 10% of subjective well-being, and the data suggest that an
  instrument which is more specific to transformative spiritual experience while
  remaining free of the language bias of particular religious orientation might
  provide a clearer look at the effects of spiritual experience. Specific test
  items which seemed to refer to more intensive, transformative spiritual
  experiences were extracted from test instruments, and these items correlated
  with measures of well-being at higher rates (r = .32 to .38), accounting for
  approximately 15% of well-being.
========================================

Title: Women in recovery from alcohol:  Their perspectives.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rankin, Carol S.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 817
Abstract/Review/Citation: There is limited information available to
  rehabilitation counselors regarding women with alcohol problems. A review of
  the literature shows that the needs of women who experience alcohol problems
  have just begun to be identified. Much of what is known about alcohol problems
  for women has been based on research about men and treatment efforts have
  primarily been based on the disease/addiction/medical model. This model
  incorporates the 12-step philosophy of AA. Although AA has had a significant
  impact over the past 60 years, its relevance for women in general has been
  questioned. The purpose of the present study was to better understand women's
  experiences in recovery from alcohol.  In order to study women's experiences
  and perceptions in-depth, a qualitative research approach was used. Since the
  purpose of the present study was to explore experiences of women in recovery,
  women who attended AA, women's AA, or Women For Sobriety made up the sample
  for this study. A purposive sampling procedure was used. Face-to-face
  tape-recorded interviews were conducted with a total of 10 women and inductive
  analysis procedures were used to analyze the data.  Three major themes emerged
  as a result of this study. The predominant theme that emerged from this study
  was the importance of interpersonal processes/relationships for women in
  recovery. Another theme that emerged identified the importance of feelings
  related to pain, low self-esteem, and depression. The third theme that emerged
  identified spirituality as an important recovery experience. Other topics that
  were related to these women's experiences included the importance/impact of:
  sexual trauma, counseling styles, family involvement, and perceived gender
  differences.
========================================

Title: Sociocultural perspectives on the stress process:  The moderating effects
  of cultural coping resources.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Copeland, Nikeea Lynell
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(2-B) Aug 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1132
Abstract/Review/Citation: Economic stressors, family bonds, racial identity, and
  religiosity/spirituality have been identified as important factors in the
  stress processes of people of African descent. This research addressed the
  need for more sociocultural studies of the stress process and had the
  following points of focus: (1) to examine the life stress processes in two
  populations that are underrepresented in stress literature, (2) to understand
  the sociocultural context of stress within each population, and (3) to test
  models of the stress process positing that cultural factors unique to each
  group buffer the effects of stress on physical and mental health. Two separate
  studies of the stress process were conducted among People of African descent.
  In the first study, 172 Black South African women were interviewed about life
  stress, religiosity/spirituality, depression, and physical health concerns. A
  model positing that religiosity/spirituality buffered the effects of stress
  was tested. The results revealed that religiosity/spirituality buffered the
  effects of stress on physical health. In the second study, the stress
  processes of 262 African American adolescents were examined. The results
  revealed that religiosity/spirituality and a positive relationship with mother
  were associated with decreased delinquency among adolescents.
========================================

Title: The therapeutic status of the mythopoetic approach: A psychological
  perspective.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richard, Daniel J.
Source/Citation: Mythopoetic perspectives of men's healing work:  An anthology
  for therapists and others., Westport, CT, US: Bergin & Garvey/Greenwood
  Publishing Group, Inc; 2000, (xvi, 283), 157-179
Source editor(s): Barton, Edward Read (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter describes a study that investigated men's
  subjective experiences and reactions to mythopoetic-type gatherings. Ss (aged
  25-58 yrs) were 15 men, 13 of whom were associated with the ManKind Project,
  formerly known as New Warrior Network; 6 men who had recently completed a
  men's therapy group; and 5 male leaders of the groups. A survey assessed Ss'
  functioning associated with strict gender role adherence and how this affected
  relationships with men and women, emotional expression, and issues of power,
  achievement, spirituality, and masculinity. Ss also compared and contrasted
  their group or gathering with other therapeutic experiences. Findings
  generally support the current literature on the mythopoetic men's movement.
  The typical S fits the profile (e.g., L. H. Bray, 1992) of the White
  middle-class male entering middle age and coming to terms with certain losses,
  transitions, and unfulfilled aspects of his life. Each group reported similar
  motivation, experiences, and reactions but couched in the vernacular of the
  specific approach. The strongest therapeutic component for Ss was the support,
  sharing, and closeness they felt with other men, which "reawakened"
  many positive aspects of their personalities (emotional expression, clearer
  communication, and honesty).
========================================

Title: Correlates of health and success among psychology graduate students: 
  Stress, distress, coping, well being, and social support.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nelson, Nancy G.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(3-A) Sep 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 883
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study was designed to examine factors associated
  with academic success among graduate students in clinical psychology. Success
  was defined as higher GPA's, higher scores on the GRE (total, verbal and
  quantitative) and the acquisition of a 'special commendation' from psychology
  faculty members. After a careful review of the literature, it was hypothesized
  that graduate students in clinical psychology who were more successful would
  be likely to have lower resting heart rates and lower blood pressure, and to
  report less stress, less distress, higher levels of social support, use of
  more 'positive' and fewer 'negative' coping strategies, higher levels of
  satisfaction with life, more positive and less negative affect, and greater
  spiritual wellbeing. Participants were students from the current student
  roster of a Graduate School of Clinical Psychology in the Pacific Northwest.
  Each subject completed a packet including a demographics/stress inventory, the
  General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Multi-Dimensional Support Scale (MDSS), a
  coping scale (COPE), the Satisfaction With Life (SWL) Scale, brief Negative
  affectivity (NEM) and Positive affectivity (PEM) scales from the
  Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, and the Spiritual Well-Being (SWB)
  Scale. In general, the hypothesis was supported by the results of this study.
  More successful students were likely to report: (a) lower blood pressure and
  heart rate at time of testing, (b) less stress regarding spirituality and
  relationships with friends, (c) less overall distress, (d) fewer somatic
  symptoms, (e) higher levels of social support from family, close friends and
  peers, (f) increased use of religion, restraint, suppression of competing
  activities, positive reinterpretation and growth, seeking of emotional social
  support and active coping, (g) decreased use of denial, alcohol or drugs, and
  mental disengagement, and (h) greater religious wellbeing. Three findings,
  however, did not support the hypothesis. First, more successful graduate
  students were likely to report increased use of the coping style Focus on and
  Venting of Emotion. Second, these students were also more likely to report
  increased levels of stress regarding scholastic coursework and dissertation
  work. Finally, students with higher levels of success were likely to report a
  greater number of surgeries over their lifetime and illnesses or trips to the
  doctor over the past two years.
========================================

Title: Relationship of spirituality, social support, reciprocity and conflict to
  resilience in individuals diagnosed with HIV.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Poblete, Sung A.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(3-B) Sep 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1327
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study tested explanatory level theory to better
  understand the concept of resilience in individuals diagnosed with human
  immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Theories of resilience proposed that
  relationships exist between resilience and (a) spirituality, (b) social
  support, (c) reciprocity and, (d) conflict. Correlational and regression
  analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses.  The sample was comprised of 96
  adults diagnosed with HIV who were recruited from two urban HIV dedicated
  outpatient clinics in northern and central New Jersey. The subjects ranged in
  age between 27 and 70 years with a mean of 42 and the majority were African
  American (40.6%) and men (66.7%). The mean age at the first appearance of HIV
  symptom was 34.8 years, and 35 years at diagnosis.  Statistically significant
  positive strong to moderate relationships were found between resilience and
  (a) spirituality (r = .470,  p < .01), (b) social support (r = .407, p <
  .01), and (c) reciprocity (r = .378,  p < .01). No statistically
  significant negative relationship was found between resilience and conflict (r
  = .123,  p = .234). The multiple regression hypothesis testing whether no
  subset of the independent variables will explain resilience better than a
  multivariate model comprised of the independent variables of spirituality,
  social support, reciprocity and conflict was not supported. A two-variable
  model consisting of spirituality and social support was supported
  statistically (F(2,93) = 15.85, p < .0001), explaining 25.4% of the
  variance in resilience.  Based on the empirical support generated,
  spirituality, social support and reciprocity positively contribute to the
  level of resilience in individuals diagnosed with HIV disease. However, only
  spirituality and social support demonstrated significant power in explaining
  the variance in resilience. Conflict, although theorized to be related to
  resilience failed to demonstrate a significant relationship and did not
  contribute to the variance in resilience.  In summary, this research provided
  theoretical and empirical support for linking the variables of spirituality,
  social support and reciprocity to the important concept of resilience in
  individuals diagnosed with HIV disease.
========================================

Title: The fundamentals of a foundation for twenty-first century
  psychocosmogenesis:  A neoteric model of consciousness introducing divine
  humanism, homosapieosophy and a course in awareness, an autodidactic guide.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wilson, Judith Cason
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(3-B) Sep 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1661
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation proposes a revitalized model of
  consciousness reconciling polarities uniting Alpha
  (masculine/physical/rational/logical/alldualism/ Western/thinking/
  patriarchal/God) and Omega (feminine/spiritual/intuitive/creative/feminine
  /monism/Easternt/feeling/matriarchal/Goddess); thereby, re-uniting matter and
  Spirit. Twenty-first century PsychoCosmoGenesis (PCG), the developmental
  evolutionary process of Cosmic Soul/Mind, is designed as an
  ecospiritual/humanistic and ontological/ psychophilosophical concept in which
  consciousness precedes matter, creates matter and evolves matter as organic
  life. PCG addresses humankind's interconnectedness in 12 hyperdimensions (each
  with 12 octaves/degrees totally 144). These arbitrary divisions, including
  density, are ascending degrees in the Great Scale of Life: the lowest is
  undifferentiated matter (microcosm); the highest, Pure Spirit (Macrocosm). 
  The seven fundamental foundations or principles of PsychoCosmoGenesis are: (1)
  Mentalism: The ALL is Mind;  the Universe is 'consciousness'; (2)
  Correspondence: As above, so below;  as below, so above; as within,  so
  without, as without, so within; (3) Vibration: Nothing rests; everything
  moves; everything vibrates; (4)  Polarity Everything is dual, everything has
  polar opposites; (5)  Rhythm Everything flows, out and in;  everything has its
  tides; all things rise and fall; (6)Cause and Effect: Every Cause has its
  Effect ; every Effect has its Cause; everything happens according to Universal
  Law; (7) Gender:  Gender is in everything; everything has its Masculine and
  Feminine Principles; Gender manifests on all planes. Transdisciplinarity and
  multidimensional components include Body/Mind/Spirit/Soul integration; quantum
  physics, transcendental psychology, sacred philosophy, psychospirituality,
  cognitive ethology; cognitive science; mineral, plant and animal
  consciousness; intellectual bricolage; bricoleurean architectonics, ancient
  cultures, sacred systems, ancient wisdom, mysticism, female
  scholars/philosophers, sacred geometry, Universal Laws, Seth,
  esoteric/hermetic philosophy, and a  knowing beyond knowing of the Oneness
  with Divine Love (GOD/Spirit).  This dissertation, designed as an illustrated
  encyclopedic compendium integrating Science, Metaphysics,  Occultism and the I
  AM better comprehend humankind as spiritual, sentient physical beings in
  Sacred Union (as Divine Humans, as Alpha and Omega), consists of a Preface,
  Introduction and three Parts: I: Twenty-first Century PsychoCosmoGenesis: New
  Consciousness for a New Age; II : Sacred Architectonics: The Soul of Cosmic
  Mind; and III: A Course in Awareness: Coming Home to Yourself, an autodidactic
  guide for self-transformation consisting of 144 psycho-spiritual development
  lessons.
========================================

Title: Spirituality, problem-solving and sobriety in alcoholics anonymous.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Oakes, Katherine Elizabeth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(3-B) Sep 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1367
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study focused on the problem-solving or coping
  aspect of religiousness as well as spiritual support, spiritual openness, and
  religious faith practice as the key predictors of long-term sobriety in
  Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Purpose in life and AA involvement were also
  included as important indicators for sustained abstinence from drinking. The
  78 participants were members of AA clubs located in Maryland, New York,
  Kansas, Missouri, South Carolina, and California. Results confirmed the
  findings of previous studies that indicated AA involvement to be the single
  most, important predictor of abstinence and sobriety in AA.
========================================

Title: The Talitha Project:  Restoring the souls of adolescent girls.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Hill, L'Anni (Louise Ann)
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(4-A) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1450
Abstract/Review/Citation: The Talitha Project derives its name from the Aramaic
  phrase Jesus used in addressing a 12-year old girl restored to life by His
  word: 'Talitha, koum' ('young woman, rise up!') Luke 8:54. This project was
  designed: (1) to determine how best to minister to adolescent girls who are
  spiritually dormant, unaware of their spiritual identity in our materialistic
  society and engaging in behavior which does not nourish their souls; and (2)
  to provide the Church with resources to educate and nurture them.  Research
  was gleaned from interviews with 53 girls, both churched and unchurched, and
  three retreats. It reveals the need to educate youth about image-of-God
  concepts; i.e., God as community (Creator, Redeemer, Sustainer) and as
  masculine/feminine. Also significant is the need to acknowledge menstruation
  as a spiritual rite of passage which is positive and life-giving rather than
  an inconvenient, embarrassing weakness.  The Church needs to provide more
  opportunities for girls to reflect God's image, encouraging adolescent girls
  to participate in worship leadership, mission, education, small groups, and
  economic endeavors. The Talitha Project offers resources in three phases: (I)
  the Questionnaire, which: (a) enables girls' narratives to be heard concerning
  their bodies and Christ's Body, (b) creates strong bonds of trust with
  interviewers, and (c) educates them about feminine biblical metaphors of God;
  (II) an experiential Retreat format for reflecting theologically on imago Dei
  and enhancing relationships; (III) the development of a video-resource and
  study-guide for use by Christian parents and youth workers, dealing with what
  it means for females to be created in the image of God.  The Talitha Project
  research, while only suggestive, not determinative, indicates that girls
  raised in the Church have a stronger sense of self than those not raised in a
  community of faith. Their understanding of imago Dei is sorely lacking,
  however; they will find restoration and fulfillment as they are engaged in
  theological reflection about God as male and female in order to more fully
  reflect the image of God in our society.
========================================

Title: Women, weight, and embodiment:  An intuitive inquiry into women's
  psycho-spiritual process of healing obesity.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Coleman, Becky
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(4-A) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1646
Abstract/Review/Citation: This exploratory study employed intuitive inquiry to
  address obesity, not as the physical or emotional health 'problem' it is
  culturally defined to be, but rather as an invitation and avenue for
  psycho-spiritual growth for an exemplar group of 6 middle-class Euro-American
  women. The study aimed to add (a) a deeper understanding of the process of
  psycho-spiritual growth as it relates to obesity and (b) women's lived
  experience and knowledge of the heating process to the obesity literature,
  which is currently dominated by pathologizing perspectives from physical and
  mental health disciplines. Five obese women who viewed their issues with food
  and weight as part of their psycho-spiritual growth process completed a survey
  and joined the researcher for an 8-day retreat and day-long 1-year follow-up.
  The personal stories of the 5 co-researchers and the researcher, group
  discussion, and focused group analysis of the stories comprised the retreat
  and follow-up formats. The group developed 25 content statements, 12 proposed
  group processes, and 6 interactive teaching sessions on women's experiences of
  healing relationship with body. This in-depth collaborative approach with
  co-researchers was essential to accomplishing the study's goals. Intuitive
  inquiry delineates a structured hermeneutic, including at least 3 cycles of
  interpretation, for qualitative data analysis. Six researcher-defined
  interpretive lenses were developed to engage with the data: (a) Motivation to
  Change, (b) Wisdom of Space, (c) Learning and Knowing, (d) Power as Love, (e)
  Call to Differentiate, and (f) Meaning Making. A fourth interpretive cycle was
  added to assess for validity of the findings by employing sympathetic
  resonance-a research tool used to assess the visceral recognition of
  familiarity in one's own experience with that of another-in an additional
  panel of 5 women. Theoretical and potentially ground-breaking, practical
  implications are discussed, including suggestions for health care
  professionals and recommendations for social change.
========================================

Title: The therapeutic impact of a multiple-identity view of personhood as imago
  Dei in light of social trinitarianism, psychological theories of multiple
  selves, and existential thought.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Hammer, Ronald Edward
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(4-A) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1474
Abstract/Review/Citation: This presentation proposes a model of personhood based
  on multiple identities with an internal community structure. The self,
  synonymous with personhood, defined as the center of our being is
  deconstructed based on postModern philosophy, social Trinitarianism, and
  psychological models of multiple-selved personhood. The model of personhood as
  reflected in the postModern philosophy of the French rejects a single solitary
  self as a patriarchal, psychoanalytic. Social Trinitarians redefine the
  Trinity away from a substantive or economic definition to a relationship-based
  understanding as the defining characteristic. Psychological models of a
  multiple-self as normative redefine the person as a community rather than a
  single, solitary self. If one takes the notion that humans are created as
  imago Dei  and base that image on the concepts of social Trinitarianism, the
  defining characteristic of a person must be relational. One can infer that the
  beginning of the self came at the Fall. The decision to know Good and Evil
  began self-determination and the need for a single, internal locus of
  control-the self. In light of postModern and psychological models of a
  multiple selved personhood, the single, controlling self becomes
  dysfunctional. Theology then has a place to communicate to psychology a better
  understanding of a spiritual person of multiple identities as normative.
  Psychology can then also communicate to theology a defining model of the
  person which does not disavow spirituality.  This dissertation proposes a
  model of a community of existential identities, each with volition, emotion
  and relation. The determination of personhood comes only as self-determination
  is replaced with a return through Christ to God-determination. The definition
  and actualization of personhood comes in community as only the community can
  realize the multiple representations of identity each person puts forth.
  Therapeutically, most theories work at the internal conflicts resulting from a
  variety of factors including unhealthy primary relationships, traumatic
  events, biological imbalances, and genetic abnormalities.
========================================

Title: Coping strategies and gender differences among children who have been
  exposed to risk factors.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Casado, Montserrat
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(4-A) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1305
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study is to look at coping
  strategies in third and fourth grade children who have been exposed to risk
  factors and the effects of gender on the use of coping strategies. This study
  investigates gender similarities and differences between boys and girls on the
  following variables: distraction, social withdrawal, cognitive restructuring,
  self-criticism, blaming others, problem-solving, emotional regulation, wishful
  thinking, social support and resignation. In order to conceptualize research
  holistically, the researcher integrates the use of quantitative and
  qualitative research methods.  In the quantitative part of the study, two
  hypotheses were examined. The first hypothesis compared the use of coping
  strategies for boys and girls on the Kidcope Younger version inventory. The
  second hypothesis looked at the efficacy of the use of coping strategies for
  boys and girls. Results indicated no significant main effect for the use of
  coping strategies and gender. There were also no gender differences in the
  perceived effectiveness of the use of coping strategies for boys and girls
  with the exception of Wishful thinking that indicated a significant effect. 
  Two questions guided the qualitative analysis of this study: (1) In addition
  to the coping strategies defined by the Kidcope Younger version inventory,
  what other coping strategies are used by children? and (2) What similarities
  and differences are evident in the coping strategies used by boys and girls?
  Twelve categories emerged from the data: (a) distraction; (b) social
  withdrawal; (c) cognitive restructuring; (d) problem solving; (e) emotional
  regulation; (f) wishful thinking; (g) social support; (h) resignation; (i)
  spirituality; (j) animals; (k) caring for others; and (l) social interaction.
  There were no gender effects with the exception of distraction and social
  interaction. Boys reported using distraction more than girls did. Girls
  utilized social interaction more as a coping strategy than boys.
========================================

Title: African-American women and psychotherapy:  Exploring behaviors,
  attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and needs.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Watkins, Valeria C.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(4-B) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2228
Abstract/Review/Citation: This exploratory survey research is an inquiry into
  the life experiences of African-American women in terms of their attitudes,
  beliefs, spiritual influences, ideas, and needs along with their help-seeking
  behaviors. The three standardized assessments: the Fischer Pro-Con Attitude
  Scale, the Index of Core Spiritual Experiences, and the Internal, Powerful
  Others, and Chance Locus of Control Scale were chosen to measure participants'
  attitudes about psychotherapy, locus of control, and spiritual fervor. A
  51-item questionnaire was developed to provide demographic characteristics of
  the participants and to assess attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, experiences and
  needs of African-American women in relation to psychotherapy. A total of 241
  African-American women from 18 to 71 years of age, who were residing across
  the continental United States, responded to the request to participate in this
  study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample, and frequency
  distributions summarize the raw data. Chi-square analysis and correlational
  techniques were used to understand the relationships between variables. The
  results revealed that African-American women primarily turn to prayer and
  friends for support, but are willing to seek professional help when necessary.
  African-American women have a very strong spiritual or religious base which
  includes many transpersonal experiences and beliefs that appear to be
  integrated with a strong internal belief in their own abilities to influence
  their daily lived experiences. This may be one of the reasons why they are
  least likely to seek psychotherapy as a first response to personal problems
  and issues.
========================================

Title: Using Zero-Balancing to reveal the connection between physical and
  psycho/spiritual qualities.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wang, Louis Shiuh-Chong
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(4-B) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2228
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study explored the relationship between
  Zero-Balancing (ZB) treatment, a bodywork which balances both the physical
  body and the energy body, and spiritual growth to illuminate the larger
  relationship between the physical and spiritual. The definitions of 5 Subtle
  Qualities (openness, expansiveness/inclusiveness, flexibility/fluidity,
  balance, and awareness) were created and explored in their physical,
  psychological, and spiritual aspects in order to describe the subtle changes
  noted by ZB recipients. Using these definitions, and then a new transpersonal
  assessment, the Subtle Qualities Self Questionnaire (SQSQ) was developed,
  refined, and validated by the research. An integrative methodology with both
  qualitative (semi-structured interview, thematic content analysis) and
  quantitative (correlation analysis of standardized assessments) methods was
  used. In the qualitative study, six long-term ZB recipients (3 females, 3
  males, 1 was non-Caucasian) were interviewed with open-ended questions.
  Analysis of themes and contents confirmed the presence of Subtle Qualities,
  which were also assessed quantitatively. In the quantitative study, 76
  participants (66 females, 10 males; age range: 31-60; 4 were non-Caucasian),
  having received different ranges of ZB sessions from none to over 100,
  reflected on their experiences and filled out 7 standardized questionnaires to
  assess their physical and psycho/spiritual experiences and well-being. In
  addition to the Subtle Qualities, the assessed qualities included
  self-actualization, self-identity, self-transcendence, life change, body
  awareness, and physical well-being. Correlation analyses indicated that the
  Subtle Qualities were the most pronounced and consistent changes resulting
  from ZB and were significantly correlated with the amount of ZB treatment. A
  pioneering design, the third-party report, was implemented in both studies to
  explore an objective view of the transpersonal changes and to improve the
  objectivity of the research. Results showed that transpersonal changes could
  be observed internally and externally. Analyses of the inter-relationships
  among the sub-scales provided empirical support of physical/spiritual
  connection, especially on the subtle level, which then extends to and
  explicates theories about the holistic integration of body, mind, and spirit.
  The theoretical and empirical extension of this study in conjunction with the
  application of the SQSQ could further support the psycho/spiritual potential
  of bodywork and expand the future research of psycho/spiritual practices.
========================================

Title: Artists as midwives in the cultural rebirth of contemporary goddess
  iconography:  An ecofeminist and heuristic inquiry.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Lewis, Meghan Elizabeth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(4-B) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2208
Abstract/Review/Citation: This ecofeminist and heuristic study was designed to
  learn about the self-perceived personal and transpersonal effects of creating
  and contemplating contemporary Goddess iconography as a spiritual practice.
  Transformational and apparent magical occurrences as well as social,
  political, cultural, and environmental implications were explored.
  One-hundred-and-thirteen visual artists (90% women and 10% men; aged 18
  through 71; 21% indicated ancestral diversity; 60% heterosexual, 13% lesbian,
  and 24% bisexual) who had been creating Goddess art from one to 45 years
  participated. Artists completed a 73-item, predominantly essay-style
  questionnaire that covered the self-perceived visual attributes, themes, and
  meaningfulness of two to three of their Goddess images. A total of 419 images
  was collected and categorized by common visible attributes. The questionnaire
  also asked for the self-perceived effects of participants' art practices on
  their moods, health, dreams, and relationships with Nature and others. Data
  was analyzed through the development of composite and individual depictions,
  exemplary portraits, and a creative synthesis. Findings indicated that 96% of
  the participants reported frequently or always experiencing emotional
  benefits; 98% reported frequently or always experiencing spiritual benefits;
  84% indicated frequently or always experiencing benefits regarding their
  relationships with Nature; 70% reported frequently or always having
  transformational experiences. Artists also reported experiences of emotional
  empowerment, meaningful synchronicities, perceptions of interconnectedness
  with the 'web of life', being in an intuitive state of awareness, and being a
  channel for the creative consciousness of the Goddess. Broader, more
  far-reaching findings included participants' perceptions of their art
  contributing to the healing of culture by promoting positive images of women
  and to the restoration of the environment by inspiring ecological awareness.
  Applications of Goddess iconography in art therapy situations involving
  women's health and spirituality, as well as the usefulness of integrating art,
  ecology, and transpersonal psychology were discussed.
========================================

Title: Existential/religious well-being as moderating variables in adjustment of
  adults sexually abused as children.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Middleton, Kenneth C.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(4-B) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2212
Abstract/Review/Citation: Personal characteristics of existential well-being and
  religious well-being were examined for their relationship to severity of child
  sexual abuse and the long-term psychological effects of that abuse. It was
  hypothesized that existential well-being and religious well-being would lessen
  the impact of the traumagenic dynamics of stigmatization, betrayal,
  powerlessness, and traumatic sexualization in abuse victims.  Subjects
  included 983 respondents (76.4% female) from 4 U.S. metropolitan areas. Five
  hundred seventy-five of the subjects (58.5%) reported being sexually abused as
  a child. No direct measures of existential or religious well-being were
  available in the data set. Adapted, indirect measures were developed through
  correlation statistics by comparing available items from several instruments
  in the data set with the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (Paloutzian & Ellison,
  1982). The results indicated that existential well-being was significantly
  related to severity of abuse, and that increased existential well-being was
  associated with fewer distress symptoms in adults sexually abused as children
  across several levels of severity of abuse. These findings are congruent with
  current models showing the positive impact of increased existential well-being
  on victims of non-sexual trauma. The results further indicated that spiritual
  well-being had no clear association with severity of abuse nor distress
  symptoms in adults sexually abused as children.
========================================

Title: Inner resources (sense of coherence, hope, and spiritual perspective) as
  predictors of psychological well-being in african american breast cancer
  survivors.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Gibson, Lynette M. Richardson
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(4-B) Oct 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 1869
Abstract/Review/Citation: No studies have been found on the psychological
  effects of applying sense of coherence, hope, and spiritual perspective by
  African American (AA) breast cancer survivors. These variables have each been
  positively associated with psychological well-being. Although AA women are
  exposed to major life stressors such as breast cancer, many continue to have
  high levels of psychological well-being. The reasons for this are unknown. 
  This descriptive study tested which variables in the Gibson Model of Inner
  Resources were significant predictors of levels of psychological well-being in
  AA breast cancer survivors. One hundred and sixty-two AA breast cancer
  survivors completed the Abbreviated Herth Hope Index, Spiritual Perspective
  Scale, Sense of Coherence Scale (13-item), Quality of Life/Breast Cancer
  (Psychological Well-Being Subscale), and a Demographic Questionnaire.
  Statistical analyses included correlation, multiple regression, and path
  analysis.  Data from the study supported the hypotheses. There was a
  significantly positive relationship between sense of coherence and hope, r s =
  .535 (p < .01), a significantly positive relationship between hope and
  spiritual perspective, r s = .414 (p < .01), and a significantly positive
  relationship between sense of coherence and spiritual perspective,  rs = .159
  (p = .05). Sense of coherence was significantly positively related to
  psychological well-being,  rs = .594 (p < .01) and hope was significantly
  positively related to psychological well-being, rs = .484 (p < .01). There
  was a positive relationship between spiritual perspective and psychological
  well-being that was not significant,  rs = .096 (p = .224). Study findings
  supported the model. Sense of coherence significantly accounted for 37.5% and
  hope for 5.3% of the explained variance in psychological well-being. Spiritual
  perspective did not significantly account for any of the explained variance.
  There were direct paths between sense of coherence and hope, sense of
  coherence and psychological well-being, hope and psychological well-being, and
  spiritual perspective and hope. Spiritual perspective predicted psychological
  well-being indirectly through hope.  Further analysis of spirituality in AA
  breast cancer survivors is necessary. Further study is needed to test the
  model and interventions that reinforce survivors' inner resources as they
  psychologically cope with breast cancer.
========================================

Title: Religious faith and spirituality in substance abuse recovery: Determining
  the mental health benefits.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Pardini, Dustin A.; Plante, Thomas G.;
Sherman, Allen; Stump, Jamie E.
Source/Citation: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment; Vol 19(4) Dec 2000, US:
  Elsevier Science Inc; 2000, 347-354
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the relationship between religious faith,
  spirituality, and mental health outcomes in individuals recovering from
  substance abuse. 236 recovering alcoholics or drug addicts (mean age 37.1 yrs)
  completed questionnaires. Results show that Ss reported high levels of
  religious faith and religious affiliation, but chose to rate themselves as
  being more spiritual than religious. Higher levels of religious faith and
  spirituality were associated with increased coping, greater resilience to
  stress, an optimistic life orientation, greater perceived social support, and
  lower levels of anxiety. It is concluded that the core belief systems and
  behaviors associated with religious faith and spirituality are related to
  positive mental health outcomes among recovering individuals.
========================================

Title: Emotions-centered intervention (ECI): An exploration of brief therapy in
  military chaplaincy counseling ministry and its effects measured by the
  Spiritual Well-Being Scale. (SWBS).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cardona, Saul E.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(5-A) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1895
Abstract/Review/Citation: This doctoral dissertation addresses the question of:
  What practical approach could a chaplain use in a one hour counseling session
  with people who are experiencing spiritual/emotional problems? The question
  was developed around military chaplaincy with a diverse religious population
  and limited time. The proposal calls to understand brief therapy and to
  develop a practical approach to a one-hour counseling session. The study
  presupposition is based upon the assumption that a one-hour counseling session
  dedicated to work through emotional blockage improves coping skills and has a
  positive impact in people's perceptions of spirituality. To prove the
  presupposition, the study will pre-test the subjects twenty-four hours before
  the one hour counseling session, record a verbatim, and post-test the subjects
  twenty-four hours after the counseling session using the Spiritual Well-Being
  Scale. The analysis of the verbatim and the differences in response between
  the pre- and post-tests provides data supporting the study presupposition.*
  *Originally published in DAI Vol. 60, No. 12. Reprinted here with corrected
  title.
========================================

Title: Parental response to the suicide attempts of adolescents:  A narrative
  analysis.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Noronha, Lavina Marilla
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(5-A) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 2041
Abstract/Review/Citation: This qualitative study explored how parents of
  suicidal adolescents describe their response to their children's suicide
  attempts, their experiences with familial, spiritual, and professional
  resources, their understanding of what worked best in coping, and their
  perception of their needs. Clinicians who provided services to the families of
  suicidal adolescents were interviewed to gain an understanding of
  professionals' perception of parental response and the utilization of parental
  strengths and resources in intervention. Narrative analysis formed the major
  epistemological framework that guided this study. The strengths perspective
  was utilized to understand the strengths of families of suicidal adolescents.
  The findings revealed that families relied on spiritual strengths like prayer,
  faith, help from pastors/ministers, and support from the congregation in
  coping with the suicidal crisis. Family cohesiveness, support from immediate
  and extended family, help from friends and coworkers were considered by
  parents as some of the significant strengths and resources utilized in coping.
   Parental understanding of and response to the suicide attempts changed over
  time. Their reactions of disbelief and concern for the safety of the
  adolescents that surfaced immediately after the suicide attempts, disappeared
  eventually and they were able to trust their children. Professionals who
  provided services to the families had difficulty identifying family strengths.
  Parental motivation to get help, cooperation, and parenting skills were the
  family strengths identified and used by professionals in intervention.  A lack
  of long-term care facilities in the community, poor quality of services in the
  existing residential facilities, and the professionals' exclusive focus on
  adolescents and neglect of families in intervention were some of the concerns
  discussed by parents. Family-focused interventions and group interventions
  were recommended by parents as the most effective ways of helping families of
  suicidal adolescents. Implications for social work practice include focus on
  family and spiritual strengths, emphasis on collaboration with parents, and
  use of an empathic, non-judgmental, and caring approach in order to help
  families of suicidal adolescents.
========================================

Title: Clergy sexual abuse of women:  A specialized form of trauma.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Flynn, Kathryn Ann
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(5-A) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 1751
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study was designed to examine the possibility of
  trauma in the lives of women who were sexually abused by clergy. Interpersonal
  violence in religious settings is not easily understood because methodological
  research issues make the problem difficult to accurately assess. Anecdotal
  literature likens clergy sexual abuse to familial incest. Therefore, the
  following research question was considered: Is a trauma model a valid
  theoretical construct with which to study women sexually abused by clergy? In
  what ways is the model informed by clergy specific factors? Twenty-five women
  from eleven different states participated in a semi-structured interview. A
  five part interpretative process was used in the analysis for indication of
  classical and complex trauma symptoms. The study was not clinical in the sense
  of being diagnostic, epidemiological, or therapeutic in its design. Rather, it
  was a narrative research effort to allow the women's expression of personal
  experiences guide the analysis. Both classical and complex posttraumatic
  symptoms were found in the data. Participants exhibited symptoms that strongly
  corresponded with and met classical and complex trauma criteria used. 
  Clergy-specific aspects were found in the antithetical nature of the
  relationship, an intensified captivity experience, and extreme isolation
  related to the lack of 'context' for expression of the problem. Lack of church
  institutional recognition of the problem and communal support for victims and
  the deprivation of religious, social and cultural 'context' intensified trauma
  symptoms. Shifts in participants' meaning systems, from formal systems of
  transcendence to complex spirituality emphasizing relational interpersonal
  factors, were prominent in the narratives.  Recommendations include
  interdisciplinary educational emphasis as primary to creating a 'context' and
  the development of support systems. Findings suggest that educational efforts
  may be more productive if they target potential victims and society outside of
  religious institutions. Existing church measures did not appear to affect
  prevention and were found non-responsive to victim needs. Re-conceptualization
  of clergy sexual abuse as trauma producing using an interpersonal violence
  paradigm and expansion of current sexual abuse trauma theory to include women
  abused by clergy is recommended.
========================================

Title: Healing within families following youth suicide.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Grant Kalischuk, Ruth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 61(5-A) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms
  International; 2000, 2054
Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite preventive efforts, youth suicide is
  identified as a public and mental health problem of epidemic proportion in
  Western society. The short- and long-term health and human consequences
  associated with youth suicide are enormous, affecting each family survivor,
  the family, and ultimately, the community and society. Youth suicide has its
  greatest impact on the family, yet health care responses to these grieving
  families remains inadequate at best. This grounded theory study, based on a
  health promotion philosophy that embraces the strengths and resilient nature
  of grieving individuals, examined how individuals within the context of the
  family heal in the aftermath of youth suicide. Eleven families from rural and
  small urban centres were interviewed for the study during an 18 month period. 
  Individual healing following youth suicide is conceptualized as  Journeying
  Toward Wholeness. This journey is characterized by the inter-relationships
  among three enfolding, fluid, and iterative themes, which in themselves, each
  represent one portion of the overall journey: Cocooning (Journey of Descent);
  Centering (Journey of Growth); and Connecting (Journey of Transcendence).
  Within each theme, five self-organizing and inter-relating patterns (i.e.,
  relating, thinking, functioning, energizing, and finding meaning/exploring
  spirituality) operate in mutual rhythmical interchange with the other patterns
  unbound by time. Each pattern describes one facet of the individual's
  experience in response to youth suicide. Journeying toward wholeness (i.e.,
  healing) varies in expression and intensity over time in response to a variety
  of contextual factors including personal history, factors related to the
  suicide, social considerations, and the health care environment. Importantly,
  healing emanates, as an act of volition, from the survivor's consciousness
  (i.e., the healing epicentre) as a result of decision making.  The degree to
  which healing occurs depends on a number of intervening variables reflecting
  the survivor's capacity to say yes to life; step out and speak up; achieve a
  sense of peace, harmony, and balance; and expand personal consciousness. As a
  major outcome of the healing process, each survivor creates a love knot,
  symbolic of the healing strategies he or she uses to facilitate healing within
  both private and public spheres. The love knot represents the creative
  expression of love as a healthy and continuing bond between the survivor and
  deceased youth. The love knot is based on the meaning the survivor attributes
  to his or her experience with youth suicide and the relationship between the
  survivor and deceased youth prior to death. Ultimately, individual healing
  expands outward influencing family, societal, and global spheres. The theory
  presented in this dissertation will be of particular interest to clinical
  nurse specialists and mental health care professionals from a variety of
  disciplines who work closely with families in the community. With its focus on
  health promotion, this theory captures some of the intricacies and
  complexities of the healing process and is intended to serve as a possible
  reference to guide evidence-based health care pra
========================================

Title: Personality and coping styles as predictors of well-being in
  cross-cultural personnel.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Davidson, Bryan M.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2808
Abstract/Review/Citation: In cross-cultural personnel, the utilization of
  healthy coping strategies predicted Affective and Spiritual Well-being (SWB),
  but this relationship was mediated by 16PF personality factors (assessed
  pre-field). COPE Scales maintained some independence with Well-being.
  Guilt-proneness (16PF Factor O) and coping styles of Mental and Behavioral
  Disengagement and of Denial were robustly related to more Stress, and less
  Spiritual and Affective Well-being. Extraversion did not predict Social
  Support Seeking. Social Support Seeking correlated with less Negative Affect
  for Shy people (H-), but for Adventuresome people (H+) the effect was
  reversed. Greater Suppression of Competing Activities correlated with lower
  Stress, but only for older people. These findings suggest that both
  personality and coping styles are important to consider in research and
  clinical application.
========================================

Title: A specialized training program in gay male, lesbian and bisexual chemical
  dependency issues.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Pecoraro, Carmine J.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2775
Abstract/Review/Citation: Research has indicated that chemically dependent gay
  men, lesbians and bisexual individuals have specialized treatment issues that
  need to be addressed during the counseling process. These treatment issues,
  also known as stressors, include, the 'coming out' process, homophobia, HIV,
  spirituality, adolescent development, family of origin issues and the lack of
  society support. Documented research indicates that counselors lack the
  training needed to address these stressors. This research paper explores the
  prevalence and incidence of chemical dependence among the gay male, lesbian
  and bisexual individual. In addition, various documented reasons for this high
  incidence and prevalence are introduced. Furthermore, the various stressors
  experienced by this target population are identified and discussed, along with
  skills and techniques that can be used by the counselor to assist the client
  in exploring these stressors. This paper presents a specialized, one-day
  training program for counselors who need to develop the skills and techniques
  necessary to successfully work with the chemically dependent gay male, lesbian
  and bisexual individual.
========================================

Title: Re-examining the construct of fatalism in women with breast cancer: 
  Stoic resignation versus spiritually-focused acceptance.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fitzpatrick, Cory Marie
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2756
Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study sought to re-examine a specific type
  of adjustment to cancer known as fatalism, a construct commonly used in the
  psychosocial oncology literature. Current research on fatalism has found mixed
  results, but has typically identified this construct as a negative adjustment
  style associated with poor outcomes, such as increased mortality. Nonetheless,
  we hypothesized that fatalistic adjustment might alternately incorporate
  positive aspects of spirituality, acceptance, and control.  The participants
  were 120 women diagnosed with breast cancer who were assessed prior to
  beginning a cancer support program. The average age was 49, and most of the
  women were Caucasian (74%) and married (45%). Fatalistic adjustment was
  assessed using the Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale - short form (Mini-MAC;
  Watson et al., 1994), a popular scale used frequently with individuals coping
  with cancer. In contrast to findings from previous research, results revealed
  that Fatalism was positively correlated with Fighting Spirit and negatively
  associated with Anxious Preoccupation and Helpless/Hopeless adjustment styles.
  Fatalism was also positively correlated with quality of life and age, and
  negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and overall distress.
  Furthermore, Fatalism was positively correlated with spirituality and
  engagement in an active religious practice.  In addition, the three key
  components of Moorey and Greer's (1989) original definition of fatalism were
  explored and results revealed that fatalism was not associated with 'perceived
  lack of control' or 'acceptance of the outcome of one's illness,' however,
  findings regarding the 'appraisal of cancer as a minor threat' were mixed.
  Finally, a simultaneous Multiple Regression analysis revealed that a
  combination of spirituality, fighting spirit, active cognitive coping, and low
  distress significantly predicted 49% of the overall adjusted variance for
  fatalism.  Given the results of the present study, it appears that the
  definition of fatalism should be re-evaluated. Despite the commonly held view
  of fatalism, this adjustment style seems to be associated with better
  psychological outcome, coping, and quality of life. In addition, fatalism was
  found to be associated with feelings of personal control and spirituality and
  may have positive, health-affirming effects for women dealing with breast
  cancer.
========================================

Title: An exploration of the relationship between spirituality and quality of
  life in women with breast cancer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cotton, Sian P.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2751
Abstract/Review/Citation: Recent trends in medical care have focused on the
  relationships among spirituality, health, and quality of life. However, few
  studies have measured the relationships among these variables in women with
  breast cancer. This study examined the relationship between spirituality and
  quality of life in 130 women diagnosed with breast cancer who were involved in
  a larger study comparing the efficacy of two 12-week psychosocial treatment
  programs. While data were collected at time of entry to study, and at 3, 6 and
  12-month follow-ups, the current study examined baseline data only.
  Participants were given a set of questionnaires including the Functional
  Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Breast (FACIT-B), the Spiritual
  Well-Being Subscale of the FACIT, the Principles of Living Survey, the
  Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer, and the Profile of Mood States. Results
  indicated a positive correlation between spiritual well-being and quality of
  life (r = .35, p < .001), as well as significant intercorrelations among
  spirituality and quality of life subscales. Specifically, faith/spiritual
  beliefs, meaning/peace, and embracing life's fullness each had significant
  positive correlations with all QOL subscales (social/family, emotional, and
  functional well-being) with the exception of physical well-being.
  Additionally, there was a positive association between QOL and age (r = .39, p
  < .001), as well as a significant inverse relationship between QOL and
  reported use of adjuvant alternative treatments (F = 7.51, p < .01). In
  regression analyses, a model consisting of spirituality, spiritual well-being,
  age, helpless/hopeless and fighting spirit adjustment styles, and vigor and
  fatigue, accounted for 42% of the variance in quality of life. Results suggest
  that the existential/meaning-based components of spirituality are more highly
  associated with quality of life than traditional religiousness items such as
  prayer or attendance at religious services. Furthermore, these findings
  indicate that while spiritual well-being is correlated with quality of life,
  the relationships among these variables are perhaps more complex and indirect
  than previously considered. It is moreover suggested that health practitioners
  treating women with breast cancer consider spiritual well-being as an integral
  component of the overall treatment plan.
========================================

Title: Spiritual women and their long-term survival of aids.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Alexander, Dale Anne
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2743
Abstract/Review/Citation: Long term survivors of AIDS and other chronic
  illnesses attribute their success to many physiological and psychological
  factors. Of the psychological factors, spirituality has consistently been
  found to have a positive effect on health and provided a sense of well being.
  However, there is no research that addresses spirituality and women who are
  long-term survivors of AIDS. The purpose of this study was to examine whether
  spirituality influences the quality of life in women who are long-term
  survivors of AIDS, their spiritual practices, how they have suffered, and if
  their suffering has provided them with meaning in their lives. Eight
  interviews with women who were long-term survivors of AIDS were conducted. The
  resulting themes indicated that their quality of life had been enhanced by
  their faith in some form of higher power that enabled them to become
  reconnected with themselves and others. Spirituality also provided them with a
  greater capacity to manage fear, a sense of well being, the capacity to accept
  circumstances beyond one's control, a purpose for living, and a means to
  organize their lives. Spiritual practices were a blend of traditional and
  Buddhist/Eastern rituals.  Participants reported that they suffered mentally,
  emotionally, physically, and socially. They derived meaning from their
  suffering by seeking restitution by way of giving to the community, teaching
  others about AIDS, learning how to become more compassionate, fulfilling God's
  purpose, being God's messenger, and serving as examples for others to follow.
  Meaning was also obtained by seeking happiness and personal fulfillment, and
  being with family.
========================================

Title: Factors influencing somatization:  An examination of shame, ethnicity,
  and spiritual well-being.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Dong, Natalie Jean
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2753
Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study examined the relationship between
  somatization, shame, ethnicity, and spiritual well-being. Data from 267
  participants were used to examine correlates of somatic symptoms as measured
  by the somatization subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. As predicted, a
  positive relationship was found between somatization and shame. Also as
  expected, negative relationships were found between spiritual well-being and
  both shame and somatization. Results did not provide support for the general
  existence of ethnic differences in somatization. Examination of somatization
  in high, moderate, and low shame groups comparing Asians and Caucasians
  yielded evidence of higher somatization rates in the high-shame Caucasian
  group than in the high-shame Asian group. Implications for medical,
  psychological, and spiritual caregivers are discussed.
========================================

Title: Adult males sexually abused as children and spiritual functioning.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Dedricks, Martha Kim
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2752
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined whether a history of childhood
  sexual abuse affected males' spirituality. Fifty-six subjects (17 survivors,
  39 controls) completed the Sexual Abuse Exposure Questionnaire (SAEQ), the
  Religious Status Inventory (RSI), and the Family Adaptation and Cohesion Scale
  II (FACES II). It was hypothesized that survivors would have significantly
  lower scores on the RSI than the control group. Results indicated that
  survivors were significantly less accepting of God's grace and steadfast love
  than the control group, and, while not significant, that family functioning
  affected spirituality more than history of sexual abuse. Suggestions were made
  for further research.
========================================

Title: The spiritual orientation of mental health professionals:  An exploratory
  study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Goncalves, Antonio Alexandre
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2760
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study explored the role of mental health
  professionals' personal spiritual beliefs in their use of spiritual
  interventions in clinical practice. Another goal of the study was to validate
  the Spiritual Orientation Inventory (SOI), an 85-item measure of spirituality.
  Surveys were sent to 800 randomly selected mental health professionals in the
  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In addition to being given the SOI, the
  participants were asked to fill out a survey containing demographic items and
  items pertaining to the types of interventions utilized in their clinical
  practice. Survey items were used to derive an attitude scale to measure
  participants' attitudes about spirituality in clinical practice and an
  intervention scale to measure of how frequently professionals utilize
  spiritual interventions in clinical practice. The total score on the SOI
  predicted 35.6% of the variance in the log10 of the intervention scale score.
  It only predicted 7.3% of the variance uniquely; however, this is a larger
  proportion of the variance than predicted by other variables. The total SOI
  score predicted 36.1% of the variance of the attitude scale score. Thus, the
  personal spirituality of the participants, as measured by the SOI, is
  significantly related to attitudes about spirituality and the frequency with
  which spiritual interventions are used in clinical practice. The SOI was also
  found to have good internal consistency.
========================================

Title: The relationship between psychological factors and diabetes control.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Kleinman, Lori I.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2766
Abstract/Review/Citation: The role of perceived stress, perceived social
  support, depression, optimism, and spiritual faith in diabetes control was
  examined utilizing subject responses on the Millon Behavioral Medicine
  Diagnostic (MBMD). Seventy-eight subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
  participated in the study. Multiple regression methods were used to calculate
  moderator effects of perceived social support and optimism on perceived stress
  and depression, respectively, and to determine the relative contribution of
  all five factors to diabetes control. The hypotheses were not supported as
  there were no significant direct or interaction effects. Future research
  directions include examination of interrelationships between treatment regimen
  compliance and psychological factors in diabetes control, increased
  specificity of constructs studied, examination of additional relevant scales
  on the MBMD, and increased controls.
========================================

Title: Spirituality, denial, and dispositional optimism as related to
  psychological adjustment in myocardial infarction patients on a coronary care
  unit.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Klein, Stefanie Andrea
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(5-B) Dec 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 2766
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined the relationship between
  spirituality and psychological adjustment in myocardial infarction (MI)
  patients during the acute phase of recovery. Other factors associated with
  health outcomes, such as optimism, denial and social support, were also
  examined. 26 MI patients participated in the study within the first seven days
  of hospitalization. The mean age of the sample was 57, with a range of 32 to
  88 years. Variables were examined using Pearson-product moment correlations
  and multiple regression analyses. No significant associations were found
  between spirituality and depression or anxiety. There were significant
  relationships between coping and adjustment. Denial of impact and
  dispositional optimism were significantly inversely related to both depression
  and anxiety. Spiritual and existential well-being were significantly directly
  related to dispositional optimism; religious well-being was not. Results are
  discussed in terms of coping strategies that may be useful for MI patients
  during hospitalization.
========================================

Title: An meta-analysis of therapeutic outcomes when spirituality is integrated
  into therapy with individuals who are spiritual, expanded from 1980--1999.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rembert, Lisa Jennette
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(6-B) Jan 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 3289
Abstract/Review/Citation: Historically, the question of the merger of psychology
  and religion had been debatable. Some psychologists believed religion
  interfered with growth and could not be used therapeutically. Others felt the
  integration of psychology and religion could be useful, but they did not seem
  sure of how to integrate the two fields. There were also religious leaders who
  were against the merger of psychology and religion and who went to great
  lengths to maintain their beliefs.  More recently, members from both fields
  seemed to believe that the use of psychological and religious principles in
  therapy might enhance therapeutic outcomes for people who were spiritual. It
  was therefore hypothesized that there would be a greater effect size in
  treatment groups when spirituality was integrated into psychotherapy with
  people who were spiritual.  A meta-analysis was completed by researching
  literature expanding over a twenty year period from 1980-1999. After the
  elimination process, based on inclusion criterion, 21 studies were deemed
  appropriate for this research. Because this was a meta-analysis, each study
  was used as the unit of analysis. The sample consisted of approximately 1, 390
  males and 1, 384 females, ranging in age from 17 years to 88 plus years. There
  were Asian Americans, African Americans, Caucasian Americans, and Hispanic
  Americans represented in the study. The subjects were primarily Christian. 
  The effect size was determined by comparing the mean computed score to the
  proportion and correlation. The mean of religious clients who received secular
  therapy was subtracted from the mean of religious clients who received
  spiritually oriented therapy and divided by the standard deviation (see
  Appendix II for formula).  The results revealed that there was a greater
  effect size in treatment groups where spirituality was integrated into
  psychotherapy when proportion was used as the statistical measurement, but not
  when correlation or means were used. Because many of the studies reported
  incompatible statistical measurements, studies that used similar measurements
  were compared to each other. For instance, studies that provided the means and
  standard deviations were compared separately; those that reported the
  proportions were compared independently; and those that provided correlational
  information were also compared individually. Finally, the findings of all
  three types of studies were contrasted against each other using Cohen's
  guidelines for comparing effect size (see Table 2). When Cohen's guidelines
  were used the results showed no effect for means (ES = .14) and for
  correlations (r = -0.05), but revealed a large effect for proportions (p =
  .45). This finding suggested that when completing a meta-analysis, the
  integration of religious principles into psychotherapy with individuals who
  are spiritual had a great effect on therapeutic outcome when proportion was
  used as the statistical measurement.  Due to a small number of studies and
  measurement difficulties, the results should be used cautiously. Findings,
  however, emphasized the importance of the relationship between psychotherapy
  and religion with religious people.
========================================

Title: Meaning:  Relationship to coping mechanisms and well-being.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Desormeaux, Lyne

Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(6-B) Jan 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 3274
Abstract/Review/Citation: There has been an abundance of theoretical literature
  exploring the concept of meaning in life. For psychologists, needing or not
  needing meaning in life became a focus of psychotherapy. Existential theorists
  (Frankl 1948, May 1958; Yalom, 1980) addressed this issue with clients. The
  current study used the Need For Meaning Scale (Buggs, McKay and Korbanka,
  1996) to measure the need for meaning in life. It then utilized a Well-Being
  Scale (Dupuy, 1969) and a Coping Resource Inventory (Hammer & Marting,
  1987) with face validity. Finally, a demographic questionnaire investigated
  the differences among demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status,
  ethnic background, level of education and spirituality.  A sample of 83
  individuals, composed of two populations drawn from a clinic and two classes
  of psychology graduate students, rated their agreement with four different
  scales. The data was then subjected to different types of analysis, including
  t-tests and analysis of variance.  Results of these tests suggest a failure to
  reject the primary hypothesis: There will be significant differences between
  the coping mechanisms utilized by individuals who have high need for meaning
  in life and high well-being; high need for meaning in life and low well-being;
  low need for meaning in life and high well-being; and low need for meaning in
  life and low well-being.  Finally, results did reject the secondary
  hypothesis: That having low need for meaning in life is pathological.
========================================

Title: Spiritual support in relation to community violence exposure, aggressive
  outcomes, and psychological adjustment among inner-city young adolescents.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Walker, Elizabeth Anne
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 61(6-B) Jan 2000, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2000, 3295
Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study utilized a Spiritual Support Scale
  developed by the author to examine the relations among spiritual support,
  exposure to community violence, psychological adjustment, and aggressive
  outcomes in inner-city, young adolescents (N = 131). The relative effects of
  spiritual, parent, and peer support were also examined. Results indicated that
  the Spiritual Support Scale has good reliability and predictive validity.
  Analyses also indicated high levels of spiritual support, especially among
  girls and African-Americans. Adolescents with more spiritual support reported
  significantly higher levels of self-esteem and lower levels of aggressive
  beliefs, reckless behaviors, and physical aggression. Analyses further
  indicated high rates of violence exposure, with higher rates of violence
  exposure being linked with increased adjustment problems, reckless behaviors,
  gang involvement, and physical aggression. Spiritual support, but neither
  parent nor peer support, appeared to moderate the effects of violence
  exposure, at least in the areas of self-esteem and aggressive beliefs.
  Multivariate analyses suggest that spiritual, parent, and peer support may
  each play a unique role in determining psychological adjustment and aggressive
  outcomes among inner-city adolescents. The role of spiritual support among
  inner-city youth is discussed, and suggestions for ways to bridge Psychology
  and Religion are made.
========================================

Title: Perspectives on spiritual well-being and aging.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Thorson, James A.
Source/Citation: Springfield, IL, US: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher; 2000, (xx,
  210)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book emphasizes the concept and importance of
  spiritual well-being for older adults and the aging. The factors involved in
  spiritual well-being for the aging are discussed throughout the book from
  three specific perspectives. Spiritual well-being is discussed from the
  theological perspective, research perspective, and clinical perspective.
Notes/Comments: Foreword: What spiritual well-being means
  to me [by] Donald F. Clingan Preface [by] James A. Thorson Section I:
  Spiritual well-being from the theological perspective Aging and desert
  spirituality W. Paul Jones The sacred spiral: Spirituality and aging Margot
  Hover The theology of aging Carl G. Howie Delayed gratification and spiritual
  well-being in the elderly Roy Fairchild Spirituality and aging C. Bruce Davis
  Decision making at the end of life: The uneasy connection between ethics and
  spiritual beliefs Amy Marie Haddad Section II: Spiritual well-being from the
  research perspective The relationship between spiritual well-being and health
  in later life Catherine M. Wotherspoon Religion, well-being, and health in the
  elderly: The scientific evidence for an association Harold G. Koenig Spiritual
  well-being, private prayer, and adjustment of older cardiac patients Ami L.
  Ai, Ruth E. Dunkle, Christopher Peterson and Steven F. Bolling Filial
  Responsibility: A Jewish perspective Levi Meier The meaning of life in old age
  Leo E. Missinne A case study of spiritual well-being John W. Stettner
  Developmental aspects of death anxiety and religion James A. Thorson and F. C.
  Powell Section III: Spiritual well-being-clinical perspectives Spirituality,
  aging, and depression Dan G. Blazer The aged, the Judeo-Christian ethic, and
  misuse of illness for dependency needs Michael B. Miller and Frederick J.
  Schumacher The art of aging Edward Paul Cohn The life review: A pastoral
  counseling technique Bruce J. Horacek A call to action Margaret E. Kuhn Index
  spiritual well being; older adults; aging adults; theological perspective;
  research perspective; clinical perspective
========================================

Title: Religion, well-being, and health in the elderly: The scientific evidence
  for an association.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Koenig, Harold G.
Source/Citation: Perspectives on spiritual well-being and aging., Springfield,
  IL, US: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher; 2000, (xx, 210), 84-97
Source editor(s): Thorson, James A. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Religious organizations have for hundred of years been
  the group in society that has reached out to meet the needs of the poor, the
  homeless, the elderly, and the element in society that is having the most
  difficulties in life. Whether they like it or not, religious bodies will in
  the decades ahead be increasingly called upon by aging Americans who need help
  during times of physical and mental health crisis. The church has the most
  important resource of any group in society-the people who make up its
  congregations. Over 40% of Americans (more than 100 million) attend religious
  services weekly or more often. The church, then, could be a key organization
  that might mobilize volunteers and coordinate efforts to help the future needy
  of society. Should physicians and health organizations link together with
  religious organizations to seek solutions to the rapidly approaching problem
  (e.g., encourage mutual referral and facilitation of each others' work)? This
  depends in part on whether religious beliefs and behaviors have positive or
  negative effects on health.
========================================

Title: Assessing clients' spirituality and religious behavior: Recommendations
  for research and practice in mental health settings. .
Author(s)/Editor(s): Walters, Scott T.; Bennett, Melanie E.
Source/Citation: Behavior Therapist: Special Issue: Vol 23(4) Apr 2000, US:
  Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy; 2000, 79-82, 90
Abstract/Review/Citation: The authors propose that the spiritual and religious
  domains of functioning are important in client assessment, and offer a few
  basic measures (e.g., Rokeach Value Survey, Values Card Sort, Brief
  Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality, Religious Behavior and
  Background Questionnaire) of religion and spirituality that can be used for
  research or clinical purposes.
========================================

Title: Religion and future psychiatric nosology and treatment.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Koenig, Harold G.
Source/Citation: Psychiatry and religion:  The convergence of mind and spirit.,
  Washington, DC, US: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 2000, (xx, 196), 169-185
  Issues in psychiatry.
Source editor(s): Boehnlein, James K. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Looks to the future to consider how psychiatry and
  religion can be optimally complementary in meeting the spiritual needs of
  patients and helping patients in their struggles with suffering, purpose, and
  meaning. The author discusses the role of religious beliefs in mediating human
  responses to illness and disease and proposes some possible models for
  integrating science and religion in future psychiatric practice, teaching, and
  research. In the future, we will see closer working relationships develop
  between psychiatric and religious professionals. Mental health professionals
  must educate clergy about the signs, symptoms, and treatment of psychiatric
  disorders so that they can recognize these disorders in their congregations.
  Clergy, on the other hand, must educate mental health professionals about
  religious beliefs, attitudes, and practices that affect people's lives and
  health care decisions. Chaplains or other religious professionals must be
  integrated into health teams that provide care for mentally ill patients in
  hospital and outpatient settings. Finally, mental health professionals must be
  willing to reach out to religious organizations, showing themselves friendly
  and willing to cooperate.
========================================

Title: Healthy aging: Beyond exercise.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Marinelli, Rosalie D.; Plummer, Olena K.
Source/Citation: Activities, Adaptation & Aging; Vol 23(4) 1999, US: Haworth
  Press ; 1999, 1-11
Abstract/Review/Citation: Within the past decade, an image of older adults aging
  healthfully has emerged. One of the keys to staying vital and healthy in old
  age is exercise. Exercise can increase muscle strength, endurance and
  flexibility, while decreasing body fat. However, physical health is just 1
  dimension of total health. Does exercise have any effect on the emotional,
  mental, social, spiritual, and environmental dimensions of health? Using
  members (aged 55+ yrs) of 4 community activity groups participating in regular
  physical activity, this study investigated how exercise affected all 6
  dimensions and contributed to the total quality of life of the participants.
  Four of the dimensions were recognized as benefits of participating in the
  groups by the Ss: physical, social, emotional, and intellectual. Findings are
  discussed in terms of structuring exercise programs to encourage exploration
  of all of the wellness dimensions.
========================================

Title: Religion and spirituality in rehabilitation psychology.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Kilpatrick, Shelley Dean; McCullough, Michael E.
Source/Citation: Rehabilitation Psychology; Vol 44(4) Nov 1999, US: Educational
  Publishing Foundation; 1999, 388-402
Abstract/Review/Citation: ABSTRACT. This article surveys the current attitudes
  of rehabilitation specialists regarding spirituality and religiousness. The
  existing data on the associations of spirituality and religiousness with
  measures of physical and mental health and well-being in people with
  disabilities are described. The role of religion-spirituality in the lives of
  caregivers for people with disabilities is addressed, as are professionals'
  attitudes toward considering patients' religious and spiritual involvement in
  the course of rehabilitation. Finally, the potential ways to use patients'
  spirituality and religiousness in assessment and intervention are discussed,
  and directions for future research are proposed.
========================================

Title: The counseling primer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Austin, Leonard A.
Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Accelerated Development, Inc; 1999, (xiv,
  356)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book answers the basic question, "What does
  a counselor or therapist need to know in order to become a Licensed
  Professional Counselor?" Containing all the basic information that is
  taught in counseling and therapy classes in major universities across the US,
  the book places a special emphasis on those courses which contain content
  found on the National Counseling Exam. A well-organized study guide, it
  encompasses the coursework master's-level students are expected to know in
  order to graduate. Chapters on how to take counseling exams and how to write
  research papers are included, along with a special chapter which gives
  definitions of the many terms used in today's counseling profession. Detailed
  information is provided on the following topics: theories, group work, family
  counseling, diagnosing, use of tests, licensure, ethical and legal issues,
  lifespan issues, human sexuality, multicultural counseling, spirituality
  issues, consulting, and the history of the profession. This book also serves
  as a handy resource tool for established mental health professionals.
========================================

Title: Final rights: Caring for people in the last phases of life.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rainer, Jackson P.
Source/Citation: Innovations in clinical practice:  A source book, Vol. 17.,
  Sarasota, FL, US: Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange,
  Inc; 1999, (x, 512), 433-447
Source editor(s): VandeCreek, Leon (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: The focus of the contribution by Jackson Rainer is on
  caregiver facilitation of those psychological, psychosocial, and spiritual
  tasks that enhance meaning in the dying process. Topics include: the right to
  be in control; the right to have a sense of purpose; the right to reminisce;
  the right to be comfortable; the right to laugh; the right to be angry and
  sad; the right to touch and be touched; and the right to have a respected
  spirituality.
========================================

Title: Spirituality and health.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Miller, William R.; Thoresen, Carl E.
Source/Citation: Integrating spirituality into treatment:  Resources for
  practitioners., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 1999,
  (xix, 293), 3-18
Source editor(s): Miller, William R. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: The authors define the meaning of "health"
  and "spirituality" and discuss spiritual well-being as an important
  and too often overlooked dimension of health. Spiritual and religious
  involvement is not only common but is often important in clients' lives and
  has been generally linked to positive health outcomes. A client's spiritual
  perspective may be relevant in understanding his or her problems and useful in
  the process of treatment.  Incorporating spiritual perspectives in secular
  treatment has been found to improve outcomes for religiously oriented clients.
========================================

Title: Prayer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): McCullough, Michael E.; Larson, David B.
Source/Citation: Integrating spirituality into treatment:  Resources for
  practitioners., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 1999,
  (xix, 293), 85-110
Source editor(s): Miller, William R. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Addresses the religious and spiritual phenomenon of
  prayer. Basic social-psychological findings regarding the use of prayer in the
  general population are summarized. The authors review the quantitative
  empirical research on the relationship between various aspects of prayer
  (including frequency of prayer, use of prayer for coping with stress, and
  types of prayer) and various measures of mental health and well-being.
  Recommendations are made on how practitioners might assess, discuss, and
  possibly encourage prayer in their work with clients. The chapter is, in large
  part, grounded in the assumption that much about prayer can be learned by
  examining the quantitative empirical research on how it operates in people's
  lives.
========================================

Title: Values, spirituality, and psychotherapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richards, P. Scott; Rector, John M.; Tjeltveit, Alan C.
Source/Citation: Integrating spirituality into treatment:  Resources for
  practitioners., Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 1999,
  (xix, 293), 133-160
Source editor(s): Miller, William R. (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Empirical evidence has shown that people's spiritual
  values and behaviors can promote physical and psychological coping, healing,
  and well-being. This finding has led many mental health professionals to
  conclude that clients' spiritual values should be viewed as a potential
  resource in psychotherapy. This chapter discusses how psychotherapists can
  bring values, particularly spiritual ones, to the foreground of therapy to
  facilitate clients' healing and growth. Historical and philosophical
  perspectives about values, spirituality, and psychotherapy are first reviewed
  to lay the groundwork for the authors' approach. A spiritual approach to
  working with values in therapy is then described. By helping clients affirm
  their core spiritual values, live congruently with these values, and access
  the spiritual resources in their lives, therapists can more effectively assist
  clients in their efforts to cope, heal, and grow.
========================================

Title: Learning, practicing, and living the New Careering.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Miller-Tiedeman, Anna
Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Accelerated Development, Inc; 1999,
  (xviii, 377)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book presents the New Careering, an approach that
  advocates a theory of life, not job, as career. This model focuses on the
  career theory of the individual by addressing logical, emotional, and
  spiritual aspects. The New Careering, based on the principle of flow, uses as
  its foundation ideas from a broad range of theories including, but not limited
  to, quantum physics, D. Bohm's notion of wholeness (1980), and Self-Organizing
  Systems Theory. This book presents a theoretical overview of conventional
  career counseling theories and compares them to the New Careering. This volume
  illustrates the symbiosis while placing conventional wisdom in a subordinate
  position to personal reality. The book uses case studies and discussion points
  to help both professionals and students learn practical application.  This
  book is intended for use in classes as it includes end-of-chapter questions,
  in-class exercises, and potential homework projects. This book can be used in
  beginning counselor education courses, career classes, enterpreneurial classes
  in business administration, career classes in other disciplines, church
  groups, pastoral counseling classes, support groups, study groups, and mental
  health groups.
Notes/Comments:  Contributors Preface
  Acknowledgments Introduction to the New (quantum) Careering: Foundations and
  possibilities Anna Miller-Tiedeman Part I: Learning the New Careering: The 
  what  question Vocational theory in broad bush Anna Miller-Tiedeman and David
  V. Tiedeman The New (quantum) Careering model Anna Miller-Tiedeman
  Development, decision making, and the New (quantum) Careering Anna
  Miller-Tiedeman Paradigms, development, decision making, and the New Careering
  Anna Miller-Tiedeman Worldview, decision making, paradigms, and
  development--all one fabric Anna Miller-Tiedeman Stop, look, listen, and allow
  for the New (quantum) Careering David V. Tiedeman Part II: Practicing the New
  Careering: The  how  question The New Careering (Lifecareer(R)) practice Anna
  Miller-Tiedeman Money and the New Careering Anna Miller-Tiedeman and Jim
  Puplava Alternative modalities for uncovering individual life mission Laurie
  MacMinamin, Calvin Rich and Anna Miller-Tiedeman Pythagorean assessment: An
  assessment paradigm for process careering Hal A. Lingerman Canadian
  innovations in career development Dave E. Redekopp and Barrie Day Learning
  about and teaching Lifecareer(R) Lee Joyce Richmond Part III: Living the New
  Careering: The  why  question Health benefits of the New Careering Anna
  Miller-Tiedeman After all is said and done Anna Miller-Tiedeman Appendices
  Appendix A. Vocational psychology theories summarized by Anna Miller-Tiedeman
  and Eileen McCarthy Appendix B. Personal/social skills lesson by Sharon Smith
  and Clinton Smith Appendix C. Resumes Appendix D. Work-career paradigm survey
  key References About the contributors Index learning & practicing &
  living the New Careering as career theory for emotional & biological &
  spiritual aspects of individual
========================================

Title: Trauma and loss in native North America: An ethnocultural perspective.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Stamm, B. Hudnall; Stamm, Henry E.
Source/Citation: Honoring differences: Cultural issues in the treatment of
  trauma and loss., Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; 1999, (xxvii,
  299), 49-75 Series in trauma and loss.
Source editor(s): Nader, Kathleen (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Draws from scientific research, traditional stories,
  and ethnohistory to discuss trauma and loss within the Native North American
  culture. Place and time, in consideration of the importance of land,
  community, and spirituality, are outlined. Next, the authors discuss the
  interrelated issues affecting health and interventions. Important beliefs and
  ceremonies are detailed. Finally, the problems of native life and the
  challenge of balancing culture and science is examined.
========================================

Title: The spiritual lives of bereaved parents.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Klass, Dennis
Source/Citation: Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; 1999, (xiii, 229)
  Series in death, dying, and bereavement.
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book describes how parents lose, find, or
  relocate spiritual anchors after the death of their child. It illustrates how
  ordinary people reconstruct their lives after their foundations have shifted,
  how they reconnect after one of their primary attachments has been lost, and
  how they make sense of their world after one of their centers of meaning has
  been removed. The author grounds his descriptions of spirituality in his study
  of comparative religions and in his 2 decades studying the lives of bereaved
  parents. He maintains that spirituality is not a realm apart, but is woven
  into every aspect of human life and into every professional's work. In this
  book, Klass shows how, by practicing their professions well, mental health
  professionals can help grieving parents along their spiritual journey.
  Vignettes from lived experience of bereaved parents are woven through the text
  to help provide a framework for helping professionals and to offer insight
  into understanding the lives of the grieving parents.
========================================

Title: Integrative life planning: An interdisciplinary framework for aligning
  personal growth and organizational and social development in the 21st century.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Hansen, L. Sunny Sundal
Source/Citation: International Medical Journal; Vol 6(2) Jun 1999, Japan: Japan
  International Cultural Exchange Foundation (JICEF); 1999, 87-93
Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes Integrative Life Planning (ILP), a
  comprehensive concept in the US to help counseling and mental health
  professionals help clients adapt to dramatic global changes occurring in work,
  family, learning, technology, and society. The ILP conceptual model consists
  of 6 critical tasks or themes for psychologists, counselors, and human
  resource personnel to use in working with clients, students, and employees.
  They are: 1) finding work that needs doing in changing global contexts; 2)
  weaving lives into a meaningful whole; 3) connecting family and work roles and
  relationships; 4) valuing inclusivity and pluralism; 5) managing personal
  transitions and organizational change; and 6) exploring spirituality and
  purpose. A synthesis and strategies for implementation are provided. The
  author emphasizes those aspects of ILP that might be of interest in Japan.
========================================

Title: Spirituality and health: Is there a relationship?
Author(s)/Editor(s): Thoresen, Carl E.
Source/Citation: Journal of Health Psychology; Vol 4(3) Jul 1999, England: Sage
  Publications Ltd; 1999, 291-300
Abstract/Review/Citation: The role of spiritual and religious factors in health,
  viewed from a scientific perspective, has been yielding interesting if not
  intriguing results. In general, studies have reported fairly consistent
  positive relationships with physical health, mental health, and substance
  abuse outcomes, mostly using cross-sectional or prospective designs. Some
  spiritual or religious factors, however, have failed in some studies to
  demonstrate significant outcomes. Empirical relationships have been commonly
  based on only a few questionnaire items. Adequate controls for possible
  moderating or confounding factors that could explain health outcomes have
  often been missing. A healthy skepticism seems called for, given the need to
  clarify and refine concepts, such as spirituality, to develop comprehensive
  assessments; and to conduct experimentally designed studies. Although the
  overall evidence is promising enough to warrant careful and expanded study,
  the need for a methodological pluralism in research and for cultural
  sensitivity is recommended.
========================================

Title: Spirituality and Palliative care: the attitudes of occupational
  therapists.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rose, Andrew
Source/Citation: British Journal of Occupational Therapy; Vol 62(7) Jul 1999,
  England: Coll of Occupational Therapists Ltd; 1999, 307-312
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examined the attitudes of occupational therapists in
  the UK on the place of spirituality within palliative care. 44 25-53 yr old
  occupational therapists (specialists in HIV/AIDS, oncology, or palliative care
  education) replied to a series of statements in a mail questionnaire about the
  role of spirituality within the profession. Results show that spirituality was
  an important part of life for 80% of respondents, helped 75% with daily job
  responsibilities, and was viewed as an important dimension of health and
  rehabilitation by 89%. Spiritual issues were considered to be within the scope
  of occupational therapy by 75% of respondents. However, only 18% stated that
  they consistently addressed spirituality within assessment. Respondents
  described several activities that addressed clients' spirituality, including
  open-ended discussion, facilitation of activities of daily living that
  contribute to maximizing quality of life, and creative activities. 73% of
  respondents considered that their education had not prepared them to deal with
  clients' spiritual needs, and 64% wanted further training in spiritual care.
========================================

Title: A therapy group on spiritual issues for patients with chronic mental
  illness.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Kehoe, Nancy C.
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Services; Vol 50(8) Aug 1999, US: American
  Psychiatric Association; 1999, 1081-1083
Abstract/Review/Citation: The author describes experiences gained over 18 years
  of conducting a therapy group for chronically ill psychiatric patients that
  focuses on spiritual beliefs and values. The group is held in a day treatment
  center and is attended by both men and women, whose ages have ranged from 22
  to 60 years. Staff concerns that discussion of religious and spiritual
  material would foster patients' delusional ideation or strengthen their
  defenses and be counterproductive to treatment or that patients could not
  tolerate diverse systems of beliefs have not been borne out. Such groups
  foster tolerance, self-awareness, and nonpathogenic therapeutic exploration of
  value systems. Group rules contributing to its success are tolerance of
  diversity, respect of others' beliefs, a ban on proselytizing, and open
  membership.
========================================

Title: Reliability and validity for the Chinese version of WHO Quality of Life
  Scale.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fang, Jiqian; Hao, Yuantao; Li, Caixia
Source/Citation: Chinese Mental Health Journal; Vol 13(4) May 1999, China:
  Chinese Mental Health; 1999, 203-205
Abstract/Review/Citation: Studied the reliability and validity of the Chinese
  version of the WHO Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-100). Human Ss were 838 male
  and 816 female adults (767 aged under 45 yrs; 887 aged 45 yrs or over), among
  them 877 patients with diseases such as high BP, arthritis, cancer, diabetes,
  and other chronic diseases, and 777 normals from Guanzhou, Beijing, Shanghai,
  Chengdu, Shenyang, and Xian in China. The Chinese WHOQOL-100 with 103
  questions covered 24 facets (including 3 specified for the Chinese version) of
  6 domains: physiology, psychology, level of independence, social relations,
  environment, and religion/spirituality. The scale's internal consistency,
  content validity, discriminate validity, and construct validity were studied
  by using Cronbach's alpha coefficients, correlation analysis, t test,
  multi-regression analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. A factor
  structure model of overall quality of life and health status of 6 domains and
  the subordinate facets were established. Good reliability and validity of the
  Chinese WHOQOL-100 indicated its applicability in the assessment of quality of
  life of Chinese people in public health and medical fields.
========================================

Title: Mental health and spiritual values: A view from the East.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wig, Narendra N.
Source/Citation: International Review of Psychiatry; Vol 11(2-3) May-Aug 1999,
  United Kingdom: Carfax Publishing Limited; 1999, 92-96
Abstract/Review/Citation: Psychiatry and psychiatrists often forget the value
  and role of spirituality in the life of their patients. This paper deals with
  the interrelationship of mental health and spirituality in India and, using
  illustrations from Hinduism, suggests that the Indian system does not follow
  the Western concepts of mind-body dichotomy. Furthermore, the Hindu view of
  life includes righteousness, biological needs, social needs and release from
  worldly bondage and union with ultimate reality. The dangers of
  ethnocentricity in reaching clinical diagnosis and managing patients with
  mental illness across cultures are highlighted. The clinician must be aware of
  scientific progress but without giving up the role of religion.
========================================

Title: The cure of souls: Psychiatric dilemmas.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Sims, Andrew
Source/Citation: International Review of Psychiatry; Vol 11(2-3) May-Aug 1999,
  United Kingdom: Carfax Publishing Limited; 1999, 97-102
Abstract/Review/Citation: Misunderstandings frequently occur between patients
  and their doctors because psychiatrists may be unable to comprehend and accept
  their patient's experience. 'Soul' and 'spirit' are essential characteristics
  of human life: soul ultimately means 'quick moving,' the principle of life;
  spirit etymologically refers to breath and is also the animating or vital
  principle. The spiritual aspects of a person include his or her aims and
  goals, the interrelatedness of human beings, wholeness of person in which
  spirit is not separate from body or mind, moral aspects of goodness, beauty
  and enjoyment and an awareness of God. Psychiatrists have historically had
  difficulties with the spiritual realm, and currently psychiatrists are well
  aware of the harmful effects of some religious groups upon vulnerable
  patients. Patients someimes feel reluctant to talk about spiritual issues to
  their psychiatrists or mental health problems to their priest. In practice
  there is considerable evidence for the benefit of religious belief in
  achieving good mental health and recovery from mental illness. It is important
  for the psychiatrist to be aware of patients' religious beliefs and spiritual
  aspirations, to understand these and know about patients' backgrounds.
========================================

Title: Transpersonal psychiatry and psychopharmacologic practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Victor, Bruce Scott
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Annals; Vol 29(8) Aug 1999, US: SLACK Incorporated;
  1999, 465-468
Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents a background for and emerging principles of
  transpersonal psychiatry. The author discusses 5 sources of the split between
  biologic and spiritual perspectives in mental health treatment. He presents
  principles of transpersonal psychopharmacology, including the necessity of
  differential diagnosis.
========================================

Title: Cultural competence includes religious and spiritual issues in clinical
  practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Lukoff, David; Lu, Francis G.
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Annals; Vol 29(8) Aug 1999, US: SLACK Incorporated;
  1999, 469-472
Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses the importance of religious and spiritual
  issues in mental health care. The authors outline types of religious and
  spiritual problems, as well as religious-spiritual problems concurrent with
  mental disorders. It is concluded that mental health professionals have not
  paid enough attention to religious and spiritual issues in clinical practice.
========================================

Title: Integrating spirituality into multicultural counseling.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fukuyama, Mary A.; Sevig, Todd D.
Source/Citation: Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc; 1999, (xvii,
  182) Multicultural aspects of counseling series, Vol. 13.
Abstract/Review/Citation: This volume builds a bridge between spiritual values
  and multicultural learning. In a practical and informative manner, the authors
  explore spirituality from multicultural perspectives, and they help
  professional integrate multicultural views and spirituality when providing
  therapy, counseling, social work, and health-related services. Chapter topics
  include understanding multicultural worldviews and developmental models of the
  spiritual journey, integrating spiritual and multicultural competencies,
  clarifying healthy and unhealthy expressions of spirituality, exploring
  spiritual issues expressed through pain and loss as well as needs for power
  and creativity, understanding counseling process issues including ethical
  concerns, and integrating spiritual interventions into one's own counseling
  style. This book will be useful for students, educators, and mental health
  professionals who seek to integrate multicultural issues, counseling, and
  spirituality.
========================================

Title: How repression of spiritual urge leads to psychological troubles.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Dosajh, N. L.
Source/Citation: Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health; Vol 6(1)
  Jan 1999, India: Somatic Inkblot Society; 1999, 61-64
Abstract/Review/Citation: This paper shows the importance of 'Spiritual urge'
  (S) in human beings, which, if repressed leads to psychoneurosis, just as the
  repression of a sexual urge does. A case-history of a 36-yr-old male is
  reported that illustrates the phenomenon. The paper also brings out the
  superiority of Somatic Inkblot Series (SIS-II) in the diagnosis of the problem
  and as an adjunct to meditation for therapy.
========================================

Title: A review of spirituality as applied to nursing.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Narayanasamy, Aru
Source/Citation: International Journal of Nursing Studies; Vol 36(2) Apr 1999,
  England: Elsevier Science Ltd; 1999, 117-125
Abstract/Review/Citation: Reviews the history of and literature related to
  spirituality as applied to nursing. It is shown that the holistic
  understanding of spirituality has been derived almost exclusively from the
  Christian theological tradition. While recognizing the importance of this
  tradition, the relatively unknown element, that is, the biological basis of
  spirituality as advanced by empirical research on spiritual awareness, is
  brought to the debate in this review. Following the review, an operational
  definition of spirituality embracing its biological roots is provided to
  highlight its significance to nursing.
========================================

Title: The grief experienced by spousal caregivers of dementia patients: The
  role of place of care of patient and gender of caregiver.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rudd, Marilyn G.; Viney, Linda L.; Preston, Carol A.
Source/Citation: International Journal of Aging & Human Development; Vol
  48(3) 1999, US: Baywood Publishing Co Inc; 1999, 217-240
Abstract/Review/Citation: Reports a comparison of the grief responses of spousal
  caregivers who cared for their demented partners at home with those who
  provided ongoing nursing home care, together with an examination of gender
  differences. Four psychological states of grief were examined: anxiety,
  sadness, anger, and guilt. Sixty spousal caregivers participated in the study:
  30 husbands and 30 wives (aged 51 to over 80), with equal numbers of home and
  nursing home caregivers. Content analysis scales were scored to assess the 4
  psychological states. As predicted, nursing home caregivers expressed
  significantly higher levels of sadness and guilt than home caregivers but home
  caregivers expressed significantly more anger than nursing home caregivers.
  Home caregiving wives were found to be the most angry cohort. Also, as
  predicted, caregiving wives expressed significantly higher levels of anxiety,
  sadness, and anger than caregiving husbands. The results of the content
  analysis scales were confirmed by a secondary measure. Even with the inclusion
  of severity of the patients' dementia, and the spirituality and age of the
  spousal caregivers as covariates, place of care and gender of caregiver remain
  the most powerful predictors of grief.
========================================

Title: Shadow culture:  Psychology and spirituality in America from the Great
  Awakening to the new age.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Taylor, Eugene
Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: Counterpoint; 1999, (xii, 296)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Explores the history and development of what the
  author refers to as the third Great Awakening of America (GAA) to the
  varieties of religious experience. Often referred to as pop religion, this
  awakening is described as a profoundly psychological one which stresses the
  alteration of consciousness, the integration of mind and body, and the
  connection between physical and mental health. It is asserted that the 3rd GAA
  is rooted in a shadow culture--the counterculture of the 1960s. The growth of
  this eclectic movement is examined by focusing on the role in American culture
  of spiritual practitioners who have found fulfillment outside of mainstream
  institutions and sometimes outside of their own cultural heritage. From Zen
  meditation techniques employed by professional athletes, to the popularity of
  acupuncture and herbal medicine, to the principals of the 12-step movement,
  this book examines the new spirituality as evidenced in popular culture.
 
Notes/Comments: Preface and acknowledgments Folk
  psychology and the American visionary tradition Puritans and mystics of the
  first Great Awakening Early visionary communities: The Quakers and Shakers The
  Swedenborgian and Transcendentalist milieu Homeopathy, phrenology, and
  mesmerism Utopian socialism and the second Great Awakening Spiritualism,
  theosophy, new thought, and Christian science Psychical research, scientific
  psychotherapy, and the psychology of religion When the Swamis came to America
  The Americanization of Jung and Freud Esalen and the counterculture movement
  of the 1960s Humanistic and transpersonal psychology Psychology and
  spirituality: Another Great Awakening? Index history & development of
  psychology & spirituality in third Great Awakening of America to varieties
  of religious experience
========================================

Title: A home-based family intervention for ethnic minorities with a mentally
  ill member.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Connery, Linda; Brekke, John
Source/Citation: Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly; Vol 17(1-2) 1999, US: Haworth
  Press Inc; 1999, 149-167
Abstract/Review/Citation: Presents the background, development, and content of a
  manualized home-based family intervention for ethnic minority families with a
  seriously mentally ill member. The development of this homelessness prevention
  intervention is based on the premise that the client's home can be one of the
  most effective venues for achieving long-term positive outcomes from mental
  health services. By observing the patient within the context of the home
  environment, staff can more accurately assess the family dynamics and
  encourage family members to fulfill more effective roles as caregivers.
  Through effective case management and other interventions, the Integrated
  Services Agency has been able to change the service utilization pattern from
  in-patient care, homelessness, and incarceration to community treatment within
  the framework of integrated comprehensive services. Ten salient points which
  have been significant to this agency's positive outcomes are discussed. We
  also provide a model for conceptualizing the strengths and burdens of the
  study population of low-SES African Americans and Latinos. We identified the
  strengths as the extended family, the kinship network, the church and
  spirituality, and strong education and work ethics.
========================================

Title: Dying, mourning, and spirituality: A psychological perspective.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Marrone, Robert
Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 23(6) Sep 1999, US: Taylor & Francis;
  1999, 495-519
Abstract/Review/Citation: Maintains that psychology has tended to reject and to
  pathologize matters of the spirit. In the past 30 yrs, with the advent of what
  has been termed the cognitive revolution, psychology has greatly expanded the
  scope of its subject matter. Psychologists and tanatologists have begun to
  unravel the cognitive underpinnings of our assumptive world and the
  transformation of those underpinnings in times of crisis and stress. This
  article examines the cognitive basis of the spiritual experience and the use
  of cognitive assimilation, accommodation strategies during the process of
  mourning the death of a loved one, as well as during the process of living our
  own dying. Of special importance to mental health professionals and clergy,
  new research on dying, mourning, and spirituality suggests that the specific
  ways in which people rediscover meaning--such as belief in traditional
  religious doctrine, the afterlife, reincarnation, philanthropy, or a spiritual
  order to the universe--may be less important than the process itself.
========================================

Title: Long-term nonprogressors with HIV disease.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Barroso, Julie
Source/Citation: Nursing Research; Vol 48(5) Sep-Oct 1999, US: Lippincott
  Williams & Wilkins Inc; 1999, 242-249
Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes psychosocial factors influencing and
  perceptions of the long-term nonprogression of disease in HIV-positive
  patients. A naturalistic study design was used to elicit information from 25
  men and women (aged 24-59 yrs) who were long-term nonprogressors (HIV positive
  for 7 or more yrs, CD4 count >500, and free of opportunistic infections
  and/or AIDS-defining illnesses). Audiotaped interviews were transcribed
  verbatim, and content analysis and constant comparison were used to elicit
  themes. Themes include viewing HIV as a manageable illness, taking care of
  one's own physical and emotional/mental health, human connectedness, and
  spirituality. Specific ways of adapting to HIV were identified within each
  theme. The results of this study can be used by nurses who work with HIV
  positive individuals to help them adopt strategies that may assist them in
  maintaining their health. However, longitudinal studies that follow this group
  over time and that include biomedical markers of disease progression would
  provide knowledge that would assist in the refinement of these interventions.
========================================

Title: Cross-cultural issues in infanticide: A case study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Kunst, Jennifer L.; Reed, Michele
Source/Citation: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology; Vol 5(2)
  May 1999, US: Educational Publishing Foundation; 1999, 147-155
Abstract/Review/Citation: This article examines the case of a Mexican American
  woman who was found not guilty by reason of insanity for infanticide, the
  murder of her young son. A detailed case history is presented with a focus on
  cultural issues as they affect this woman's family dynamics, assimilation and
  acculturation, emotionality, spirituality, and seeking of mental health
  treatment. In addition, a theoretical conceptualization is presented,
  identifying the psychodynamic operations that laid the foundation for the
  crime, including the normal process of identity development and the mitigating
  factors of gender, culture, and psychopathology. The study explores the
  important influences of culture in the commission of this crime as well as in
  subsequent treatment, highlighting the changes in society and mental health
  treatment that need to be made to reduce the incidence of such family
  violence.
========================================

Title: Examining the relationship between religious spirituality and
  psychological science.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Slife, Brent D.; Hope, Carolen; Nebeker, R. Scott
Source/Citation: Journal of Humanistic Psychology; Vol 39(2) Spr 1999, US: Sage
  Publications Inc; 1999, 51-85
Abstract/Review/Citation: Scientific interest in religious spirituality and
  mental health has increased dramatically. However, many researchers have
  tended to ignore the historical incompatibility between spirituality and
  traditional science. A review of the spirituality research suggests that
  important themes of this historic incompatibility persist in contemporary
  theories of spirituality. Yet, many spirituality researchers have proceeded as
  if this incompatibility does not exist. Indeed, there is evidence that
  spiritual conceptions have been altered to fit the requirements of science. No
  alteration would seem necessary if scientific method were a neutral tool of
  investigation that did not affect the conceptions themselves. However, if
  method has philosophical commitments, and if these commitments are
  incompatible with the conceptual foundations of spirituality, then
  spirituality researchers may be undermining their own conceptions in science.
  The authors outline the philosophical commitments of traditional scientific
  methods and the philosophical commitments of contemporary conceptions of
  spirituality to begin a conversation about this possibility.
========================================

Title: Religious orientation and psychological well-being: The role of the
  frequency of personal prayer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Maltby, John; Lewis, Christopher Alan; Day, Liza
Source/Citation: British Journal of Health Psychology; Vol 4(Part 4) Nov 1999,
  England: British Psychological Society; 1999, 363-378
Abstract/Review/Citation: Examines the role of religious acts between measures
  of religious orientation and psychological well-being, and examines the
  theoretical view that religion can act as a coping mechanism. Correlational
  statistics, principal components analysis with oblimin rotation and multiple
  regression were used. Ss (aged 18-29 yrs) were administered questionnaire
  measures of three aspects of religious orientation (intrinsic, extrinsic,
  Quest), frequency of personal prayer and church attendance, alongside measures
  of depressive symptoms, trait anxiety and self-esteem. Though a number of
  significant correlations were found between measures of religiosity and
  psychological well-being, a multiple regression analysis using identifiable
  religious components suggests that frequency of personal prayer is the
  dominant factor in the relationship between religiosity and psychological
  well-being. The results suggest two points: (1) that the correlations between
  a number of measures of religiosity and psychological well-being may be
  mediated by the relationship between frequency of personal prayer and
  psychological well-being; (2) that personal prayer may be an important
  variable to consider within the theory of religious coping.
========================================

Title: Serenity for African American caregivers.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Sistler, Audrey; Washington, Kimberly S.
Source/Citation: Social Work with Groups; Vol 22(1) 1999, US: Haworth Press Inc;
  1999, 49-62
Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes an 8-wk series of caregiver meetings for
  African American women caring for a parent with dementia. The purpose of the
  series was to assist the caregivers in caring for their own needs as well as
  those of their parents. The meetings drew upon the Serenity Prayer, the
  participants' spirituality, and a problem-solving approach as major themes in
  an effort to help caregivers gain a greater sense of perceived control in
  their situations. Pre, post and followup tests indicated greater
  self-confidence in ability to solve difficult situations, improved well being
  and happiness, as well as positive response on the part of the participants.
========================================

Title: Spiritual resources in family therapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Walsh, Froma
Source/Citation: New York, NY, US: Guilford Publications, Inc; 1999, (xvi, 301)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spirituality is a powerful dimension of human
  experience, with growing importance and diversity in today's changing world.
  Yet it has long been regarded as off-limits in clinical training and practice,
  leaving most therapists and counselors blind to its significance and reluctant
  to approach it. Many have regarded clients' spirituality as a private matter
  not to be intruded on and best left to clergy, pastoral counselors, or faith
  healers. Some have worried that therapists might impose their own convictions
  on vulnerable clients. Others fear the intensity of feelings and conflicts
  that can be aroused by delving into spiritual issues. This volume is
  intended as a sourcebook to inform and inspire mental health, health care,
  pastoral, and human service professionals of all disciplines about this
  dimension in clinical work with couples and families. The aim of this book is
  to open family therapy practice to spirituality: to explore clients' spiritual
  beliefs and practices, to understand those that have constrained clients'
  growth, and to tap resources for resilience and transformation.
Notes/Comments:  Part I: Overview Religion and
  spirituality: Wellsprings for healing and resilience Froma Walsh Opening
  family therapy to spirituality Froma Walsh Part II: Spiritual resources in
  families: Tapping into the wellsprings Spirituality, suffering, and beliefs:
  The soul of healing with families Lorraine M. Wright The stresses of poverty
  and the comfort of spirituality Harry J. Aponte Spirituality and religion:
  Implications for psychotherapy with African American clients and families
  Nancy Boyd-Franklin and Tonya Walker Lockwood Religion and spiritual folk
  traditions in immigrant families: Therapeutic resources with Latinos Celia
  Jaes Falicov Three spiritual perspectives on resilience: Buddhism,
  Christianity, and Judaism Steven J. Wolin, with Wayne Muller, Fred Taylor and
  Sybil Wolin "Honor thy father and thy mother": Intergenerational
  spirituality and Jewish tradition Mona DeKoven Fishbane Feet planted firmly in
  midair: A spirituality for family living Herbert Anderson Part III:
  Spirituality and family therapy: Bridging the divide Morality and spirituality
  in therapy William J. Doherty Healing from trauma: The quest for spirituality
  Mary Jo Barrett Opening therapy to conversations with a personal God Melissa
  Elliott Griffith Releasing the soul: Psychotherapy as a spiritual practice
  Richard C. Schwartz Stretching to meet what's given: Opportunities for a
  spiritual practice Kathy Weingarten Heart and soul: Spirituality, religion,
  and rituals in family therapy training Janine Roberts Spirituality expressed
  in community action and social justice: A therapeutic means to liberation and
  hope Alice de V. Perry and John S. Rolland Index spirituality in couples &
  family therapy
========================================

Title: Opening family therapy to spirituality.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Walsh, Froma
Source/Citation: Spiritual resources in family therapy., New York, NY, US:
  Guilford Publications, Inc; 1999, (xvi, 301), 28-58
Source editor(s): Walsh, Froma (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: There is a growing surge of interest in spirituality
  by family therapists and other mental health professionals. Yet, most feel ill
  equipped from their training, constrained from broaching the subject with
  clients, and uncomfortable in thinking about the spiritual dimension of their
  therapeutic practice. We are just beginning to explore the most significant
  dimension of human experience in our field. This chapter explores ways to move
  beyond constraints and suggests a variety of ways to incorporate spirituality
  in clinical assessment and intervention to understand spiritual sources of
  distress and tap resources in healing, recovery, and resilience.
========================================

Title: Morality and spirituality in therapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Doherty, William J.
Source/Citation: Spiritual resources in family therapy., New York, NY, US:
  Guilford Publications, Inc; 1999, (xvi, 301), 179-192
Source editor(s): Walsh, Froma (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter describes a model for using clinical,
  moral, and spiritual language in therapy in an integrated way that does
  justice to all 3 domains but does not collapse one domain into the others. The
  chapter begins with my own religious context, then critiques the current
  literature on spirituality and therapy. Subsequent sections make conceptual
  distinctions between the domains of spirituality, morality, and mental health,
  and offer specific clinical guidelines for how to use spiritual language in
  therapy.
========================================

Title: Healing from trauma: The quest for spirituality.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Barrett, Mary Jo
Source/Citation: Spiritual resources in family therapy., New York, NY, US:
  Guilford Publications, Inc; 1999, (xvi, 301), 193-208
Source editor(s): Walsh, Froma (Ed)
Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses spiritual aspects in recovery from trauma in
  treatment. Topics include: love and knowledge; integrating spiritual meaning
  and value into treatment; and conscious spirituality (stage 1: creating a
  context for change, stage 2: challenging patterns and expanding realities,
  stage 3: consolidation).
========================================

Title: 'It's not a cold': From cancer person to cancer survivor. The process of
  living with cancer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Allen, Gaynel Olivia
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(7-A) Jan 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 2732
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to explore the process
  of living with cancer from the specific viewpoint of people with cancer who
  are, or have been, support group members. A qualitative approach was used to
  interview a sample of 30 participants drawn from a cancer center at a private,
  non-profit hospital in Atlanta. In addition to the 30 interviews this study
  incorporates my understanding of the 'survivorship' culture gained through
  prolonged contact as a participant observer. The interview was divided into
  two parts, including a written questionnaire and an in-depth interview. The
  written questionnaire emphasized the demographic and physical aspects of
  cancer. The verbal audio-taped portion began with the person telling his/her
  cancer story as he/she would as if introducing him/herself to a new support
  group member. The rest of the verbal portion of the interview concentrated on
  an interview guide of four questions, which focused on feelings about living
  with cancer, the impact of cancer on social relationships, self, and
  spirituality, and a portrayal of a typical day. I transcribed and analyzed the
  data using grounded theory methodology. A model of the cancer experience
  emerged which integrated Twaddle and Hessler's (1987) disease-illness-sickness
  model and the immersion-intrusion-interruption model of chronic illness
  developed by Charmaz (1991). Six profiles of the cancer experience were
  developed to apply and illustrate this model: (1) cancer as total immersion:
  the cancer person; (2) cancer as immersion and intrusion: the newly-diagnosed
  person; (3) cancer as intrusion: the cancer survivor; (4) cancer as intrusion
  and interruption: the impaired survivor; (5) cancer as interruption and
  intrusion: the intact survivor; (6) cancer as interruption: the person who had
  survived cancer. Cancer is not a typical chronic illness; both death and cure
  are possible outcomes. Living with cancer is a situation fraught with social
  negotiations leading through a maze of ambiguity. These informants interpreted
  the cancer experience as a learning journey from which most had emerged
  stronger.
========================================

Title: Psychosocial, physical and spiritual dimensions of ten HIV-infected
  African-American women drug users: A case study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Castro, Maria Delia
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3341
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of the study was to obtain comprehensive
  case histories on ten African American women who were infected with HIV and
  who were drug users in order to formulate hypotheses designed to explain how
  their condition had an impact on the psychosocial, physical, and spiritual
  dimensions of their lives. Relevant literature on HIV individuals was reviewed
  and reported. The study was conducted in the psychiatric ward of a major
  hospital in Washington, D.C. The case histories were based on information
  obtained from observational, medical, and interview sources. Ten hypotheses
  were developed which indicated that African American women drug users with HIV
  came from (1) dysfunctional families, (2) had low self-concept, (3) showed low
  level of interpersonal skills, (4) showed symptoms of depression, (5)
  presented several sexually transmitted diseases, (6) showed symptoms of drug
  withdrawal and sleep disturbances, (7) manifested poor personal hygiene, (8)
  presented low T-cell counts, (9) have been deprived of love in their lives,
  and (10) reported that their children were the most significant factor in
  their lives. In view of the hypotheses, it seems reasonable that mental health
  practitioners should be aware of early developmental signs in children which
  may be precursors to psychosocial, physical, and spiritual problems in
  adulthood. Recommendations for further research are presented.
========================================

Title: The destruction of the forest and its impact on soul as informed by
  indigenous peoples.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohn, Steven Mark
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3685
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation relies on a heuristic methodology
  employed to study how the destruction of forests is creating a negative impact
  on the psychological and spiritual aspects of the lives of both native and
  non-native peoples. Although not intended as an anthropological study,
  indigenous forest peoples were queried about their feelings related to forest
  destruction under the assumption that they are among the people most
  intimately in contact with the immediate psychological and spiritual impact of
  deforestation. Written under the umbrella of a new branch of psychology called
  'ecopsychology,' a blend of ecological and psychological perspectives, this
  dissertation examines both why humans continue to live in an abusive
  relationship with the planet and how humans can begin to heal that abusive
  relationship. In addition to presenting transcripts of interviews with
  indigenous peoples, this dissertation reviews the literature contained within
  the disciplines of ecohistory, ecophilosophy, ecopsychology, forests, and
  soul. The dissertation concludes with a movie-length screenplay story, written
  in Standard Script Format, which incorporates the themes presented in both the
  interviews and the literature review, and as is required by heuristic
  research, is a personal response to the dissertation material.
========================================

Title: An acoustic analysis of trance-channeled speech.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Woodard, Jeffrey Paul
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3720
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study applied techniques from computerized voice
  recognition to speech recorded from a trance channeler. The goal was to
  provide evidence which could assess survivalist explanations of trance
  channeling--those that claim the channeled voices originate from discarnate,
  paranormal intelligences controlling the speaker's vocal apparatus, including
  unconscious speech processes. Digital speech material was obtained from one
  channeler and two other adult male subjects, one of whom was an actor who
  purposely disguised his voice. The automated speaker-recognition methods
  included short-time linear predictive spectra computed from low-pass filtered
  speech, which were derived from nasals and other voiced sounds. These
  parameters have proven useful in identifying speakers, and were also
  conjectured to be difficult for a speaker consciously to disguise. Voice
  classification was done by vector quantization. Analysis of variance of the
  classification results indicated statistically significant differences among
  combinations of voice pairs. The actor's natural and stage voices were among
  those pairs significantly different. Furthermore, poor speaker-recognition
  accuracy was obtained for the actor. Thus, the automated methods used in this
  study were in fact susceptible to a disguise attempt. The results, then, are
  inconclusive with respect to survivalist theories because of the obvious
  difficulty in finding speech parameters that are not susceptible to conscious
  manipulation by a speaker.
========================================

Title: Therapists' spiritual development and its influence on how they do
  therapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Duty, Diane Scott
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3342
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study explored the ways in which independently
  licensed counselors, psychologists, and social workers describe spirituality
  in their personal and professional lives. Qualitative analysis was used to
  develop concepts from the data gathered from in-depth, open-ended interviews.
  The findings indicate that all 10 participants define themselves as spiritual,
  and eight list a current religious affiliation. Major and minor influences
  related to their experience of and response to organized religion are
  discussed. Categories of who the therapist is, what the therapist believes,
  and what the therapist includes in therapy are described.
========================================

Title: The experience of recovery from alcoholism: A perspective of long-term
  recovered women.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Sagot, Maureen Elizabeth
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3711
Abstract/Review/Citation: A structured open-ended interview was conducted with
  five long-term recovered women with at least 15 years sobriety from
  alcoholism. The interview addressed each woman's experience of addiction and
  her journey along the recovery process. The women were from 34 years to 57
  years of age and their length of recovery time at the completion of the
  interviews was from 15 years to 20 years. The women in this study discussed
  what led them to seek recovery from alcoholism, their affiliation with
  Alcoholics Anonymous, the impact of alcohol on their families, and what was
  and was not available to them more than fifteen years ago. Participants shared
  how addiction affected their personal health, their emotional well-being,
  their self-esteem, and their ability to manage their careers. Additionally,
  the women talked about where they see themselves now in relation to their
  addiction and how spirituality has impacted on their recovery and emotional
  growth. The long-term recovered women in this study shared perspectives of
  their experience with treatment facilities and with programs available to them
  at the time of their seeking help. Participants also offered opinions of how
  treatment modalities might be improved for women and what they would like
  treatment providers to know about their experience as recovering women.
========================================

Title: The art of self care: Self-nurturance and the African-American woman with
  HIV/AIDS.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Knight, Valerie A.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3698
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study uses grounded theory methodology to explore
  the experience of self-nurturance and the African-American woman with
  HIV/AIDS. The study offers a definition of self-nurturance as described
  through a survey of 25 women; the development of a questionnaire of
  self-nurturing activities; and in-depth interviews of eight women with
  HIV/AIDS who have used the techniques of drama therapy to augment their
  healing process. Eight 'lessons' are extracted from the data, intended to
  assist in developing an individualized program of self-nurturance. They
  include the necessity of female support to sustain self-nurturance;
  prioritizing one's needs in relationships; making the pivotal decision to
  live, survive, or die; and maintaining a connection with spirituality and all
  living things. In addition, several theories were developed for future
  research in this area. The study includes the author's artistic response and
  analysis to the data. Theatrical sequences, journal excerpts, and visual art
  exemplify the qualitative process of imaginative variation.
========================================

Title: The relationship of spirituality to adolescents' responses to loss.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Saunders, Gary Paul
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(7-B) Jan 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 3713
Abstract/Review/Citation: The relationship of spirituality to styles of reacting
  to major life events was explored. A total of 183 volunteer subjects ranging
  in age from 16 to 21 years old completed the Spiritual Orientation Inventory
  (SOI) and indicated their manner of reacting to major life losses as
  represented in achievement and affiliation scenarios on the Responses to Loss
  Questionnaire (RLQ). Factor analysis was used as a means of data reduction on
  the RLQ. A coefficient of correlation was calculated for composite scores for
  the Spiritual Orientation Inventory and each RLQ factor and unfactored items.
  Data were also analyzed by gender and the scenario themes of achievement and
  affiliation. Results suggested that adolescents who scored high in
  spirituality as measured by the SOI tended to be more likely to report healthy
  ways of coping with crisis situations by being proactive, hopeful,
  introspective, and undertaking mental, physical, and religious activity while
  not engaging in self-destructive behavior. Females who scored high in
  spirituality as measured by the SOI tended to report being proactive in their
  coping with crisis situations, particularly in achievement situations. Males
  who scored high in spirituality as measured by the SOI tended to report coping
  with affiliation crises through mental activity.
========================================

Title: The relationships among spirituality, religion, and mental health for
  African Americans.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Jones, Gwendolyn L.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(8-A) Feb 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 2869
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined the dual constructs of
  spirituality and religion as they relate to mental health for African
  Americans. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship among the
  criterion variable of mental health, and the independent variables of
  spirituality, religion, and demographics (age, gender, education, physical
  health, religious denomination and socioeconomic status). Although overlap
  between the two constructs was expected, the study investigated whether
  spirituality and religion could be significantly discerned, and whether
  results from one construct could be generalized to the other. Participants in
  this study were 255 adult African Americans, between the ages of 21 and 70 +
  years of age, located within a large public school system in the southeastern
  part of the United States. The subjects were administered The Demographic and
  Physical Health Survey, The Armstrong Measure of Spirituality, the
  Religiousness Scale, and The Mental Health Index. Results indicated that there
  were strong associations between spirituality and religion, between
  spirituality and mental health, as well as between spirituality and physical
  health. However, a series of multiple linear regression analyses indicated
  that the linear combination of spirituality, physical health, and age were the
  best predictors of mental health for African Americans. Study results
  suggested that while both spirituality and religion were strongly associated
  with mental health, spirituality was a better predictor of mental health for
  African Americans. The fact that spirituality was a better predictor of mental
  health than was religion might suggest differences in conceptualization of the
  constructs. The religiousness instrument utilized in this research focused on
  an individual's relationships with the church and with God. The spirituality
  instrument measured the relationships just mentioned and additionally assessed
  an individual's perception of self in relations to others, and a sense of
  responsibility for one's fellowman. This conceptualization of spirituality is
  expansive and includes the concept of religion. Spirituality in this sense
  appears more closely aligned with the conceptual framework of community spirit
  that has been so much a part of African American sociocultural history. This
  research lends support to the tremendous potential for spirituality and
  religion as mental health interventions with prophylactic or preventive as
  well as palliating or rehabilitative possibilities. It also lends support to
  the need for addressing spirituality and religion as part of the therapeutic
  process, as well as the development of more culturally sensitive instruments,
  if counselors are going to successfully assess and develop effective mental
  health strategies when counseling African American clients.
========================================

Title: An exploratory study of African-American clinicians' perceptions of
  spirituality and religion in the treatment of African-American clients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Lockwood, Tonya Walker
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(8-B) Feb 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 4471
Abstract/Review/Citation: Within recent years, the field of mental health has
  begun to address the issue of spirituality in the psychological literature;
  however, the utility and clinical application of spirituality with various
  ethnic minority populations, particularly African Americans, still remains
  largely unexamined. This explorative study expands the psychological
  literature by documenting the clinical experiences of eleven African American
  licensed psychologists who incorporate spirituality and religion in
  psychotherapy with African American clients. Psychologists interviewed were
  men and women between the ages of 37-66 working in the Northeast region of the
  United States. Participants were obtained through professional contacts. Data
  were gathered using a semi-structured interview format developed by the
  investigator. Qualitative analysis of the data was performed using the
  Grounded Theory Approach (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Four salient thematic
  content areas emerged through the process of interviewing, transcribing,
  coding, and analyzing of the data: clinicians' conceptualization of
  spirituality and religion; clinical applications and treatment interventions;
  ethical and outcome related issues; and recommendations for African American,
  White, and other therapists for working with African American clients in
  relation to the issue of spirituality and religion. The findings are
  interpreted with respect to their support of prior research and used to
  discuss implications for clinical practice with African American clients,
  training for pre and post doctoral psychologists, and foci for future
  research. Methodological limitations are also discussed.
========================================

Title: The holistic healing resource of erotic energy: From Wilhelm Reich's
  orgone energy to modern interdisciplinary theories.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Best, Ann Rebecca
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(8-B) Feb 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 4455
Abstract/Review/Citation: Erotic energy is a holistic healing resource that
  should be incorporated into clinical psychology theory and practice. It can
  initiate movement from alienation toward connection, integration and union and
  is central to healing splits that are prevalent among mind, body, sexuality,
  and spirituality. Full healing cannot occur without addressing sexuality,
  embodied interpersonal relating, and one's embeddedness in nature. Wilhelm
  Reich's theory and practice followed this premise, but he and other
  body-oriented psychotherapists tend to be excluded from mainstream 'talking
  cure' psychotherapy associations. In addition to Reich and his tradition, the
  place of erotic energy and striving for mutually relating in feminist
  psychology and other disciplines is reviewed to further awareness and
  integration of erotic energy in clinical psychology.
========================================

Title: The psychological and spiritual principles of the Twelve Steps of
  Alcoholics Anonymous.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mason, Daniel Aloysius
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5098
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation consists of a manuscript intended
  for publishing and an accompanying Contextual Paper dealing the scholarly
  issues involved therein. The work explores the spiritual principles, both
  Eastern and Western, that inform the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous and
  all Twelve Step organizations which have adopted these Steps. In addition, the
  common psychological principles embodied in each Step are explicated. The
  manuscript is aimed at members of clergy and the helping professions. It is
  also aimed at individuals with some intellectual propensity looking to use the
  Twelve Steps as a solution to whatever problem they may be facing or, perhaps,
  individuals looking to re-do the Steps at a deeper level. Practical exercises
  are provided. The accompanying Contextual Paper discusses the method of
  research used and explores the pros and cons of such research. It also deals
  with the professional philosophical issues in the Steps. In addition, the
  Contextual Paper describes the literature relating to this subject and where
  this work adds some original contribution. An extensive appendix deals with
  the spiritual and sociological principles involved in the Twelve Traditions of
  most Twelve Step organizations. In Sum:(UNFORMATTED TABLE OR EQUATION
  FOLLOWS)#&&# &THE TWELVE STEPS& Step Action &Spiritual
  Principle &Psy Principle 1. Write P's" &  deg.U's"
  &Truth and Defeat &Identify the Problem 2. Define Insanity &Hope
  &Basic Trust 3. Write God Letter &Surrender &Ego Reality 4. Write
  Inventory &Self Examination &Ego Reality 5. Self Disclosure
  &Confession &Affirmation 6. Prioritize Defects &Willingness
  &Grief 7. Ask &Humility &Goals Clarification 8. Make List Of
  Victims &Justice &Social Consciousness 9. Make Amends &Forgive
  Self &Healing & Freedom 10. Admit Error &Acceptance &Progress
  not &&Perfection 11. Talk and Listen &Prayer & Meditation
  &Relationship to All 12. Practice & S erve &Love & Oneness
  &Maturity(TABLE/EQUATION ENDS)
========================================

Title: The spiritual factors of seminarians coming from severely dysfunctional
  families.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wenrich, Alan C.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5118
Abstract/Review/Citation: Study explores impact spiritual factors of grace,
  unconditional love, and forgiveness had on seminarians preparing for vocations
  within the Christian church who have come from severely dysfunctional
  families. Focuses on five concepts: spiritual factors of grace, unconditional
  love, forgiveness with psychotherapy can heal; severely dysfunctional families
  contribute to emotional, relational, spiritual disorders; untreated
  family-of-origin disorders result in inappropriate behaviors by professional
  church leaders; same spiritual factors can enable seminarians to transcend
  woundedness and serve as healthy church leaders; the Church must be a safe
  place for people. Heuristic qualitative methodology employed with indepth open
  ended interviews with six Lutheran seminarians gathering data with research
  literature. Study found co-researchers experienced mild to moderate emotional
  and spiritual disorders stemming from family-of-origin issues. Spiritual
  factors of grace and unconditional love with psychotherapy lead to healing and
  wholeness preparing these seminarians to serve as psychologically and
  spiritually healthy trustworthy Church leaders. Spiritual factor of
  forgiveness questionable resource.
========================================

Title: The roles of sense of coherence, spirituality, and religion in responses
  to trauma.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Racklin, Joseph Michael
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5106
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study investigated the salutogenic or
  health-causing roles of sense of coherence, spiritual orientation, and the
  importance of organized religion in responses to traumatic exposure. Sense of
  coherence determines to what extent an individual is capable of understanding
  the nature of stressors, believes appropriate coping resources are available,
  and finds coping worthwhile. Path analysis was employed to examine the causal
  relationships between traumatic exposure, sense of coherence, spiritual
  orientation, and the importance of organized religion on the relative presence
  or absence of PTSD symptoms following traumatic exposure. Hypotheses were
  derived from theory and research pertaining to sense of coherence,
  spirituality and religion, and the emerging literature on trauma resiliency.
  An ethnically-diverse sample of 210 adults completed the Traumatic Events
  Questionnaire, the Orientation to Life Questionnaire, the Spiritual
  Orientation Inventory, the Religious Importance Scale, the PTSD Checklist, and
  a demographic questionnaire that inquired about religious affiliation,
  religious attendance, and spiritual practice. Statistical analyses found
  positive correlations between sense of coherence and spiritual orientation;
  neither was significantly associated with religious importance. Sense of
  coherence and religious importance were inversely related to PTSD symptoms,
  and spiritual orientation was positively associated with PTSD symptoms. Path
  analysis was conducted and a non-recursive, causal model of PTSD resiliency
  was proposed. Sense of coherence was found to mitigate PTSD symptoms after
  traumatic exposure. Increased levels of traumatic distress caused increases in
  spiritual orientation and decreases in religious importance. Fostering
  spiritual orientation decreased traumatic distress by buttressing sense of
  coherence. Religious importance without an intrinsic spiritual component did
  not strengthen sense of coherence and thus did not lower traumatic distress.
  Ancillary analyses found that 85.7% of the sample experienced at least one
  traumatic event in their lifetime. The lifetime PTSD prevalence for the sample
  was 22.4%. No gender or ethnicity differences were noted for traumatic
  exposure or PTSD symptoms. Sense of coherence did not differ by gender or
  ethnicity. Spiritual orientation was significantly higher among women, but no
  ethnicity differences were observed. Religious importance was significantly
  higher for non-Caucasian subjects, but no gender differences were found. These
  findings suggest that the adverse effects of traumatic exposure are mitigated
  by stronger sense of coherence levels. If distressed by traumatic symptoms,
  however, turning toward spirituality reduces traumatic distress by reinforcing
  sense of coherence levels. The study provides evidence for the inclusion of
  spirituality in models of health, prevention strategies, and treatment
  interventions. Clinical and public policy implications are addressed.
  Limitations are discussed and recommendations for further study are offered.
========================================

Title: Spiritual-energetic psychotherapy in the theoretical context of Caroline
  Myss.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Chapman, Catherine Ann
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5075
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spiritual-Energetic Psychotherapy developed over the
  course of twenty years by integrating spirituality, energy work and
  hypnotherapy with traditional 'talk' psychotherapy. The roots of
  Spiritual-Energetic Psychotherapy are found in various forms of body-based
  techniques which facilitate emotional healing by means of manipulating the
  body to release tension. Body-based techniques evolved to energy-based
  techniques which manipulate the energy field of the client for the purpose of
  facilitating emotional and spiritual healing. Caroline Myss, a medical
  intuitive, believes that emotional difficulties and physical disease are
  usually the result of an individual's refusal to release the past and live in
  present time, thus diverting the energy needed to heal the body to the
  nurturing of past wounds. Her theories provide a conceptual framework for the
  release of the energy of past traumas and present belief systems which keep
  individuals embedded in the past. Spiritual-Energetic Psychotherapy
  incorporates the spiritual life of the individual as the underlying source of
  healing for the client. A multi-faceted, eight-session case study examines the
  use of Spiritual-Energetic Psychotherapy from Myss' theoretical system.
  Included in the case study are energetic assessments of the client, treatment
  modalities used, an explication of assessment and results based upon Myss'
  theories and the clinician's interpretive evaluation. The active participation
  of the client as well as her relationship to the divine and to her spiritual
  guides on the inner plane are integral to her healing.
========================================

Title: Divine awakening: Psychospiritual dimensions of self-transcendence.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Whisenand, Elaine S.
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5118
Abstract/Review/Citation: Based on interviews with 11 individuals who met the
  criteria for participation, data were collected on the experience of
  transcending the self. The data depicted in-depth personal accounts gathered
  through tape-recorded interviews, letters, poetry, self-interviews, and
  journal writings. Findings revealed that self-transcendence is a spiritual
  journey of leaving self, finding Self, merging Self with God, and reconnection
  to Divine Self. Analysis of the data revealed eleven essential themes of the
  experience: (1) Being - in between, (2) Being - in the light of opening, (3)
  Being - in trance - asleep, (4) Being - in the shadow of discovery, (5) Being
  - awake and present, (6) Being - one - with, (7) Being - with - spirit, (8)
  Being - in - love and compassion, (9) Being - in connection with the divine,
  (10) Knowing - thy will be done - not my will, and (11) Being - co-creator. A
  qualitative model using heuristic methodology, developed by Moustakas, guided
  the research through six phases: autobiographical connections to the question,
  pertinent literature review, descriptions of research model, methods and
  procedures used, data analysis and synthesis, and implications and
  applications summary. Data included presentations of exemplary depictions and
  portraits of self-transcendence, a composite depiction representing all 11
  co-researchers and a creative synthesis of the meaning and essence of
  spirituality and self-transcendence. Societal, professional, educational and
  personal implications, limitations of the study, and possibilities for future
  study and research were presented.
========================================

Title: Psychospiritual openings of meditating pain patients: A phenomenological
  study.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Brown, Jane Roberta
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5072
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation examines the psychospiritual
  experience of pain patients who attended and completed an outpatient stress
  reduction and relaxation program with the primary intent of diminishing their
  pain. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the psychospiritual
  transitions in persons meditating without the intended goal of having such
  experiences. Due to the desire for a systematic investigation of this
  subjective experience, a phenomenological method was chosen for the study.
  Four pain patients were selected who had completed the Stress Reduction and
  Relaxation Program at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and who
  had also alluded in their questionnaire responses to psychospiritual
  experiences. They were asked to describe, in an open-ended interview their
  experience of attending the clinic for the diminishing of their pain. This
  clinic's core program was training in mindfulness meditation and stress
  reduction in both group and individual setting. They were then asked to speak
  to the continued changes in their lives as a result of their work in the
  clinic and on-going meditation. All of those interviewed were beginning
  meditators before participating in this stress reduction program. Data was
  analyzed according to the phenomenological method of Giorgi (1971, 1975). The
  results reflected the innate psychospiritual power of mindfulness meditation
  as participants integrated meditation into other change modalities in their
  lives (e.g. therapy, religious services, physical therapy, etc.). In actual
  meditation they reported a deepening of meaning of practiced religious
  experiences, a sense of the interrelatedness of life, a vision of the
  possibilities of new life and a peace or calmness. This manifested in their
  lives as shifts in an increased awareness of nature, a deepening of
  relationships, a broadening concept of God, an increased acceptance and
  kindness towards self, a more mindful perspective of events and/or an expanded
  vision of their life-world in which pain claimed a smaller portion. The
  individual changes differed but seemed to be the needed movement to bring more
  balance to their lives. Three of the four continued a light discipline of
  mindfulness meditation which they modified to fit their lives. Following the
  interview, the fourth also planned to continue, but the lack of group support
  appeared to be a detriment to this.
========================================

Title: Religious and non-religious aspects of spirituality and their relation to
  Myers-Briggs Personality typology.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Perez, Salome'
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5104
Abstract/Review/Citation: The present study developed the Personal Experience
  Scale (PES), in order to assess different dimensions of spirituality.
  Participants were recruited from individuals awaiting jury duty at an urban
  county courthouse (N = 302). A factor analyses yielded 9 of 12 hypothesized
  dimensions of spirituality, with alpha coefficients ranging from.85 to.95.
  Demographic data were obtained and correlated with the factors. In a
  validation phase of the study, data from an additional group of college
  students from two local universities were collected (N = 246). It was
  hypothesized that significant relationships between Myers-Briggs dichotomies
  and specific PES domains would be found. Results of a multivariate analysis of
  variance lend support to the hypothesis that different expressions of
  spirituality are related to personality type. Additionally, the efficacy of
  the PES was measured by assessing its relationship to the Age Universal L/E-R
  scale and to the Spiritual Well-Being scale. Results provided strong evidence
  of convergent and discriminant validity. In summary, major findings from this
  study indicate (a) that there are various dimensions of spirituality, (b) that
  a person does not need to consider him or herself religious to experience
  spirituality, (c) that the PES appears to be an internally reliable instrument
  that possesses considerable convergent and discriminant validity, (d) that
  there is a significant relationship between expressions of spirituality and
  personality type, (e) that spirituality may consist of two unipolar
  structures, which can be viewed as conventional (religious) and alternative
  (non-religious) structures of spirituality, and (f) that specific dimensions
  of spirituality are contained within each structure.
========================================

Title: A theory of spirituality related to chemical dependency recovery.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ettelson, Richard
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5079
Abstract/Review/Citation: The problem. The purpose of this dissertation was to
  devise a theory of spirituality to explain how spirituality works in the
  recovery of chemically dependent persons. Method. A critical review of the
  literature was presented, which included the psychology of religion.
  literature relating to Alcoholics Anonymous, and literature relating to
  chemical dependency treatment. The theory. Two types of spirituality were
  posited. One type of spirituality dealt with private-individual spirituality,
  such as the type that Bill Wilson. the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous
  experienced. The other type of spirituality posited was historical-collective,
  which is the type of spirituality usually found within religious or cultural
  groups. When private-individual spiritual experience is recorded and
  transmitted, it becomes historical-collective spiritual experience.
  Historical-collective spiritual experience can be communicated so that
  chemically dependent people are exposed to and can benefit from spiritual
  experience that at one time enabled an individual to recover from chemical
  dependency. Application of the theory. Spirituality varies among different
  religious and cultural groups. Spirituality was examined from a Buddhist,
  Islamic, Christian, Jewish, and Native American perspective. The different
  ways these religious and cultural groups apply spirituality to recovery from
  chemical dependency were examined. Hypothesis. The dissertation concluded with
  suggestions for further research using the following hypothesis: Spirituality
  has a curative effect in chemical dependency recovery.
========================================

Title: Incorporating religious variables into a model of self-efficacy and
  adjustment to cancer.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Howsepian, Barbara Anne Trexler
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(9-B) Mar 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 5087
Abstract/Review/Citation: Religiosity has been found to be important in
  individuals' lives especially when they face stressors. Therefore, this
  research study attempted to incorporate religiosity into an existing model of
  adjustment to an uncontrollable life stressor, namely, cancer. The model
  consisted of four types of variables that are commonly thought to influence an
  individual's adjustment to cancer. These variables included developmental
  stage represented by age, medical context of disease represented by
  physiological cancer impact, interpersonal resources represented by perceived
  social support and spiritual support, and intrapersonal resources represented
  by religious belief. It was hypothesized that all four of these constructs
  would relate with a second intrapersonal resource, namely, cancer-related
  self-efficacy, which, in turn, would relate to psychosocial adjustment.
  Moreover, because the literature demonstrates that there are differences in
  the ways different religious groups cope with life stressors, differences in
  the patterns of relationships among the examined constructs that arose between
  cancer patients from Protestant and Catholic faiths were explored. Data was
  collected from 188 voluntary participants from the California central valley.
  Participants were aged 46 years and older and either previously had suffered
  with or were currently suffering from cancer. The cross-sectional data were
  comprised of participants' responses to 11 self-report questionnaires that
  assessed the seven constructs employed in this study. Hypothesized models were
  tested by using LISREL VII and multiple regression analysis procedures.
  Analyses indicated that spiritual support and religious belief were very
  highly correlated and, thus, not two separate constructs. Consequently, only
  spiritual support was maintained as the representative religiosity construct
  in model testing analyses. Surprisingly, results revealed that religiosity was
  not related to psychosocial adjustment either directly or indirectly through
  self-efficacy for either the whole cancer patient sample or the Protestant or
  Catholic sub-samples. It was hypothesized that perhaps the cancer patient
  sample was not impacted severely enough by their diseases to warrant drawing
  upon religiosity as a coping resource. Findings did suggest that the pattern
  of relationships among the coping constructs and adjustment differed somewhat
  for Protestants and Catholics. Further research is needed to provide more
  definitive evidence for these differences.
========================================

Title: Religious approaches to the secondary and tertiary prevention of
  substance abuse: Their efficacy in reducing risk factors among late
  adolescents and young adults. (spirituality, intervention).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Saunders, Donna Marie
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(11-A) Jun 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 4070
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study investigates the efficacy of religious
  substance abuse interventions for reducing risk factors among late adolescents
  and young adults. Using a pre-test/post-test experimental design, this study
  followed an age cohort of 111 males, 18 to 30, through the first phase (Phase
  1) of religious drug treatment (120 days) to determine (a) if Phase 1
  religious drug treatment was associated with psychological risk reduction; and
  (b) the impact of religious factors (specifically, intrinsic religious
  orientation, religious coping styles, and spiritual well-being) on the outcome
  of Phase 1 religious treatment. Results revealed that religious drug treatment
  was associated with the reduction of depression and perceived stress and with
  increases in self-esteem. In addition, religious factors served as significant
  predictors of psychological risk reduction for this cohort of males (P
  <.05). The study's results, therefore, support the efficacy of religious
  drug treatment for reducing the psychological risks that are associated with
  youthful drug use and offer possible reasons why religious drug treatment
  works, e.g., religious drug treatment reduces psychological risks of youthful
  drug use by enhancing religiosity and spiritual well-being among treatment
  participants.
========================================

Title: Spiritual health and its relation to levels of perceived stress among a
  sample of university students.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mcgee, Melissa Anne
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(11-A) Jun 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 4072
Abstract/Review/Citation: This research study explored the relationship between
  spiritual health and perceived stress in a sample of university undergraduate
  students. Specifically, the study investigated two research questions: (1) Can

  spiritual health be enhanced through a planned educational intervention, and
  (2) Does a relationship exist between level of spiritual health and level of
  perceived stress. A quasi- experimental, nonequivalent control group design
  was used to compare three study groups-the Treatment Group which consisted of
  students enrolled in section 1 of a stress management course, Comparison Group
  I which consisted of students enrolled in section 2 of a stress management
  course, and Comparison Group II which consisted of students enrolled in a
  family studies course. Each group was administered a pre-test at the beginning
  of the spring semester to assess levels of spiritual health and levels of
  perceived stress. Throughout the semester, the Treatment Group was exposed to
  a stress management curriculum that entailed a semester-long component focused
  on spiritual health. Exposure to spiritual health issues took place through
  specially-designed writing assignments, mini-projects and journaling. At the
  end of the semester, a post-test was administered to reassess levels of
  spiritual health and perceived stress. Instrumentation consisted of Howden's
  Spirituality Assessment Scale (SAS) and Craig, Hancock and Craig's Lifestyle
  Appraisal Questionnaire (LAQ), part II. A total of 115 undergraduate students
  participated in this study. Analyses of the study's data revealed the
  following: (1) students in the Treatment Group were found to exhibit
  significantly higher scores on the SAS at post-test than either Comparison
  Group I or II, (2) scores on the SAS were significantly and inversely related
  to scores on the LAQ, part II thus indicating that higher levels of spiritual
  health were related to lower levels of perceived stress, and (3) students in
  the Treatment Group were found to have significantly lower scores on the LAQ,
  part II at post-test than Comparison Group II.
========================================
Record #183.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (383 of 868)

Title: Patterns of religious experience among psychotherapists and their
  relation to theoretical orientation.(spiritual orientation, therapeutic).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Smith, David Paul
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(11-B) Jun 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 6079
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation addresses the role that religion and
  spirituality play in the personal beliefs and professional beliefs and
  practices of psychotherapists. It asks whether most psychotherapists are
  irreligious or 'secular,' as is commonly believed, or do in fact regard
  themselves as religious or spiritual persons in some sense. It does this by
  examining the extent to which therapists value various aspects of religion and
  spirituality, and by distinguishing the orientations to religion and
  spirituality underlying their reported experiences. Two basic dimensions of
  therapists' experience are identified, and are used to construct a typology of
  orientations to religion and spirituality. The study then examines the
  reported personal religious development of therapists for each of these
  orientations, and asks whether therapists reporting different orientations to
  religion and spirituality feel that their experiences in that regard influence
  their therapeutic practice. Finally, the study asks whether therapists who
  differ in their orientations to religion and spirituality also tend to differ
  in their theoretical orientations and typical treatment goals. The results
  indicate that while the psychotherapists in this study lean toward a secular
  orientation the majority value some public or private aspect of religion or
  spirituality, close to a third score high on two dimensions of religious
  experience (i.e., public and private). In general, they indicate a moderate
  influence of religious/spiritual experience on their practice of
  psychotherapy. Religious and spiritual orientations do not significantly
  relate to therapeutic orientation nor therapeutic goals. Much of the results
  support previous research on the religious characteristics of mental health
  workers. Further research is indicated to examine the meaning of religious
  influence on therapy and to compare and explicate the characteristics of the
  various styles of religiosity among psychotherapists.
========================================
Record #184.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (384 of 868)

Title: Gay identity, typology, and eating disorders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Jeffries, Eric
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(11-B) Jun 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 6068
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation explores the relationship between
  the typologies of gay men and eating disorders (EDs). The literature review
  suggested that EDs comprised a group of symptoms that affected young women
  whose mothers were overly close, and who were perfectionistic (Bruch, 1973).
  Recently it was reported that men with EDs were disproportionately gay (Herzog
  et al., 1984). Six gay men with a diagnosed ED were interviewed and portraits
  were created. Each man also completed a Myers Briggs Type Inventory (Briggs,
  1993). Common themes showed that they tended to have better relationships with
  their mothers than their fathers, who were physically or emotionally absent.
  Surprisingly, only one recalled sexual abuse. In general the findings support
  the literature on EDs in young women, especially those of Rizzuto (1988) and
  Kreiger (1989) who emphasize developmental issues, such as shaming. The
  typology scores showed that five of the men were introverts and four were
  intuitives, but also that feeling was an important superior or auxiliary
  function. This extends the work of Woodman (1982) who found women with EDs to
  be introverted intuitive types. The discussion focuses on the issues of how
  typology might contribute to the turning away from a culture that, in Jungian
  terms, was more thinking and sensation orientated. Shame is strongly
  associated with these typologies, and both the 'different' sexual and
  typological orientation from the mainstream preferences may rise to a feeling
  of hopelessness that in turn activates the Thanatos drive. Food is seen as
  essential to life, and yet comparatively young gay men were turning away from
  this, and perhaps from physical and emotional closeness to others. They
  yearned for community or spirituality, but food and its sharing are
  fundamental in relationships.
========================================
Record #185.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (385 of 868)

Title: Integrating spirituality into psychological practice. (Buddhism).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Berman, Michael Craig
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(11-B) Jun 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 6059
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This dissertation contains two working hypothesis:
  Psychology has the capacity to be an essential vehicle in helping others
  employ spirituality to facilitate their development, and the integration of
  spirituality is necessary for enabling psychological practice transcend its
  limitations. These premises are explored by first examining the zeitgeist
  psychology was born into. The contributing factors to both spirituality's
  absence in early psychology and its subsequent segregation from the
  profession's practice are delineated. The discussion further elaborates
  emerging views internal and external to psychology, which collectively create
  an opportunity for spirituality's integration into psychology. Spirituality is
  adapted into the bio-psycho-social model to provide a theoretical framework
  for this integration. The clinical implications of the resulting
  biopsycho-social-spiritual model are expanded upon and operationalized through
  a description of Buddhist Psychotherapy. This integrative approach presents an
  ideal avenue for the clinical application of spirituality. Specific attention
  is given to how psychology will benefit from spirituality. The discourse
  concludes with an overview of the pitfalls and guidelines intrinsic to
  incorporating spirituality into psychological practice.
========================================
Record #186.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (386 of 868)

Title: Group spiritual direction program for depressed persons.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Barnes, Peter John
Paper Number: 19991201
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(12-A) Jun 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 4457
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spiritual direction is a very old term used to
  describe the practice of spiritual guidance given to a directee by a spiritual
  director. The purpose of spiritual direction is to enable a directee to
  explore and enhance their understanding and relationship with their God. In
  group spiritual direction the group leader facilitates the participants to
  provide spiritual guidance. The group is empowered to care for one another. In
  each session one group member claims the session and becomes the directee,
  while the others provide the spiritual guidance. The group spiritual direction
  program endeavors to meet the spiritual needs of the specific group members.
  Group spiritual direction is relatively new and there is nothing written on
  its use with people with mental health problems. This thesis is prophetic in
  that it is the sharing of research that proves the value of group spiritual
  direction in helping the healing process of people diagnosed with mild to
  moderate depression. The preferred treatment of depressed persons is cognitive
  therapy and change is accomplished through adult learning. In this thesis
  project the group members were coached in the use of cognitive therapy to
  address the spiritual needs of the member who chose to be the directee in any
  given session. The model of learning is an adult model and learning was
  facilitated through the practice of reflection, and is known as Transformative
  Learning. This research, through qualitative and quantitative methodology, has
  shown that group spiritual direction improves the mood of the clients who are
  mildly to moderately depressed.
========================================
Record #187.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (387 of 868)

Title: The lived experience of spirituality and healing among persons with
  life-threatening cancer: 'Making it real'.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Phillips, Catherine Frances
Paper Number: 19991201
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 59(12-A) Jun 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 4370
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to describe the lived
  experience of spirituality and healing among five persons with life
  threatening cancer, who actively worked to develop their spiritual awareness
  in a group psychotherapy program. A hermeneutic phenomenological model of
  qualitative research was used to investigate the experience from the
  perspective of the participants. The objective was to capture a 'thick'
  description of the experience and the meaning the participants attributed to
  it. Each participant collaborated in the construction of a personal narrative
  reflecting his or her individual experience. The collective experience was
  described in a text based on a thematic analysis of the common and unique
  themes which emerged from two open ended interviews with each participant. For
  the five participants, spirituality meant opening up to their inner self and
  connecting with something larger. Healing was experienced as a letting go and
  an opening up process. Letting go meant relinquishing longstanding patterns of
  thoughts, feelings, and behaviours that stood in the way of spiritual growth
  and opening up referred to the sense of expansiveness and healing that was
  achieved through practising forgiveness, acceptance and trust and engaging in
  spiritual practices. The spiritual self felt different. Participants
  experienced greater comfort and easiness with themselves and with others and a
  new sense of peacefulness. A stronger sense of meaning and purpose emerged
  from self exploration, new clarity about what was important in life and a
  sense of connection with a higher power. Developing spiritually was described
  as hard work, requiring extensive personal investment and commitment to make
  it meaningful. Group participation offered the structure, direction and
  fellowship that fostered this kind of commitment. Critical to motivating and
  sustaining spiritual development was finding personal meaning or
  &ldquo;feeling right&rdquo; about the process. 'Making it real'
  referred to the way the participants lived, felt and personalized their
  spiritual awareness to make it meaningful and powerful for themselves.
========================================
Record #188.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (388 of 868)

Title: Capturing the meanings of religiousness and spirituality: One way down
  from a definitional tower of Babel.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Zinnbauer, Brian James
Paper Number: 19991201
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(12-B) Jun 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 6500
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined individual and group differences
  in the meanings of religiousness and spirituality through the use of a policy
  capturing approach. Specifically, 21 Christian clergy members and 20
  registered nurses judged 60 hypothetical profiles of individuals that differed
  on 8 religious and spiritual attributes or cues. For each profile, separate
  judgments of religiousness and spirituality were made on a 9 point scale.
  Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess which cues were used by
  the participants to judge religiousness, and which cues were used to judge
  spirituality. Additionally, the policies of religiousness and spirituality
  captured for each participant were compared within the two groups and across
  the groups to determine whether the judges attributed meaningful differences
  to the two constructs. Results indicated that compared with policies of
  spirituality, policies of religiousness used fewer cues, were more consistent
  across judges in levels of judgment and relative weights assigned to the cues,
  and were more often characterized by attendance at formal religious services
  and adherence to church tenets or doctrine. Significant group differences in
  policies of religiousness and spirituality emerged for the types of cues used
  in the policies. The implications of the results for the study of
  religiousness and spirituality were also discussed.
========================================
Record #189.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (389 of 868)

Title: The impact of spirituality on the coping process in families dealing with
  pediatric HIV or pediatric nephrotic syndrome.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Armstrong, Tonya Denise
Paper Number: 19991201
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 59(12-B) Jun 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 6482
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spirituality refers to a relationship with a
  transcendent force that brings meaning and purpose to one's existence, and
  affects the way in which one operates in the world. Spiritual coping
  mechanisms remain basically unexplored, particularly as they pertain to
  families coping with HIV/AIDS. Although the historical, situational, health,
  and drug contexts that are often operative in African American communities may
  make African Americans more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS, there are a number of
  cultural strengths such as a spiritual orientation that may ameliorate
  vulnerabilities to the disease's debilitating consequences. Spiritual coping
  was expected to uniquely contribute to the coping process at the levels of
  stress appraisal, coping activities, and well-being. The current study
  predicted differences in spirituality, religiosity, stress, coping strategies,
  and well-being between groups categorized by ethnicity and illness.
  Quantitative measures of these variables were administered to caregivers of
  children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS (n = 18), children with nephrotic syndrome (n
  = 36), and healthy children (n = 36). Qualitative interviews were also
  conducted with 15 families representative of these groups. Results indicated
  the highest levels of spirituality and &ldquo;turning to
  religion&rdquo; as a coping strategy among African-American caregivers of
  children with pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Non-African-American caregivers in
  the control group reported the lowest levels of spirituality, religiosity,
  turning to religion as a coping strategy, and denial as a coping strategy,
  while African-American caregivers of HIV-positive children demonstrated the
  highest levels of stress in the form of pessimism. As hypothesized,
  spirituality moderated the relationship between stress and coping in that
  higher levels of spirituality were associated with higher levels of
  problem-focused coping and positive reframing, and lower levels of
  emotion-focused coping and denial in the face of stress. Moreover,
  spirituality moderated the relationship between stress and well-being such
  that, under high levels of spirituality, individuals were buffered from the
  negative effects of stress on increased depression, though opposite effects
  were found for life satisfaction and family cohesion as outcomes. The
  cumulative findings of the present study provide evidence of the role of
  spirituality as a coping mechanism associated with adaptive outcomes.
========================================
Record #190.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (390 of 868)

Title: The resilient psychotherapist: An heuristic inquiry into vicarious
  traumatization.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Bennett-Baker, Alethea Anne
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(1-B) Jul 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0357
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study evolved from a desire to understand the
  experience of vicarious traumatization, the transformation experienced in the
  self of the therapist as a result of empathic engagement with clients' trauma
  material. The study was conducted utilizing the heuristic design and
  methodology. The findings of this study were based on data analyzed from
  interviews with 13 psychotherapists, including licensed psychologists, social
  workers, and counselors, between the ages of 36 and 58. The composite
  depiction of psychotherapists' experience supports the data that vicarious
  traumatization is characterized by the following: PTSD-like symptoms, based on
  clients' material; feelings of self-doubt; a tendency to pull away from
  primary relationships; and a cathartic release after talking with colleagues
  who understand vicarious traumatization as a normal reaction to doing trauma
  therapy. The findings offered information to psychotherapists, mental health
  supervisors, and consultants, extending their knowledge. Finally, implications
  of the data included: the need for more graduate education about trauma,
  trauma therapy, and vicarious traumatization; the importance of effective
  supervision in ameliorating the adverse effects of vicarious traumatization;
  the most effective ways of coping with vicarious traumatization; and how some
  therapists transform this experience into an opportunity for personal and
  professional growth. Five themes permeated the experience of these
  psychotherapists: (1) Vicarious traumatization is a normal reaction to doing
  trauma therapy; (2) Vicarious traumatization will change you, as a person and
  as a therapist; (3) Therapists gained a new awareness of the preciousness of
  relationships; (4) Therapists learned to transform vicarious traumatization in
  the midst of the session; that is, they developed the ability to change the
  painful experience of listening to trauma material into an experience of
  healing for their clients and themselves; and (5) Spirituality is the bridge
  to healing. In the final chapter, a discussion, summary, implications, and
  recommendations for further research are provided.
========================================
Record #191.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (391 of 868)

Title: Adolescent meaning making and faith development: A Heideggerian
  hermeneutical approach.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Tobin, Gerard Andrew
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0859
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examines the process of meaning making
  among late adolescents within the context of faith development. The goal was
  to understand how the religious experience and spiritual development of late
  adolescents contribute to their ability to make sense of their lived lives and
  their personal world, what this study terms meaning making. Meaning questions
  are best addressed by qualitative research methods. To this end, a
  phenomenological-hermeneutical method of inquiry was employed which allowed
  the researchers to holistically approach and understand the late adolescent
  experience of meaning making within the specific experience of the Kairos
  retreat. Interviews were conducted with fifteen seniors in high school who had
  participated in the Kairos retreat program. Five males and six females
  discussed their positive experiences while two males and two females were
  selected to discuss their disappointing experiences. Analysis of the
  transcribed data yielded eleven thematic representations which were further
  delineated into five constitutive patterns which comprised the elements of the
  meaning making experience. From the stories the participants shared a profile
  of a person most likely to engage the Kairos experience as a means of
  recomposing meaning in his/her life was generated. The five constitutive
  patterns included: the importance of community before, during and after the
  experience; the experience of belonging through identification with the
  stories of other participants; transformation of childhood images of God and
  experience of the Numinous; transformation of suffering; and integration of
  the experience at the levels of intellect, affect and spirituality. Kairos
  does not change the lives of late adolescents but it offers a means to help
  late adolescents to compose and recompose meaning in their lives. The research
  method invites the reader to validate one's own experience of meaning making
  in light of the data which are represented. Implications for further study are
  discussed.
========================================
Record #192.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (392 of 868)

Title: The effects of chronic exposure to stresses on the intensive care nurse.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Forest, Jennifer Maureen
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0576
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The intensive care unit (ICU) has been described
  frequently as extremely stressful. Little is known about the effects of work
  with critical care patients on the intensive care nurse. Nurses have a primary
  role in patient care and therefore it is important to address stress and
  burnout among ICU nurses in order to maintain and improve the quality of
  patient care. Utilizing a mixed qualitative and quantitative format, the
  present study examined the personal feelings, reactions, and coping strategies
  of ICU nurses in relation to working with critically ill adult patients.
  Eleven intensive care nurses who work in a county hospital in northern
  California completed an hour long semi-structured interview designed by the
  researcher specifically for this study. Each interview was audio-taped and
  transcribed verbatim. The primary themes were grouped into categories and
  analyzed. Following the interview, each participant was administered the
  Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. The group
  exhibited a moderate level of burnout and all participants reported
  experiencing strong affective responses to their work. These responses
  included sadness, grief, anger, frustration, and helplessness. To mitigate
  these feelings nurses described using a variety of coping strategies. The
  methods most utilized by the nurses were attempts to create positive meaning
  by focusing on personal growth and maintaining a strong sense of spirituality,
  and problem-focused attempts to alter the situation and solve the problem.
  Role conflict, including differences in priorities with physicians, deaths of
  patients, and tending to the needs of patients' families were identified as
  primary stressors. Organizational stressors included inadequate staffing,
  excessive workload, and a pervasive sense of indifference and lack of support
  from administrators and supervisors. Several nurses attributed these problems
  to the implementation of managed care. An important finding from this study is
  nurses are profoundly affected by their work. The results suggested that
  nurses need to talk about their feelings. It is important to analyze and
  understand these reactions to minimize job stress and burnout, and thereby
  maintaining and improving patient care. These issues should be addressed on an
  organizational level.
========================================
Record #193.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (393 of 868)

Title: Letting in the light: One person's experience of a person-centered
  process.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Kaplan, Peggy
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0833
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This the story of a healing process experienced by the
  author, including enough autobiographical material to put the story into a
  comprehensible frame of reference. It is an account of a non-traditional
  process, which resulted in dramatic and lasting change, facilitated by someone
  who was not a trained therapist. The second half of the paper presents the
  process in a scholarly context. Although it was in many ways an extremely
  non-traditional process, nevertheless it was also a person-centered,
  humanistic, psycho-spiritual process. The literature review covers humanistic
  psychotherapy, using person-centered, gestalt and existential therapies as
  representatives of this model. It also reviews literature from spiritual
  traditions: Sufism, Buddhism and contemplative Christianity. The author
  discusses the process as a person-centered, humanistic, psychospiritual event,
  showing how it fulfilled the requirements of these orientations. The author
  also considers the facilitator's perspective, and the role of love in the
  healing process. The spiritual nature of three humanistic
  traditions&mdash;person-centered, gestalt and existential&mdash;is
  demonstrated, as well as the nearly identical aims and often, techniques, of
  spiritual paths and humanistic psychotherapy.
========================================
Record #194.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (394 of 868)

Title: Proud skin: A woman's experience of living from the incest scar. A
  phenomenological investigation of incest-healed.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Supan, Marita-Constance
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0844
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: A phenomenological research model guided the
  exploration of essential qualities and meanings which comprise a woman's
  experience of living from the incest scar&mdash;that is, the experience of
  incest-healed. A search of published literature revealed no studies in this
  area. Co-researchers consisted of 6 women, ages 30 to 62, who experienced
  early-onset (before puberty), chronic (lasting more than a year) incest, and
  who describe themselves as now living from the incest scar. Expressive
  representations and open-ended interviews provided data, which were analyzed
  according to phenomenological methods and processes. Findings reveal that the
  incest scar is so integral to participants' experience that it constitutes the
  <italic>existential reality out of which life is lived</italic>.
  The scar is described as an on-going, conscious transformation of the incest
  wound from an other-inflicted outrage that rends the self to a condition of
  wholeness constructed by intentionality and self-processes: It is experienced
  as the central seam where fragments of the self have been
  &ldquo;stitched&rdquo; to consciousness through integrating the
  memories, feelings, and meanings connected with incest. Thus, the scar holds
  in creative tension the dialectics of incest trauma, and connects the self
  with streams of experience and energy which impel it toward wholeness. Living
  from the scar involves a spiraling evolution, which takes place in a
  relational matrix, and is expected to continue throughout life. Living from
  the incest scar is characterized by authenticity, self-intimacy, and agency.
  The locus of control is internal, and the role of intentionality is prominent:
  To the extent that awareness and self-responsibility are maintained,
  behavioral reenactments and intrusive and somatic symptoms are minimal. As
  incest-wound-transformed, the scar contains the wound's violence, pain, and
  lasting loss, and simultaneously imposes limits on its multilayered effects.
  Participants manage neurophysiological difficulties and state-dependent memory
  through consciousness and choice. Having relinquished the myths of
  invulnerability and of a safe society, they seek truth and advocate for the
  oppressed. The cost of heightened social awareness is mediated by a
  spirituality grounded in surrender to the Mystery of Transformation. Clinical
  and social implications are suggested.
========================================
Record #195.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (395 of 868)

Title: Developing a workshop for training psychologists in the area of religion
  and spirituality in clinical practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Baich, Stephen J.
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0817
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: A workshop for training psychologists in the area of
  religion and spirituality in clinical practice was developed, implemented, and
  assessed for effectiveness. Forty doctoral students in clinical psychology
  participated in this workshop, which consisted of both didactic and
  interactive learning experiences. Participants completed pre and post workshop
  questionnaires and reported lower levels of traditional religious attitudes,
  beliefs, and practices in comparison to the general population. Participants
  also reported that spirituality was more relevant than religion in their
  personal lives. Although these findings are generally consistent in direction
  with previous surveys of clinical psychologists, there were indications that
  participants may have been more personally and professionally receptive to
  religious and spiritual issues than were previous samples of clinical
  psychologists. A majority of participants reported that religious and
  spiritual issues were rarely or never presented in their clinical training,
  and expressed a belief that such training is both needed and desirable.
  Results indicated that the workshop was effective in increasing participants'
  awareness of and sensitivity to religious and spiritual issues in clinical
  practice. Results also indicated that the workshop was effective in
  encouraging participants to examine their personal and professional attitudes
  toward religious and spiritual attitudes, beliefs, and practices in an effort
  to minimize the possibility of bias and countertransference problems. Results
  also indicated that the workshop was effective in increasing participants'
  awareness of the deficits in training in religious and spiritual issues for
  psychologists. These results suggest that this workshop for training
  psychologists in the area of religion and spirituality in clinical practice
  may be a valuable addition to the educational curriculum of psychologists.
========================================
Record #196.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (396 of 868)

Title: Factors enhancing the health of HIV seropositive men.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Heinrich, Carol R.
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0577
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This research developed and tested a theoretical
  model, proposed as an over-identified, recursive causal model, that explains
  the relationships among perceived hope, social support, uncertainty in
  illness, and spirituality and their effect on the perceived health of HIV
  seropositive men. In this study, hope, social support, and spirituality were
  theorized to affect perceived health in HIV seropositive men. In addition,
  social support, uncertainty in illness, and spirituality were theorized to
  affect hope in this population; and that social support has a negative effect
  on uncertainty in illness. The sample consisted of 125 HIV seropositive men
  recruited from urban HIV clinics. Age ranged from 21 to 55 (X = 38.02); 40%
  were African American, 40% Caucasian, and 20% were Hispanic. The theoretical
  model was tested using causal model analysis methods. Results included a
  Goodness of Fit Index of.90, and a Comparative Fit index of.79 which indicated
  minimal fit of the model with the data. Findings revealed significant, direct
  paths from hope to perceived health (<math> <f>
  <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>.57,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.001</f> </math>),
  uncertainty in illness to hope (<math> <f>
  <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>-.40,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.001</f> </math>),
  social support to uncertainty in illness (<math> <f>
  <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>-.19,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.05</f> </math>), and
  spirituality to hope (<math> <f> <g>b</g>=<hsp
  sp='0.212'>-.52,<hsp sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp
  sp='0.212'>.001</f> </math>). The paths from social support to
  perceived health, spirituality to perceived health, and social support to hope
  were not found to be statistically significant. The indirect effects of
  spirituality on perceived health through hope (<math> <f>
  <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>.30,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.001</f> </math>),
  and uncertainty in illness on perceived health through hope (<math>
  <f> <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>-.23,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.001</f> </math>)
  were found to be statistically significant. The total effect of spirituality
  on perceived health was also found to be significant (<math> <f>
  <g>b</g>=<hsp sp='0.212'>.28,<hsp
  sp='0.265'>p&lt;<hsp sp='0.212'>.01</f> </math>).
  However, the total effect of social support on perceived health was not found
  to be significant. Based on the model generated by this research, it can be
  concluded that hope directly contributes to perceived health among HIV
  seropositive men. It can also be said that spirituality has a positive direct
  effect on hope, and that social support decreases uncertainty in illness.
  Therefore, it can be concluded that hope plays an important role in enhancing
  perceived health in this sample and interventions need to be designed to
  create or maintain hope by meeting the spiritual needs of this population.
========================================
Record #197.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (397 of 868)

Title: A Kabbalistic analytic psychology: A preliminary study of separation and
  unification in the human psyche.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cohen Meidan, Yossi
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(2-B) Aug 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 0822
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This integrative theoretical study suggests that our
  mental energy, which analytic psychology refers to as
  &ldquo;libido,&rdquo; includes two parallel forces: The need to
  experience and to understand the bounded self as separate and apart from our
  surroundings, and the countervailing need to experience a unified sense of the
  self as one with the larger psychosocial, ecological, and ultimately spiritual
  environment from which all of life has evolved. Through examining this premise
  as it plays out in the Kabbala and in a psychological understanding of the
  human psyche, the study presents an attempt to integrate the healing process,
  as it is understood by Kabbala, with the healing process offered to us in the
  framework of psychology. The present consideration recognizes the need to
  establish a solid, bounded experience of a separate self in the traditional
  sense, common to the analytic idea of individuation. However, the central
  thesis of this study seeks to demonstrate that this separate sense of self
  must, in the interests of individual and planetary wholeness, move toward a
  deeper participation in a larger, unified self. Thus, the individual is
  encouraged to grow spiritually by experiencing the
  &ldquo;unknown&rdquo; as the ultimate symbol of the unification
  experience. While the separation vector pertains to those parts of our life
  which we perceive as apparent, it is the unification vector that relates to
  those aspects of our lives that by definition remain hidden in the shadow. It
  might serve both the patient and the therapist well to learn to swim in
  &ldquo;that ocean feeling&rdquo; of unification where the self is
  fully experienced as a part of the greater whole. Such an understanding might
  go a long way toward helping us to live an interconnected life that gives
  recognition to our essential unification with something larger than we are.
  Separation and Unification are presented as interacting polarities in the
  evolution of the same libidinal-mental energy. Three major developmental
  positions are described moving from the ontological mode of development,
  through the epistemological mode, into a normative period of socialization.
  The idea of spiritual emergency in the sense of both &lsquo;emergence of
  the spirit&rsquo; and &lsquo;crisis of the spirit,&rsquo; is
  defined within a developmental perspective as well as the clinical process.
========================================
Record #198.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (398 of 868)

Title: Priests as victims of childhood sexual abuse: The effects of disclosing a
  history of childhood sexual abuse on the capacity for empathy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Mcdevitt, Patrick Jeremiah
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(3-A) Sep 1999, US: University Microfilms
  International; 1999, 0774
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study explored the effects that disclosing a
  history of childhood sexual abuse in psychotherapy and/or spiritual direction
  will have on Roman Catholic priests' capacity for empathy. The participants in
  this study were Roman Catholic priests, both diocesan and religious, in
  goodstanding with their respective dioceses and religious congregations. The
  research design was a survey of three groups of Roman Catholic priests based
  on self-report. (Group 1) priests who report childhood sexual abuse and
  disclosed the abuse during psychotherapy and/or spiritual direction; (Group 2)
  priests who report childhood sexual abuse and did not disclose; and (Group 3)
  priests who do not report childhood sexual abuse. These three groups were
  compared on their capacity for empathy on three dimensions of the
  Interpersonal Reactivity Index: perspective taking, empathic concerns, and
  personal distress. The data has been analyzed using hierarchical multiple
  regression techniques that examine the incremental contributions for the
  different sets of independent variables: demographic variables such as age and
  education; family history variables such as alcohol dependence and mental
  illness; psychological functioning using the Global Severity Index (GSI) from
  the Brief Symptom Inventory; childhood sexual abuse; and disclosure of that
  abuse. Results indicate that empathy was not exclusively associated with the
  disclosing of sexual abuse. Multiple regression analysis found the variables
  of family affection and lower GSI scores associated with higher perspective
  taking. The first interaction showed priests disclosing childhood sexual abuse
  (Group 1) and reporting &ldquo;yes&rdquo; to a history of family
  mental illness had higher perspective taking than priests reporting
  &ldquo;yes&rdquo; to a history of family mental illness and not
  disclosing sexual abuse (Group 2). The second interaction showed priests
  disclosing childhood sexual abuse (Group 1) and reporting
  &ldquo;yes&rdquo; to a history of personal mental illness had lower
  perspective taking, while priests reporting no abuse (Group 3) and
  &ldquo;yes&rdquo; to a history of personal mental illness had higher
  perspective taking. The multiple regression analysis found diocesan priests
  associated with higher empathic concern than religious priests. The third
  interaction showed priests disclosing childhood sexual abuse (Group 1) and
  involved in &ldquo;other ministries&rdquo; (other than parish work)
  had more empathic concern than parish priests in Group 1. The personal
  distress dimension showed priests with more years of ordination and higher GSI
  scores were more personally distressed, while priests who reported a history
  of family sexual abuse had lower personal distress. This study demonstrates a
  hopeful resolution to the dark and painful reality of sexual abuse within the
  Roman Catholic Church. The information in this study alludes to the need for
  earlier developmental assistance in disclosing sexual abuse which might
  prevent later and more damaging crises for priests. In his book, The Wounded
  Healer, Henri Nouwen talks of acknowledging one's brokenness as the source of
  healing and strength for all people to share.
========================================
Record #199.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (399 of 868)

Title: Elder and wiser women: The relationship of spirituality, personality, and
  emotional health to wisdom in octogenarian and nonagenarian women.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Hutchison, June Faith Savanick Werlwas
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(3-B) Sep 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 1302
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study examined the interrelationships of
  intrinsic spirituality, personality, emotional health, openness, and wisdom in
  79 healthy octogenarian and nonagenarian women. Wisdom was measured by
  theory-guided protocol developed by the Berlin Wisdom Project (Staudinger,
  Ursula M., Smith, Jacqui, and Baltes, Paul B., (1994). Intrinsic spirituality
  was measured by the religiosity scale of Hoge, Dean, R. (1972). The
  personality measure of openness was based on the Five-Factor Model using a
  scale developed by Saucier, Gerard (1994). The theodicy model subscribed to by
  the women was measured using a scored interview approach developed by the
  researcher based on the theory of Vossen, H. J. M. Eric (1993). Mental state
  (Folstein, Marshal F., Folstein, Susan E., and McHugh, Paul R. (1975) and
  emotional and physical health status (Dixon, Jane K., Dixon, John P., and
  Hickey, Mairead (1993) were measured as control variables. The data were
  gathered in one-on-one interviews lasting approximately 2 to 3 hours. For this
  group of women, intrinsic spirituality was only moderately related to the
  Berlin wisdom score. Openness was related to the wisdom score and the theodicy
  model when controlling for mental state and physical and emotional health
  status. It was found that 25% of the variance in openness could be accounted
  for by the wisdom score and the theodicy model. In a further analysis, the
  women were grouped on their wisdom scores into a high wisdom group and a low
  wisdom group. A discriminant function was developed which was able to classify
  the high wisdom group using the variables of emotional health, physical health
  and mental health status. The function, however, was not as successful in
  correctly classifying the low wisdom group.
========================================
Record #200.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (400 of 868)

Title: Predictors of depression among cancer patients as a function of social
  support, spiritual well-being, and god representation.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wilson, Cedric
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(3-B) Sep 1999, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  1999, 1320
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of the current study was to explore how
  depression among a group of people facing life threatening illness would be
  affected by the spiritual well-being of the patient, his/her type of God
  conceptualizations, and social support. Prior research has shown that, with
  increasing stress and distress, spiritual well-being is difficult to maintain.
  When spiritual well-being decreases, felt pain increases and the quality of
  life decreases. The three groups studied were: (1) healthy controls, (2)
  patients in treatment, and (3) patients in remission from three to five years.
  It was hypothesized that: (a) all three groups (control, treatment, and
  remission) would differ in depression, and types of God representations, (b)
  depression will differ as a function of social support; as social support
  increases, depression decreases, and (c) patients in treatment will have lower
  spiritual well-being scores, while long-term cancer survivors will have higher
  spiritual well-being scores. Hypotheses one and two were supported but not
  hypothesis three. Results of this study suggest that there is a complex
  relationship between the role of spirituality, God representations, and
  depression during the treatment and recovery of cancer. Data indicate that
  undergoing treatment for cancer carries a high risk for moderate to serious
  levels of depression. The social support, God representations, and depression
  results combine to suggest an interesting model of the 'crisis of faith'
  phenomena. (PsycINFO Database Record

Spirituality and Mental Health II

========================================

Record #1.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (201 of 868)

Title: Living single:  A phenomenological study of the lived experience of
  never-married professional African American women.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Fuller, Patricia Anne
Paper Number: 20020220
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 62(4-A) Oct 2001, US: University Microfilms
  International; 2001, 1592
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This study is a phenomenological investigation into
  the lived experience of singlehood as perceived by 10 professional African
  American women who had never married. Participants were interviewed, and
  transcriptions were analyzed following phenomenological methods and
  procedures. The qualitative software program NUD*IST 4 was used to organize
  and analyze data. Eleven themes emerged consistent with this group of women's
  experiences: (a) Singleness as Freedom and Independence, (b) Singleness as
  Burdensome Self-Reliance, (c) Singleness as Stigma, (d) Singleness as Blaine,
  (e) Singleness as Loss and Grief, (f) Singleness as Faith and Spirituality,
  (g) Singleness as a Catalyst for Growth and Opportunity, (h) Singleness as
  Choice, (j) Singleness as Pressure, (k) Singleness as a Temporary Life-Stage,
  and (l) Singleness as Self-Acceptance and Well-Being. These themes addressed
  the personal dynamics and issues faced by professional African American women
  who had never married. The study found that never-married women are aware of
  the advantages and disadvantages of living as a single woman, as well as the
  internal and external factors that attribute to their singleness. However,
  regardless of their desire to marry or remain single, the participants
  described their lives as very satisfying and meaningful.
========================================
Record #2.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (202 of 868)

Title: Trauma, consciousness, and spirituality:  Toward a theory of trauma in
  its spiritual dimension.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nace, Robert Frederick
Paper Number: 20020220
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 62(4-B) Oct 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2001, 2071
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: This theoretical exploration of psychological trauma
  developes the thesis that spirituality is an essential element in a
  comprehensive understanding of the nature, the effects, and the process of
  recovery from traumatic experience.  A review of the trauma literature in
  psychology reveals a body of work demonstrating interactions between trauma
  and spirituality or religion. However, definitions of spirituality and
  religion used in this research vary substantially, and this variance raises
  contentious ontological and axiological issues for research and theory in
  psychology.  An exposition of Danial Helminiak's process theory of
  spirituality as a specialization within psychology serves as the basis for
  understanding spirituality as a dimension of psychological trauma.
  Spirituality, here, is radically differentiated from religion. Equating human
  spirit with human consciousness, Helminiak argues that human spirituality is
  explained by an analysis of human consciousness as bimodal and as dynamically
  structured by four operations: experiencing, understanding, judging, and
  deciding. Human spirituality is conceived as the process-intrinsic to
  consciousness-of generating structures of meaning and value. It is through
  this process that trauma and spirituality interact.  The application of
  Helminiak's theory of spirituality to the issue of trauma allows exploration
  of the interactions of spirituality and trauma, provides a basis for
  describing characteristic alterations in spirituality as a result of trauma,
  and supports a three-stage model of recovery in the spiritual dimension.
========================================
Record #3.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (203 of 868)

Title: Intrinsic religiosity, religious affiliation, and spiritual well-being as
  predictors of treatment outcome among women with eating disorders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Smith, Faune Taylor
Paper Number: 20020220
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 62(4-B) Oct 2001, US: Univ Microfilms International;
  2001, 2079
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this study was to empirically
  investigate the relationship of religious orientation, religious affiliation,
  and spiritual well-being with treatment outcomes for women with eating
  disorders within the context of a spiritually affirming, ecumenically based
  treatment program. More specifically, this study examined whether intrinsic
  religious devoutness and religious affiliation at admission were predictive of
  therapeutic outcomes. In order to minimize the effects of confounding
  variables, predictors that have been shown in other studies to be associated
  with positive treatment outcomes were included in the statistical analyses.
  This study also examined whether improvements in spiritual well-being were
  associated with improvements in psychological well-being and eating disorder
  symptoms among these women.  The participants in this study were 251 women
  suffering from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not
  otherwise specified (NOS), who received in patient treatment at the Center for
  Change, in Orem, Utah between 1996 to 2000. Gain scores on the Eating
  Attitudes Test, Body Shape Questionnaire, Outcome Questionnaire 45.2, and
  therapist ratings of global improvement, were used as measures of therapeutic
  outcome. Multiple regression statistical analysis revealed that neither
  intrinsic religiosity nor religious affiliation were significantly associated
  with reductions in eating disorder symptoms, improvements regarding body
  image, or improvements in psychological health. Pearson correlation analyses
  revealed that increases in spiritual well-being were significantly associated
  with positive gains in eating attitudes, less body shape concerns, and
  positive psychological functioning. The findings of the current study suggest
  that regardless of patients' religious orientation and affiliation at the
  beginning of treatment, if they experience spiritual growth during the
  program, they are more likely to experience reductions in eating disorder
  symptoms and psychiatric distress. This finding provides some empirical
  support for the possibility suggested by some clinicians and patients that
  spiritually-oriented treatment approaches may facilitate healing and recovery
  for women suffering from eating disorders.
========================================
Record #4.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (204 of 868)

Title: The Hindu mental health: Conceptual inquiry.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Singh, Chandra B. P.
Paper Number: 20020227
Source/Citation: Abhigyan: Special Issue:  Indian ethos in management.; Vol
  19(2) Jul-Sep 2001, India: Foundation for Organizational Research &
  Education; 2001, 55-61
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: The author conducts a conceptual inquiry into
  "the Hindu mental health." He begins by contrasting the Hindu
  concept of mental health with that of Western ideologies, the former
  portraying ideal characteristics of a healthy person and the latter focusing
  more on social realities. The author describes the 3 Gunas, the Sankhya school
  of Indian philosophy, the Srimad Bhagvatam, and men of Tamasic disposition. He
  also describes the 4 Margs--4 broad types of nature--and the response to them
  in 4 types of social living. He acknowledges current social realities and
  concludes with a description of the Hindu quality of mental health. This he
  sees as a system in which 3 dimensions--the biological, the psychological, and
  the spiritual--are inextricably blended with each other and work together in a
  symbiotic fashion to achieve mental health.
========================================
Record #5.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (205 of 868)

Title: Self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ellermann, Caroline R.
  Reed, Pamela G.
Paper Number: 20020227
Source/Citation: Western Journal of Nursing Research; Vol 23(7) Nov 2001, US:
  Sage Publications; 2001, 698-713
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that self-transcendence has been found to be an
  important correlate of mental health in older adults and adults facing the end
  of life. This study examines the relationship of transcendence and other
  transcendence variables to depression in 133 middle-age adults (aged 25-64
  yrs). P. G. Reed's Self-Transcendence Scale, the Center for Epidemiological
  Studies-Depression Scale, and measures of parenting, acceptance and
  spirituality were administered. Findings indicating significant inverse
  correlations between self-transcendence and depression, as well as between
  other measures of transcendence and depression support Reed's theory. Multiple
  regression analysis indicated that acceptance may be another significant
  correlate of depression. Significant gender differences and age-related
  patterns of increased levels of self-transcendence were found. Study results
  illuminate the need to continue research into developmentally based
  transcendence variables related to various experiences of health and
  well-being across the life span.
========================================
Record #6.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (206 of 868)

Title: The characterological nature of Bill W. and Alcoholics Anonymous as
  depicted in the film "My Name is Bill W."
Author(s)/Editor(s): Huber, Michael G.
Paper Number: 20020703
Source/Citation: Journal of Ministry in Addiction & Recovery; Vol 7(2) 2001,
  US: Haworth Press; 2001, 11-35
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Notes that "My Name is Bill W." reveals the
  characterological structure of Bill Wilson himself and of the Alcoholics
  Anonymous (AA) organization when examined through the lens of the Enneagram
  typology system. This examination exposes, refutes, and clarifies many
  commonly held misunderstandings within AA groups and 12 step programs such as
  the effects of alcoholism on character structure, the "dry drunk,"
  the place of spirituality and God in AA, responsibility vs the "disease
  concept," "powerlessness" and the original vision, and
  experience of AA vs the evolved form of many AA groups today. The film is
  correlated to the actual writings of Bill W. himself as found in the Big Book
  of AA and found to be reasonably accurate representation of Bill W.'s
  personality and his history as related to the founding and growth of AA. In
  addition, the counterphobic version of the type 6 give insight into
  problematic therapeutic encounters in treatment settings and offers solutions
  to control and authority difficulties.
========================================
Record #7.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (207 of 868)

Title: Aging, mental health and the faith community.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Brat, Paul
Paper Number: 20020710
Source/Citation: Journal of Religious Gerontology; Vol 13(2) 2001, US: Haworth
  Pastoral Press; 2001, 45-54
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Mental health problems, especially depression and
  dementia, are common among the elderly. The faith community is well positioned
  to assist elders with these disorders, but to do so, clergy will need to
  recognize these disorders and know when referral to a mental health
  professional is warranted. Studies have shown that religious faith allows
  elders to cope more effectively with mental health problems. The author
  describes ways in which pastors can help the elderly with mental health
  problems, issues of abnormal bereavement, and even Alzheimer's disease,
  perhaps using competent lay people to assist with their duties of visiting
  shut-ins and nursing home residents.
========================================
Record #8.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (208 of 868)

Title: Spiritual and religious coping in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's
  disease.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Shah, Amit A.
  Snow, A. Lynn
  Kunik, Mark E.
Author Affiliation: Houston Veterans Affairs Medical Ctr, Houston Ctr for
  Quality of Care & Utilization Studies, Health Services Research &
  Development Service, Houston, TX, US Baylor Coll of Medicine, Huffington Ctr
  on Aging, Houston, TX, US
Paper Number: 20020925
Source/Citation: Clinical Gerontologist; Vol 24(3-4) 2001, US: Haworth Press;
  2001, 127-136
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated the prevalence of religiously based
  coping mechanism use in Alzheimer's caregivers (aged 41-87 yrs) who use
  support groups and the correlation between the use of these coping mechanisms
  and caregiver mental health. Caregivers completed scales measuring depression,
  burden, religiosity, and religious coping. Caregivers reported high levels of
  spirituality and religious coping mechanism use. Those caregivers that felt
  anger or distance from God and who questioned their faith or religious beliefs
  were significantly correlated with increased depression and perceived burden.
  Other measured subscales did not show significant correlations with mental
  health variables.
========================================
Record #9.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (209 of 868)

Title: A body-mind-spirit model in health: An Eastern Approach.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Chan, Cecilia
  Ho, Petula Sik Ying
  Chow, Esther
Author Affiliation: U Hong Kong, Dept of Social Work & Social
  Administration, Hong Kong, China City U of Hong Kong, Dept of Applied Social
  Studies, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Paper Number: 20020925
Source/Citation: Social Work in Health Care; Vol 34(3-4) 2001, US: Haworth
  Press; 2001, 261-282
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Under the division of labor of Western medicine, the
  medical physician treats the body of patients, the social worker attends to
  their emotions and social relations, while the pastoral counselor provides
  spiritual guidance. Body, mind, cognition, emotion and spirituality are seen
  as discrete entities. In striking contrast, Eastern philosophies of Buddhism,
  Taoism and traditional Chinese medicine adopt a holistic conceptualization of
  an individual and their environment. In this view, health is perceived as a
  harmonious equilibrium that exists between the interplay of 'yin' and 'yang':
  the 5 internal elements (metal, wood, water, fire and earth), the 6
  environmental conditions (dry, wet, hot, cold, wind and flame), other external
  sources of hann (physical injury, insect bites, poison, overeat and overwork),
  and the 7 emotions (joy, sorrow, anger, worry, panic, anxiety and fear). The
  authors have adopted a body-mind-spirit integrated model of intervention to
  promote the health of their Chinese clients. Research results on these
  body-mind-spirit groups for cancer patients, bereaved wives and divorced women
  have shown very positive intervention outcomes. There are significant
  improvements in their physical health, mental health, sense of control and
  social support.
========================================
Record #10.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (210 of 868)

Title: Spiritual care of children and parents.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Thayer, Paul
Paper Number: 20030303
Source/Citation: Hospice care for children (2nd ed.)., London: Oxford University
  Press; 2001, (xviii, 416), 172-189
Source editor(s): Armstrong-Dailey, Ann (Ed); Zarbock, Sarah (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter explores the spiritual care of children
  with serious illness and their parents. Topics discussed include an overview
  of children's spirituality, and providing spiritual care to children and to
  parents.
========================================
Record #11.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (211 of 868)

Title: Incorporating spirituality and the strengths perspective into social
  practice with addicted individuals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Nosa Okundaye, Joshua
  Smith, Pamela
  Lawrence-Webb, Claudia
Author Affiliation: U Maryland, School of Social Work, Baltimore, MD, US U
  Maryland, Social Work Dept, Baltimore, MD, US
Paper Number: 20030324
Source/Citation: Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions; Vol 1(1)
  2001, US: Haworth Press; 2001, 65-82
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: In the last two decades, the social work profession
  began to confront the professional avoidance of alcoholics and other drug
  addicts, and discussions of spirituality. While acknowledging the importance
  of 12-Step Programs of Alcoholics/Narcotics Anonymous, we also acknowledge
  that spirituality is a major aspect of addiction and recovery from an
  addiction. The authors present the Strengths Perspective and apply key
  concepts to Steps 1-3 of the 12-Steps to increase our understanding of
  addiction and recovery from alcoholism and other drug addiction. The article
  concludes that social workers must continue to increase their understanding of
  the recovery and spiritual issues of alcoholics and other drug addicts.
========================================
Record #12.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (212 of 868)

Title: Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
  clients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Perez, Ruperto M.
  DeBord, Kurt A.
  Bieschke, Kathleen J.
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000,
  (xvi, 484)
Description/Edition Info.: Edited Book; 140
Abstract/Review/Citation: Since 1975, when the American Psychological
  Association (APA) supported the removal of homosexuality from the official
  list of mental disorders, APA has encouraged mental health professionals to
  provide affirmative and appropriate services to lesbians and gay men. This
  handbook is a comprehensive volume that educates readers about the identity,
  challenges, and choices of lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Practicing
  professionals in psychology, counseling, and social work will find it an
  indispensable guide.
Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 List of contributors Foreword [by] Laura
  S. Brown Acknowledgments Introduction: The challenge of awareness, knowledge,
  and action [by] Ruperto M. Perez, Kurt A. DeBord, and Kathleen J. Beischke I:
  Social and theoretical perspectives Constructing identity: The nature and
  meaning of lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities Ellen M. Broido Coming out:
  Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity development Amy L. Reynolds and William F.
  Hanjorgiris "Somewhere in Des Moines or San Antonio": Historical
  perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual mental health Esther D. Rothblum
  Lesbian, gay, and bisexual people of color: Understanding cultural complexity
  and managing multiple oppressions Mary A. Fukuyama and Angela D. Ferguson
  Applying counseling theories to lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: Pitfalls
  and possibilities Ruth E. Fassinger II: Counsling and therapy First do no
  harm: Therapist issues in psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
  clients Susan L. Morrow Individual therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual
  clients Sari H. Dworkin Group counseling theory and practice with lesbian,
  gay, and bisexual clients Kurt A. DeBord and Ruperto M. Perez Potential
  counseling concerns of aging lebian, gay, and bisexual clients Augustine Baron
  and David W. Cramer Issues in counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual
  adolescents Scott L. Hershberger and Anthony R. D'Augelli Focus on lesbian,
  gay, and bisexual families Connie R. Matthews and Suzanne H. Lease
  Relationship and couples counseling Shelly M. Ossana III: Relevant issues for
  therapy, theory, and research Programmatic research on the treatment of
  lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: The past, the present, and the course for
  the future Kathleen J. Bieschke, Mary McClanahan, Erinn Tozer, Jennifer L.
  Grzegorek, and Jeeseon Park Training issues and considerations Julia C.
  Phillips Psychoeducational programming: Creating a context of mental health
  for people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual Barry A. Schreier and Donald L.
  Werden Lesbian, gay, and bisexual vocational psychology: Reviewing foundations
  and planning construction James M. Croteau, Mary Z. Anderson, Teresa M.
  Distefano, and Sheila Kampa-Kokesch Religion and spirituality Mary Gage
  Davidson Health behavior relevant to psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, and
  bisexual clients Michael R. Kauth, Marcia J. Hartwig, and Seth C. Kalichman
  Author index Subject index About the editors issues in counseling &
  psychotherapy with homosexual & bisexual clients
========================================
Record #13.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (213 of 868)

Title: Explaining illness to African Americans: Employing cultural concerns with
  strategies.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Stroman, Carolyn A.
Paper Number: 20000101
Source/Citation: Explaining illness:  Research, theory, and strategies., Mahwah,
  NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers; 2000, (xvi, 360),
  299-316 LEA's communication series.
Source editor(s): Whaley, Bryan B. (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: This chapter provides a framework for highlighting the
  pivotal role of culture in the explanation and understanding of illness by
  focusing on African Americans. Specifically, the chapter describes several
  features of African-American culture that have particular relevance for
  communicating about illness, with special attention focused on the role of
  religion, spirituality, and social support. It examines extant research on
  explaining illness to African Americans and offers communication strategies
  for explaining illness and improving health outcomes. The chapter concludes
  with suggestions for future research pertaining to illness explanation among
  African Americans.
========================================
Record #14.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (214 of 868)

Title: Spirit releasement therapy.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wicker, Joseph
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Transpersonal hypnosis:  Gateway to body, mind, and spirit.,
  Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press, Inc; 2000, (188), 131-139
Source editor(s): Leskowitz, Eric D. (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: Discusses Spirit Releasement Therapy (SRT) is an
  advanced therapeutic technique utilized with patients who have been diagnosed
  with a spirit attachment. Hypnosis is usually necessary to have the patient
  enter an altered state of consciousness to do this work. Thus, this technique
  can be classified as a type of transpersonal hypnotherapy. This type of work
  is done most appropriately by a qualified mental health professional who is
  trained in psychotherapy, hypnosis and hypnotherapy, differential diagnosis,
  and in the use of this technique specifically. This therapist should also be
  knowledgeable in metaphysics and spirituality, and have a worldwide view and
  belief system which can make this type of work understandable. Finally, the
  therapist needs to have his own personal spirituality. There is a technique
  for Remote Depossession. This is described in W. Baldwin's technique model and
  I. Hickman's book. This technique involves the use of another person with
  psychic abilities to facilitate the process with the therapist. The author
  states that SRT is an important transpersonal, therapeutic technique which is
  likely to gain greater acceptance in the near future.
========================================
Record #15.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (215 of 868)

Title: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richards, P. Scott
  Bergin, Allen E.
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000,
  (xx, 518)
Description/Edition Info.: Edited Book; 140
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book provides practitioners with the information
  they need to increase their competency in working sensitively with members of
  each of the major faith communities in North America. This volume examines
  over 2 dozen religious denominations and faith traditions in the context of
  clinical practice. Chapter authors describe the unique history, beliefs,
  rituals, and practices of the religion as well as commonly held views on
  social and moral issues such as divorce, homosexuality, birth control,
  abortion, suicide, and euthanasia. Worldviews, including conceptions of a
  deity, life after death, and the purpose of life, are also discussed. ///
  Within the context of the particular faith, chapter authors describe the
  therapeutic process, including building relationships with clients from that
  tradition, assessment and diagnosis, common clinical issues, and interventions
  most congruent with the faith. Additional resources that help psychotherapists
  to deepen their understanding of a particular faith are also recommended. This
  book helps all practitioners to more fully honor and make use of the unique
  religious beliefs and spiritual resources of their clients.
Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Contributors Preface Acknowledgments I.
  Introduction and overview Toward religious and spiritual competency for mental
  health professionals P. Scott Richards and Allen E. Bergin Religious diversity
  in North America Roger R. Keller II. Christianity Psychotherapy with Roman
  Catholics Edward P. Shafranske Psychotherapy with Eastern Orthodox Christians
  Tony R. Young Psychotherapy with mainline Protestants: Lutheran, Presbyterian,
  Episcopal/Anglican, and Methodist Michael E. McCullough, Andrew J. Weaver,
  David B. Larson and Kimberly R. Aay Psychotherapy with Evangelical and
  Fundamentalist Protestants Nancy Stiehler Thurston Psychotherapy with
  Pentecostal Protestants Richard D. Dobbins Psychotherapy with Latter-Day
  Saints Wendy L. Ulrich, P. Scott Richards and Allen E. Bergin Psychotherapy
  with Seventh-Day Adventists Carole A. Rayburn III. Judaism Psychotherapy with
  Orthodox Jews Aaron Rabinowitz Psychotherapy with conservative and reform Jews
  Lisa Miller and Robert J. Lovinger IV. Islam Psychotherapy with Muslims Zari
  Hedayat-Diba V. Eastern traditions Psychotherapy with Buddhists Mark Finn and
  Jeffrey B. Rubin Psychotherapy with Hindus Anu R. Sharma VI. Ethnic-centered
  spirituality Psychotherapy with members of African American Churches and
  spiritual traditions Donelda A. Cook and Christine Y. Wiley Psychotherapy with
  members of Latino/Latina religions and spiritual traditions Maria Cecilia Zea,
  Michael A. Mason and Alejandro Murguia Psychotherapy with members of Asian
  American Churches and spiritual traditions Siang-Yang Tan and Natalie J. Dong
  Psychotherapy with Native Americans: A view into the role of religion and
  spirituality Alex Trujillo VII. Afterword Religious diversity and
  psychotherapy: Conclusions, recommendations, and future directions P. Scott
  Richards and Allen E. Bergin Author index Subject index About the editors
  psychotherapy & religious diversity, clients from various faith
  communities in North America
========================================
Record #16.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (216 of 868)

Title: Toward religious and spiritual competency for mental health
  professionals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Richards, P. Scott
  Bergin, Allen E.
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
  DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 3-26
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: The alienation that has existed between the mental
  health professions and religion for most of the 20th century is ending. The
  influence of the naturalistic, antireligious assumptions that once gripped the
  field have weakened, and there is now a more spiritually open  zeitgeist  or
  "spirit of the times." During the 1990s, many articles on religious
  and spiritual issues in mental health and psychotherapy were published in
  mainstream journals. Numerous presentations on these topics were also given at
  conventions of mental health organizations. /// Topics include: a call for
  greater competency in religious and spiritual diversity; attitudes and skills
  of spiritually sensitive and competent therapists; some caveats; and plan of
  the book.
========================================
Record #17.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (217 of 868)

Title: Psychotherapy with members of African American churches and spiritual
  traditions.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cook, Donelda A.
  Wiley, Christine Y.
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
  DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 369-396
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: Before addressing the implications of African American
  churches and Afrocentric spiritual traditions for counseling and
  psychotherapy, the authors provide a historical context for understanding the
  spiritual worldview of many African Americans as related to African culture
  and the rise of African American Christian churches from slavery through the
  present. Because of the rich oral tradition of African American culture, the
  past is implicitly ingrained in racial identity development and other aspects
  of mental health of African Americans today (N. Boyd-Franklin, 1989; J. E.
  Helms & D. A. Cook, 1999; W. W. Nobles, 1972).
========================================
Record #18.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (218 of 868)

Title: Psychotherapy with members of Asian American churches and spiritual
  traditions.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Tan, Siang-Yang
  Dong, Natalie J.
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
  DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 421-444
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: Although substantial differences exist between and
  within Asian American groups, this chapter focuses primarily on the longer
  term immigrant groups: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean church traditions and the
  commonalities linking Asian American ethnic groups. The authors include
  information on issues of particular relevance to specific groups of more
  recent Asian American immigrants. The authors first provide an overview of
  Asian American religious beliefs and practices, including both Christian
  spirituality and more culturally traditional spiritual beliefs, practices, and
  values. The authors then address cultural considerations for counseling and
  psychotherapy, including common mental health and assessment issues. The
  authors specifically address Christian spiritual interventions in the section
  on treatment issues and approaches and provide a case example to illustrate
  typical cultural and spiritual issues when working with Asian American
  Christian clients.
========================================
Record #19.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (219 of 868)

Title: Psychotherapy with Native Americans: A view into the role of religion and
  spirituality.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Trujillo, Alex
Paper Number: 20000201
Source/Citation: Handbook of psychotherapy and religious diversity., Washington,
  DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2000, (xx, 518), 445-466
Source editor(s): Richards, P. Scott (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this chapter is to provide clinically
  relevant information to mental health professionals regarding the religion and
  spirituality of the Native American. Maintaining cultural respect and dignity
  for the Sacred is important in seeking ways in which the life of the Native
  American may possibly gain and improve. In this chapter, religion and
  spirituality are related to their application and implications for mental
  health services so that the mental health professional may benefit from this
  information and provide effective treatment for Native American clients and so
  that religion and spirituality may be integrated into the clinical process to
  address such areas as interviewing, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and
  follow-up.
========================================
Record #20.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (220 of 868)

Title: Spiritual and religious issues in counseling: Ethicla considerations.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Frame, Marsha Wiggins
Paper Number: 20000501
Source/Citation: Family Journal-Counseling & Therapy for Couples &
  Families; Vol 8(1) Jan 2000, US: Sage Publications, Inc.; 2000, 72-74
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: More and more counselors are addressing religious and
  spiritual issues in their clinical work. This article outlines some of the
  ethical concerns that may arise when working with clients in this arena. A
  case example of a marriage and family counselor in a community mental health
  center is presented to illustrate ethical concerns in addressing religious and
  spiritual issues.
========================================
Record #21.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (221 of 868)

Title: Caring for our own: Health care experiences of rural Hispanic elders.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Magilvy, Joan K.
  Congdon, Joann G.
  Martinez, Ruby J.
  Davis, Renel
  Averill, Jennifer
Paper Number: 20000712
Source/Citation: Journal of Aging Studies; Vol 14(2) Jun 2000, US:
  Pergamon/Elsevier Science Inc; 2000, 171-190
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Many rural elders find access to health care a serious
  problem, and for ethnic minority rural populations such as Hispanics,
  language, cultural, and economic barriers further compound the problem. Based
  on a large longitudinal and 3 companion ethnographic studies of rural aging
  and health care in which a large percentage of the participants were Hispanic,
  this article describes results of analysis and interpretation of findings
  across the 4 studies related to Hispanic families' experiences with health
  care. Three themes were identified: (1) taking care of our own: Hispanic
  families struggling to meet obligations; (2) spirituality as integral to life
  and health; and (3) acceptance or prejudice: understanding cultural
  differences. A description of observed patterns of utilization of specific
  health care services by older Hispanics and their families is included, and
  implications for health care delivery and research are addressed.
========================================
Record #22.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (222 of 868)

Title: Psychology and the church: An exemplar of psychologist-clergy
  collaboration.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Benes, Kathryn M.
  Walsh, Joseph M.
  McMinn, Mark R.
  Dominguez, Amy W.
  Aikins, Daniel C.
Paper Number: 20000927
Source/Citation: Professional Psychology: Research & Practice; Vol 31(5) Oct
  2000, US: American Psychological Assn.; 2000, 515-520
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Despite the increasing attention being given to
  clergy-psychologist collaboration, many psychologists may wonder what
  clergy-psychologist collaboration looks like in actual practice. The authors
  describe an example of clergy-psychologist collaboration involving a careful
  needs-assessment phase followed by the development of a wide spectrum of
  preventive, consultative, and direct services. Current challenges include
  funding, establishment of trust, and the integration of psychology and
  spirituality. Implications for professional psychologists are discussed.
========================================
Record #23.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (223 of 868)

Title: Transpersonal psychiatry at a VA medical center.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Moran, Lisa A.
Paper Number: 20000601
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Services; Vol 51(4) Apr 2000, US: American
  Psychiatric Association; 2000, 530-531
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: A transpersonal care program has been developed at the
  Veterans Administration Medical Center in San Francisco to provide mental
  health care to veterans for whom spirituality is a significant focus in their
  lives. Traditional psychiatry has often ignored pathologized religious and
  spiritual issues. Transpersonal psychiatry recognizes spiritual growth as an
  essential part of psychological health. This program has provided mental
  health services to 100 veterans. Currently 50 clients are participating in a
  variety of treatment modalities. They include individual psychotherapy,
  medication clinics, and group therapy; among the therapy groups is one for
  people with less developed ego strength. The program recognizes that human
  consciousness is evolving, and clients' issues are framed in this context.
 
========================================
Record #24.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (224 of 868)

Title: Resilience and distress among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and
  caregivers.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Rabkin, Judith G.
  Wagner, Glenn J.
  Del Bene, Maura
Paper Number: 20000601
Source/Citation: Psychosomatic Medicine; Vol 62(2) Mar-Apr 2000, US: Williams
  & Wilkins Co.; 2000, 271-279
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Assessed the prevalence of depressive disorders and
  symptoms and their correlates in 56 34-78 yr olds with amyotrophic lateral
  sclerosis (ALS) and 31 caregiver spouses (30-70 yrs old). Major measures were
  the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Beck Depression Inventory,
  the Schedule of Attitudes Toward Hastened Death, quality of life,
  spirituality, and degree of hopelessness. The ALS Functional Rating Scale,
  measures of forced vital capacity, and the Karnofsky Performance Index
  assessed physical status. Neither patients nor caregivers displayed
  significant psychopathology with respect to either current depressive
  disorders or on symptom scales. Depressive symptoms and distress were not
  related to time since diagnosis, degree of disability, or illness progression.
  More interest in hastened death was associated with greater distress, but
  willingness to consider assisted suicide was not. Among caregivers, perceived
  caregiver burden was significantly associated with finding positive meaning in
  caregiving. Concordance between patient and caregiver distress was high,
  suggesting that attention to the mental health needs of caregivers may
  alleviate the patient's distress as well.
========================================
Record #25.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (225 of 868)

Title: Kaleidoscopes and epic tales: Diverse narratives of adult children of
  alcoholics.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cable, Laura Chakrin
Paper Number: 20000401
Source/Citation: Bridges to recovery:  Addiction, family therapy, and
  multicultural treatment., New York, NY, US: The Free Press; 2000, (xii, 323),
  45-76
Source editor(s): Krestan, Jo-Ann (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: Placing the adult children of alcoholics (ACOA)
  movement in historical context, the author applies C. J. Falicov's
  multidimensional comparative approach to an exploration of the research
  literature and to the self-help traditions within the ACOA movement.
  Enunciating various themes as organizing principles for the material, the
  author challenges the "tyranny of normality," celebrates resilience,
  and relates postmodernism to the clinical treatment of adult children of
  alcoholics. The author presents 10 interrelated themes concerning ACOAs from
  diverse cultural backgrounds: (1) culture and substance abuse; (2) risk and
  resilience: multiple factors; (3) the Eurocentric perspective; (4)
  "normality" and ACOAs; (5) underutilization of treatment resources
  by cultural minorities; (6) "the map is not the territory": a
  caution about cultural categories; (7) substance abuse and oppression; (8)
  migration and acculturation; (9) spirituality; and (10) cultural sources of
  resilience. Guidelines and practical implications for therapy are also
  discussed.
========================================
Record #26.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (226 of 868)

Title: The healing way:  A journal for cancer survivors.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Davis, Margie
Paper Number: 20000501
Source/Citation: Boston, MA, US: Element Books Ltd.; 2000, (xii, 148)
Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book is a structured writing journal that
  encourages cancer patients and survivors to express their deepest thoughts and
  feelings, from diagnosis to treatment and recovery. This therapeutic tool
  includes over 60 topics that prompt people with cancer to privately ponder
  far-reaching issues. Accompanying each topic are thought-provoking questions
  and brief mediations to encourage people with cancer to write about this
  physical and psychological journey. In the back of the book is a Personal
  Resource Section, with space to retain important medical facts. This section
  is intended for the recording of questions to ask doctors and for filling in
  the answers at medical appointments. In addition, there are special sections
  to keep track of medical tests and results, treatment schedules, and contact
  names and phone numbers. Written in consultation with medical and mental
  health professionals, the book gives cancer patients an area of control in
  their lives that is creative, constructive, and pro-active, even if they have
  never written in a journal before.
========================================
Record #27.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (227 of 868)

Title: Primary care patients' opinions regarding the importance of various
  aspects of care for depression.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Cooper, Lisa A.
  Brown, Charlotte
  Vu, Hong Thi
  Palenchar, Deena R.
  Gonzales, Junius J.
  Ford, Daniel E.
  Powe, Neil R.
Paper Number: 20000726
Source/Citation: General Hospital Psychiatry; Vol 22(3) May-Jun 2000, US:
  Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc; 2000, 163-173
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: The objectives of this study were to 1) ascertain the
  importance of various aspects of depression care from the patient's
  perspective and 2) select items and scales for inclusion in a new instrument
  to measure primary care patients' attitudes toward and ratings of depression
  care. The sample included 76 patients (mean 34.8 yrs). 46% had visited a
  mental health professional in the past. The top 30 items for the overall
  sample came from the following domains: 1) health care providers'
  interpersonal skills, 2) primary care provider recognition of depression, 3)
  treatment effectiveness, 4) treatment problems, 5) patient understanding about
  treatment, 6) intrinsic spirituality, and 7) financial access to services.
  Scales comprising items from these domains show adequate internal consistency
  as well as convergent and discriminant validity.
========================================
Record #28.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (228 of 868)

Title: The influences of race, ethnicity, and poverty on the mental health of
  children.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Samaan, Rodney A.
Paper Number: 20000301
Source/Citation: Journal of Health Care for the Poor & Underserved; Vol
  11(1) Feb 2000, US: Sage Publications Inc; 2000, 100-110
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this literature review is to gain a
  better understanding of the positive and negative influences of socioeconomic
  factors, cultural and ethnic characteristics, and racial differences on the
  mental health of children. A review of the literature on the influence of
  race, ethnicity, and poverty on the mental health of children found that (1)
  children whose parents are in poverty or who have experienced severe economic
  losses are more likely to report or be reported to have higher rates of
  depression, anxiety, and antisocial behaviors; and (2) after controlling for
  socioeconomic status, African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanics are
  less likely to report or be reported to have such mental health problems. A
  theoretical construct for this protective effect is related to cultural
  factors, such as perceived social support, deep religiosity/spirituality,
  extended families, and maternal coping strategies as buffers against
  psychological distress.
========================================
Record #29.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (229 of 868)

Title: From self-help to professional care: An enhanced application of the
  12-step program.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Ronel, Natti
Paper Number: 20000401
Source/Citation: Journal of Applied Behavioral Science; Vol 36(1) Mar 2000, US:
  Sage Publications Inc; 2000, 108-122
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Describes the process of an enhanced application of
  the spiritual self-help 12-step program of Alcoholics Anonymous in a
  professional counseling approach. Two integrated enhancements are outlined.
  The 1st is the enhancement of the addressed problem as applied by several
  12-step self-help groups. Assuming a 3-dimensional view of human existence
  (physical, mental and spiritual) called Grace Therapy, it is argued that a
  more far-reaching program is obtained when the problem is defined as
  originating primarily in the mental dimension, but the most inclusive 12-step
  program may be defined by emphasizing the problem's definition as originating
  in the spiritual dimension. Second is the program's expansion from self-help
  to professional practice. Although in the past this trend derived mainly from
  the addiction-treatment field, it is argued that professionals can practice a
  more inclusive 12-step program, Grace Therapy. Basic assumptions of this
  program as reflecting a theory of applied spirituality are outlined and
  supported by clinical illustrations.
========================================
Record #30.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (230 of 868)

Title: Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know.
Author(s)/Editor(s): George, Linda K.
  Larson, David B.
  Koenig, Harold G.
  McCullough, Michael E.
Paper Number: 20000601
Source/Citation: Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology: Special Issue:
  Classical Sources of Human Strength: A Psychological Analysis; Vol 19(1) Spr
  2000, US: Guilford Publications; 2000, 102-116
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Spirituality and religion have been seen as
  beneficial, harmful, and irrelevant to health. The authors examine the recent
  research on this topic. The article focuses on (1) defining spirituality and
  religion both conceptually and operationally; (2) the relationships between
  spirituality/religion and health; and (3) priorities for future research.
  Although the effect sizes are moderate, there typically are links between
  religious practices and reduced onset of physical and mental illnesses,
  reduced mortality, and likelihood of recovery from or adjustment to physical
  and mental illness. The 3 mechanisms underlying these relationships involve
  religion increasing healthy behaviors, social support, and a sense of
  coherence or meaning. This research is based on religion measures, however,
  and it should be emphasized that spirituality may be different.
========================================
Record #31.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (231 of 868)

Title: Religion, culture and psychopathology: Cultural-psychological reflections
  on religion in a case of manslaughter in The Netherlands.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Belzen, J. A.
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Pastoral Psychology; Vol 48(6) Jul 2000, US: Human Sciences
  Press Inc/Plenum Publishing Corp; 2000, 415-435
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: During one of the religious gatherings which for some
  time had been taking place in the evening at the home of farmer Martin
  Schroevers around 1900 in the Dutch village of Betuwe, Schroevers killed his
  own farmhand Peter, inasmuch as the latter was thought to be possessed by the
  devil. Approximately a dozen persons--men, women, and children--were present
  at the scene, some of whom horribly maimed and mutilated the body. Martin was
  thereupon proclaimed the Messiah and taken in triumphal procession by his
  psalm-singing adherents from Betuwe, where he lived, to Diedenhoven, where he
  was acclaimed by his mother and his brothers as God's Chosen One. Early in the
  morning Martin, along with his adherents, returned to Betuwe, where he was
  arrested by the police and brought to prison. Three other involved persons
  were taken to psychiatric institutions, to which Martin was later transferred
  as well. The present author explains this narrative account to point to its
  significance for psychological analysis, and discusses the role of religion,
  culture, and psychopathology that may have led to the events that occurred in
  this case.
========================================
Record #32.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (232 of 868)

Title: Some reflections on spirituality, religion, and mental health.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Carr, Wesley
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Mental Health, Religion & Culture; Vol 3(1) May 2000, US:
  Carfax Publishing/Taylor & Francis; 2000, 1-12
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: For both religion and psychiatry, context is becoming
  more important. Object relations theory, and especially the concept of a
  transitional object, may be a means of linking religious thinking and
  psychoanalysis together. The distinction between religion and spirituality is
  important, though not absolute. Two factors emerge from this engagement: (1)
  critical questioning at the boundary of each discipline; and (2) both
  spirituality and mental health are related to life in a specific society. The
  link between religion and irrational behavior is important, religion being a
  primary means of acknowledging the irrational facets of everyday life. But
  delusion must not be confused with illusion: between these two imagination,
  art and religion flourish. Each of these is dangerous, since they connect the
  "normal" with the "riskily marginal." In a multicultural
  society, behavior which may be acceptable in one context may in another be
  regarded as a sign of illness. This is particularly true of religious
  behavior. Three key issues are examined in this article: (1) the social
  function of spirituality and religion; (2) the idea of personal wholeness; and
  (3) the link between external and internal validation of the individual's
  spirituality.
========================================
Record #33.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (233 of 868)

Title: Correlates of spirituality and well-being in a community sample of people
  living with HIV disease.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Somlai, Anton M.
  Heckman, Timothy G.
Paper Number: 20000607
Source/Citation: Mental Health, Religion & Culture; Vol 3(1) May 2000, US:
  Carfax Publishing/Taylor & Francis; 2000, 57-70
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: While the past several years have witnessed an
  increase in the amount of research examining the spiritual perspectives of
  people living with HIV/AIDS, this literature is still insufficient to guide
  the conceptualization and development of spiritually based interventions to
  improve the life quality of people living with HIV illness. The present study
  assessed a community sample of 275 persons (aged 19-64) living with HIV
  disease to examine relationships among their spirituality, quality of life,
  perceptions of social support, active problem solving, life satisfaction, and
  gender and race with higher levels of spirituality among people living with
  HIV/AIDS. Mental health providers may need to routinely include assessments of
  spirituality and religious practices. Caregivers, faith communities, and
  mental health providers will need to assist in developing supportive
  environments that enhance the spiritual life and social well-being of people
  living with HIV infection. Additionally, caregiver training programs will need
  to focus on spiritual practices as a means of establishing a support system
  that increases the psychosocial well-being of people living with HIV/AIDS.
 
========================================
Record #34.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (234 of 868)

Title: Leisure and spiritual well-being: A social scientific exploration.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Heintzman, Paul Alexander
Paper Number: 20000906
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities
  & Social Sciences; Vol 60(7-A) Feb 2000, US: University Microfilms
  International; 2000, 2674
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The purpose of this thesis was to develop a model of
  leisure and spiritual well-being and to investigate, from a social science
  perspective, the relationships between various dimensions of leisure style
  (activity, motivation, setting and time) and spiritual well-being, as well as
  the processes linking leisure and spiritual well-being. Study 1 involved
  secondary analysis of data from the 1996 Ontario Parks Camper Survey which
  asked a question concerning the degree to which introspection/spirituality
  added to satisfaction with the park experience. It was found that more natural
  settings, participation in nature-oriented activities and being alone in these
  settings and activities were more likely to be associated with
  introspection/spirituality adding to the satisfaction with the park
  experience. Study 2, in-depth interviews with eight people who had an
  expressed interest in spirituality, explored the relationship between leisure
  and spiritual well-being. There was unanimous agreement that participants
  associated their leisure activities and experiences with their spiritual
  well-being. Participants saw leisure as providing the time and space for
  spiritual well-being. An attitude of openness, balance in life, nature
  settings, settings of personal or human history, settings of quiet, solitude
  and silence, and 'true to self' activities were all conducive to spiritual
  well-being while busyness, noisy settings and activities, and incongruent
  activities were detrimental to spiritual well-being. Study 3 was a survey (n =
  248) which explored the relationships between the various dimensions of
  leisure style and spiritual well-being, and the processes linking them. There
  were significant relationships between spiritual well-being and the following
  leisure style components: personal development activities, cultural
  activities, outdoor activities, hobbies, overall leisure activity
  participation, intellectual motivations, stimulus-avoidance motivations,
  overall leisure motivation, leisure settings of quiet urban recreation areas
  and one's own home, and solitary leisure activity participation. Stepwise
  regression analyses showed that participation in personal development
  activities was the best predictor of spiritual well-being, followed by
  stimulus-avoidance motivations and a setting of one's own home. Through
  cluster analysis it was discovered that a leisure style of low leisure
  activity participation and low leisure motivation (Mass Media Type) was
  associated with lower spiritual well-being. A 'Sports/Social/Media' leisure
  style, characterized by stimulus seeking, was associated with a moderate level
  of spiritual well-being. More than one type of leisure style ('Personal
  Development' and 'Overall Active') was associated with higher levels of
  spiritual well-being. A Leisure-Spiritual Processes (LSP) Scale, developed
  from the literature review and findings of the first two studies, examined the
  12 processes (grounding, working through, time and space, sacralization,
  attitude, busyness, being away, nature, sense of place, fascination,
  compatibility, and repression) hypothesized to link leisure with spiritual
  well-being. Factor analysis of the LSP Scale sugges
========================================
Record #35.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (235 of 868)

Title: Spirituality and religiosity and their relationship to the quality of
  life in oncology patients.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Borman, Patricia Diane
Paper Number: 20000906
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3557
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: As the efficacy of cancer treatments has improved and
  the life span for cancer patients has extended, interest in patients' quality
  of life has increased. Assessing patients' quality of life continues to gain
  importance as it impacts numerous facets of oncology. Similarly, interest in
  spirituality and religiosity have increased as they become recognized as
  resources for healing in health care. This study examined spirituality and
  religiosity and their relationship with quality of life in cancer patients.
  Additional variables such as age, gender, and stage of cancer were also
  examined for their relationship to quality of life in cancer patients. A
  stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine if
  spirituality, religiosity, age, gender, and stage of cancer are predictors of
  cancer patients' quality of life. The analysis indicated that patients with
  higher levels of spirituality tend to experience better quality of life, and
  patients with more advanced stages of cancer tend to experience lower quality
  of life. Religiosity, age, and gender were not predictors of cancer patients'
  quality of life.
========================================
Record #36.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (236 of 868)

Title: Phenomenological ethnographic interviews with men who have battered and
  their intimate partners: The intervention experience and the transition from
  battering to nonbattering. (domestic violence).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Southers, Linda Ruth
Paper Number: 20000906
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3580
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The researcher used an ethnographic research
  methodology to consider the experiences of former batterers, and their
  intimate partners, as the male partner transitioned from battering to
  nonbattering. Subjects participating in the study completed a 24 week violence
  intervention program and, thereafter, maintained physical nonviolence for at
  least six months. In addition, subjects remained with the same intimate
  partner throughout the entire battering to nonbattering process. This study
  addresses the important question of what influences men to stop battering. The
  self-reported experiences and perspectives of men who have stopped battering
  were investigated to determine how the men succeeded in changing their
  battering behaviors. The female partners of these men, who have experienced
  the men as batterers and nonbatterers, were also interviewed. Perceptions of
  change were explored with four former batterers and three female partners. The
  researcher analyzed interview information for significant content themes. This
  analysis resulted in the following major content themes contained in the
  experiences of the former batterers: (a) increased levels of self-awareness
  and self-acceptance, (b) decreased need to exert control over their female
  partners, (c) moved from feeling a lack of control of their angry behavior to
  actively considering and making more suitable behavioral choices, (d) moved
  from attempting to deny their battering behavior to becoming the nonviolent
  person they felt they were inside, (e) were raised in families who utilized
  physical punishment to discipline, (f) stated they were influenced by their
  family of origin, (g) drank alcohol and used drugs during the period of time
  they were violent, (h) described being happier, safer and more cared about by
  their partners after completing violence intervention, (i) initially resisted
  violence intervention, became comfortable with the leader and others in the
  group, then participated actively in the program, and (j) experienced
  increased spirituality after violence intervention. Men who successfully omit
  battering behavior harbor important clues to the ability to change complex and
  deeply rooted behaviors. The results of this study are intended to be the
  basis for further research.
========================================
Record #37.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (237 of 868)

Title: Effects of the hare krsna maha mantra on stress, depression, and the
  three gunas. (spirituality, yoga).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Wolf, David Brian
Paper Number: 20000906
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3584
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: The author conducted a 3-group study on the effects of
  chanting the  hare krsna maha mantra on stress, depression, and the three
  modes of nature-sattva, rajas, and tamas -described in the Vedas as the basis
  for human psychology. Sixty-two subjects, self-selected through newspaper
  advertisements in a Southeastern university town, completed the study. Average
  age was 24.63 years, with 31 males and 31 females participating. Stress was
  measured with the Index of Clinical Stress, depression was measured with the
  Generalized Contentment Scale, and the modes of nature, or gunas, were
  measured with the Vedic Personality Inventory. Subjects were tested at
  pretest, posttest, and followup, with testing times separated by four weeks.
  Participants were randomly assigned to a maha mantra group, an alternate
  mantra group, and a control group. Subjects in each of the chanting groups
  chanted their mantra approximately 25 minutes each day. The researcher
  concocted a mantra as the alternate mantra, though subjects in the alternate
  group thought it was a genuine Vedic mantra. Primary hypotheses of the study
  were based on Vedic theory, and stated that the maha mantra group would
  increase sattva, and decrease stress, depression,  rajas and tamas,
  significantly more than the other two groups. ANCOVA results, controlling for
  gender and age, supported these hypotheses at p <.05 for all dependent
  variables except rajas , with effect sizes (eta2) for the four variables whose
  results supported the hypothesis ranging from.21 to.33. The author suggests
  that the maha mantra has potential for utilization in clinical areas similar
  to those where other interventions of Eastern origin have been successful,
  such as treatment of stress, depression, and addictions. Further, it is
  recommended that the maha mantra be integrated into a spiritual approach to
  client care in social work and related fields. Suggestions for further
  research include applying path analysis to the data of this study to ascertain
  causal relationships, and application of Hierarchical Linear Models to the
  data to combine single-system analysis and group analytical methods for
  extracting the maximum amount of information. Additionally, further studies on
  the maha mantra are warranted, with various populations and in various
  settings.
========================================
Record #38.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (238 of 868)

Title: A revision of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale. (ceiling effects).
Author(s)/Editor(s): Endyke, Peter David
Paper Number: 20000906
Source/Citation: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences
  & Engineering; Vol 60(7-B) Feb 2000, US: Univ. Microfilms International;
  2000, 3560
Description/Edition Info.: Dissertation Abstract; 350
Abstract/Review/Citation: Research results indicated the Spiritual Well-being
  Scale, developed by Ellison and Paloutzian (Paloutzian & Ellison, 1982;
  Ellison, 1983) suffered from ceiling effects (Ledbetter, et al, 1991). This
  suggested the Spiritual Well-being Scale might not adequately measure the
  construct of spiritual well-being, which has implications for the usefulness
  of the instrument. The purpose of this study was to show that spiritual
  disciplines are an essential part of spiritual health. Thus, the inclusion of
  aspects of the spiritual disciplines in the Spiritual Well-being Scale would:
  (1) reduce the ceiling effects of the scale, (2) increase the variability of
  the scale, and (3) improve the validity of the scale. Results showed that
  responses to the spiritual discipline questions included in the Spiritual
  Well-being Scale - Revised reduced the ceiling effects significantly.
  Variability of the scale was also improved. Factor analysis revealed two main
  factors, religious well-being and existential well-being, with spiritual
  discipline items loading heavily onto the religious well-being factor.
========================================
Record #39.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (239 of 868)

Title: Addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling African
  Americans: Implications for counselor training and practice.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Constantine, Madonna G.
  Lewis, Erica L.
  Conner, Latoya C.
  Sanchez, Delida
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Counseling & Values; Vol 45(1) Oct 2000, US: Assn for
  Spiritual Ethical and Religious Values in Counseling; 2000, 28-38
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Addressing spiritual and religious issues in the
  context of counseling relationships may be beneficial to many African American
  clients. The authors discuss various roles and functions of spirituality and
  religion in the lives of many African Americans, with particular attention to
  the impact of these issues on their mental health functioning and willingness
  to seek formal mental health services. The importance of academic training
  programs that prepare counselors to address potential spiritual and religious
  issues with their clients is also highlighted.
========================================
Record #40.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental

health (240 of 868)

Title: Psychosocial issues in antiretroviral treatment.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Forstein, Marshall
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: New directions for mental health services:  What mental health
  practitioners need to know about HIV and AIDS., San Francisco, CA, US:
  Jossey-Bass Inc, Publishers; 2000, (136), 17-24
Source editor(s): Cournos, Francine (Ed)
Description/Edition Info.: Chapter; 160
Abstract/Review/Citation: Places the HIV epidemic in its historical context and
  describes the implications of the latest developments for a biopsychosocial
  approach to treatment. Also discussed are issues that may require mental
  health intervention such as issues with: relationships, sexuality, substance
  abuse, mental illness, feeling productive and useful to society, economic
  security, and spirituality.
========================================
Record #41.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (241 of 868)

Title: Scott and White Grief Study--Phase 2: Toward an adaptive model of grief.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Gamino, Louis A.
  Sewell, Kenneth W.
  Easterling, Larry W.
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Death Studies; Vol 24(7) Oct-Nov 2000, US: Taylor &
  Francis; 2000, 633-660
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: The current study was a dual investigation focused
  both on the pathogenesis of grief responses and on factors associated with
  personal growth as a bereavement outcome in a heterogeneous sample of 85
  mourners (mean age 50.9 yrs). To examine the pathogenesis of grief, the
  authors tested the ability of several high-risk factors to predict mourners'
  subsequent emotional intensity on 2 dependent measures: the Grief Experience
  Inventory and the Hogan Grief Reaction Checklist. Results show that
  situational variables (traumatic death, younger age of decedent, and
  Perception of preventability) as well as 2 mourner liabilities (history of
  mental health treatment and greater number of other losses) were associated
  with higher subjective grief misery scores. When using personal growth as a
  positive outcome following bereavement, the authors identified 4 behavioral
  correlates of adaptive grieving: ability to see some good resulting from the
  death, having a chance to say goodbye, intrinsic spirituality, and spontaneous
  positive memories of the decedent. The advantages of an adaptive model of
  grief for generating treatment implications are discussed.
========================================
Record #42.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (242 of 868)

Title: Shared grace:  Therapists and clergy working together.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Bilich, Marion
  Bonfiglio, Susan
  Carlson, Steven
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Binghamton, NY, US: The Haworth Pastoral Press/The Haworth
  Press, Inc; 2000, (vii, 230)
Description/Edition Info.: Authored Book; 120
Abstract/Review/Citation: This book recounts the experiences of a collaboration
  between a psychologist and a Christian minister in working with a woman,
  "Teresa", with dissociative identity disorder who survived severe
  abuse. The book is aimed at three groups: therapists and other mental health
  professionals, ministers, and survivors of severe abuse who want to add a
  spiritual dimension to their psychotherapy. After briefly examining some basic
  terms and some clinical and spiritual premises upon which the collaboration
  was based, the authors review Teresa's background and the healing process. The
  use of a Benevolence Model is described, which is a set of principles that
  transcends any particular religious beliefs held by the therapist and the
  minister, but which are consistent with commonly held spiritual beliefs. These
  spiritual premises, relating to God and love, constitute a model of loving
  that is different from the one in which most survivors of severe abuse have
  been raised. The authors describe how they used The Benevolence Model in their
  collaboration to enhance the psychotherapeutic process and promote emotion and
  spiritual healing in Teresa.
Notes/Comments: Print (Paper) Human 10 Male 30 Female 40 Adulthood (18 yrs &
  older) 300 (Abbreviated) Acknowledgments Our story: Beginnings Healing the
  effects of severe childhood abuse The Benevolence Model Implementation of The
  Benevolence Model I: Transforming images and experience Implementation of The
  Benevolence Model II: Healing through relationship Working together:
  Guidelines for therapists/clergy collaboration Establishment of support groups
  Healing interventions Therapists and clergy growing together Appendix A:
  Teresa's personality structure Appendix B: Resources for therapists Appendix
  C: Resources for clergy Appendix D: Resources for support group members
  Appendix E: Resources for survivors Appendix F: Resources for guided imagery
  References Index collaboration between psychotherapist & Christian
  minister & application of spiritual Benevolence Model, treatment of female
  survivor of severe child abuse with dissociative identity disorder Empirical
  Study 0800
========================================
Record #43.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (243 of 868)

Title: Assessing problems with religious content: A comparison of rabbis and
  psychologists.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Milstein, Glen
  Midlarsky, Elizabeth
  Link, Bruce G.
  Raue, Patrick J.
  Bruce, Martha L.
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease; Vol 188(9) Sep 2000,
  US: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000, 608-615
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Measured distinctions made by a sample of clergy and
  mental health professionals in response to 3 categories of presenting problems
  with religious content: mental disorder, religious or spiritual problem, and
  "pure" religious problem. A national, random sample of 111 rabbis
  and 90 clinical psychologists provided evaluations of 3 vignettes:
  schizophrenia, mystical experience, and mourning. The participants evaluated
  the religious etiology, helpfulness of psychiatric medication, and seriousness
  of the presenting problems. The rabbis and psychologists distinguished between
  the 3 diverse categories of presenting problems and concurred in their
  distinctions. The results provide empirical evidence for the construct
  validity of the new Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) category religious or
  spiritual problem. Use of the V code allows for more subtle distinctions among
  the variety of problems that persons bring to clergy and mental health
  professionals. These distinctions may also provide a foundation for the
  initiation of co-professional consultation.
========================================
Record #44.
Source: PsycINFO
Search Query: kw: spirituality and mental health (244 of 868)

Title: Religious involvement and professional practices of psychiatrists and
  other mental health professionals.
Author(s)/Editor(s): Shafranske, Edward P.
Paper Number: 20001101
Source/Citation: Psychiatric Annals; Vol 30(8) Aug 2000, US: SLACK Inc; 2000,
  525-532
Description/Edition Info.: Journal Article; 250
Abstract/Review/Citation: Investigated how the variable of religiosity is
  treated within psychiatric clinical practice and the extent to which religious
  and spiritual resources are used, considered, or supported in psychiatric
  treatment. Self-administered surveys were completed by 111 psychiatrists (aged
  33-83 yrs). Results show that 49% of the respondents reported that religious
  or spiritual issues were involved in psychiatric treatment often or a great
  deal of the time. The personal religious orientation of the clinician was not
  found to contribute to the perception of the frequency of religious or
  spiritual issues in treatment. The relig